This interdisciplinary thesis is about dwelling, both as a method in archaeology and as a mode of existence. My thesis has two principal aims. Firstly, to explore the 'dwelling perspective' as this has been outlined in recent archaeological theory. This will involve discussion of phenomenological philosophy and the figure of Martin Heidegger. The term 'dwelling' is a technical one originating in Heidegger's philosophy of being. Phenomenology has been making inroads into archaeological theory as a consequence of the interpretive turn of the 1980s. The theoretical commitment of this thesis is that phenomenological inquiry is a useful project in archaeological research. Reflexive archaeological research in the present might articulate and confirm certain phenomenological dimensions of present experience so as to inform and enhance our understanding of the past. Secondly, I discuss the notion of dwelling in the existential sense as a mode of existence in terms that might allow us to deploy this concept in Palaeolithic archaeology, with specific reference to mortuary practice and "art". I propose two case studies in order to explore this. Firstly, mortuary practice and existential awareness of death will be explored with reference to the site of the Sima de los Huesos. Secondly, Heidegger's notion of artistic production as a world-opening event will be explored in relation to Upper Palaeolithic art in caves. The focus on mortuary practice and art is not arbitrary: both are central planks of Heidegger's account of dwelling and both are linked by 'heterotopic' space. Heidegger presented a novel account of human existence as 'Dasein'. Dasein is being-in-the-world and being-in-the-world is unified by what Heidegger called 'care' (Sorge). Heidegger's account of Dasein remains anthropocentric: I argue that we should move away from Heidegger's own anthropocentric view of being-in-the-world, dwelling or care toward a phenomenological archaeology that goes 'beyond the human'. I argue that care or dwelling is evidenced by the archaeological record of human becoming and that our ancestors 'cared for' or 'dwelled with' their dead. Care is evidenced by appropriating the world and by looking after compatriots within the world, and I argue that such an existential state had been reached before the advent of the Upper Palaeolithic. I argue that Upper Palaeolithic "art" opened up a hunter-gatherer world that enabled others, including animal others, and objects, to become meaningful to groups of Daseins, and so to become part of particular "dwelling places". Heidegger remains the key theorist of dwelling but his anthropocentrism should be abandoned. Suitably revised, Heidegger's account of dwelling will provoke us to look at Palaeolithic archaeology from a fresh perspective.

L’hématopoïèse est un processus actif, ordonné, et hautement régulé faisant intervenir des étapes de prolifération, de différenciation et d’apoptose et permettant la production de toutes les cellules sanguines matures à partir d’un nombre restreint de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. La dérégulation des mécanismes intervenant dans l’hématopoïèse induit le développement d’hémopathies, notamment de leucémies. De nombreux facteurs de transcription et microARN (miARN) ont été identifiés en tant que des régulateurs essentiels à l’établissement des différents lignages hématopoïétiques. Mon travail de thèse a porté sur l’étude du rôle des miARN dans la régulation de la différenciation macrophagique humaine. Nous avons reproduit le processus de différenciation macrophagique in vitro à partir de monocytes issus du sang périphérique traités avec du CSF-1 (colony stimulating factor-1). Suite à l’analyse du profil d’expression des miARN au cours du processus de différenciation, notre projet s’est orienté sur l’étude de miR-142-3p dont le taux d’expression diminue le plus fortement au cours de cette différenciation. Nous avons montré que miR-142-3p forme une boucle d’auto-régulation négative avec EGR2 (early growth response 2), un facteur de transcription connu pour réguler positivement la différenciation macrophagique. Cette boucle est essentielle au bon déroulement de la différenciation. Par ailleurs, nous avons observé une altération de cette boucle de régulation dans les monocytes de patients atteints d’une LMMC (leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique) suggérant que ce mécanisme puisse être impliqué dans la leucémogenèse. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons également initié une étude in vivo via l’utilisation du modèle que représente le Poisson-Zèbre. L’hématopoïèse du Poisson-Zèbre est très similaire à celle des mammifères que ce soit au niveau des populations hématopoïétiques ou des mécanismes de régulation impliqués. L’inhibition de l’expression du miR-142a-3p, homologue du miR-142-3p humain, se traduit par une absence de monocytes et de macrophages au niveau de l’ICM (intermediate cell mass), organe primaire de l’hématopoïèse, ainsi que par une diminution de l’expression de la myéloperoxydase, marqueur des granulocytes chez le Poisson-Zèbre. Ainsi, miR-142-3p semble être un inducteur de la formation des granulocytes et monocytes. / Hematopoiesis is an active process, orderly and highly regulated, involving proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis steps, and allowing the production of mature blood cells from a restricted number of hematopoietic stem cells. Deregulation of mechanisms involved in hematopoiesis leads to the development of leukemias. Many transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as essential regulators in the establishment of different hematopoietic lineages. My thesis investigated the role of miRNAs in the regulation of human macrophage differentiation. We examined macrophage differentiation in vitro, from peripheral blood monocytes treated with CSF-1 (colony stimulating factor-1). After the analysis of miRNAs expression profile, our project has focused on the study of miR-142-3p whose expression levels decreased most strongly during macrophage differentiation. We showed that miR-142-3p involved in a negative feedback loop with EGR2 (early growth response 2), a transcription factor known to favor macrophage differentiation. This molecular circuitry is necessary for the normal processus of differentiation. Furthermore, we observed an alteration of this regulation circuitry in monocytes of CMML (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) patients, suggesting that this mechanism may be involved in leukemogenesis. During this project, we also initiated a study in vivo through the use of the zebrafish model. Zebrafish hematopoiesis is very similar to that in mammals both at the level of hematopoietic populations or regulatory mechanisms involved. The inhibition of miR-142a-3p expression, homolog of the human miR-142-3p, gave rise to an absence of monocytes and macrophages in ICM (intermediate cell mass), the primary organ of hematopoiesis and a decreased expression of myeloperoxidase, a marker of granulocytes in the zebrafish. Thus, miR-142-3p appears to be an inducer of granulocytes and monocytes formation.

Introduktion (och syfte): Byggbranschen är en växande bransch som producerar mer avfall och använder mer resurser än andra industrisektorer. Kunskapen kring återanvändning av materialet trä är tunn. Den biologiska mångfalden påverkas vid avverkning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hållfasthetsegenskaperna på använt konstruktionsvirke för att utreda återbruksmöjligheterna. Metod: Metoden som användes är en kvantitativ studie. Datainsamlingen gjordes med hjälp av experiment. Visuell sortering (INSTA 142), visuella tilläggsregler, maskinell sortering, förstörande böjhållfasthets test och fuktkvotsmätning har utförts enligt gällande standarder. Resultat/Analys: Totalt samlades 49 virkesbitar med fem olika dimensioner av använt virke in från en återvinningscentral. 49 % av alla virkesbitar har någon typ av virkesfel enligt den visuella tilläggsregler i form av flatböj, skevhet etcetera. 43 % uppfyller kraven för INSTA 142. 87,9 % av virkesbitarna uppfyllde en böjhållfasthet på minst 24 MPa. 48,9 % av virkesbitarna går att återanvända i förhållande till den visuella sorteringen, INSTA 142 och uppfyller minst 24 MPa med hjälp av förstörande böjhållfasthets test. Resultaten som erhållit i studien för brukat konstruktionsvirket och obrukat konstruktionsvirket visar att elasticitetsmodulen mot böjhållfastheten har en användbar korrelation. Korrelationen mellan densiteten och böjhållfastheten hade däremot ett svagt samband för både det brukade och obrukade konstruktionsvirket. Diskussion: Ett system saknas för hållfasthetssortering av brukat virket, detta är nödvändigt för att uppnå en återanvändning. Densiteten hade en låg korrelationskoefficient R 2 mot böjhållfastheten, detta beror på att kvistar har en större betydelse för hållfastheten eftersom elasticitetsmodulen mot böjhållfastheten hade ett en betydlig högre korrelationskoefficient. En av slutsatserna är att sprickor och hål i det återanvända virket, som är en följd av torkning och infästningar, påverkar sorteringen. / Introduction (and purpose): The building sector is a growing sector that produces more waste and uses more resources than any other industry sector. The knowledge about reusing the material wood is thin. Biological diversity is affected by logging. The purpose of this study is to examine the strength properties of used structural timber in order to investigate the reuse possibilities. Method: The method that is used is a quantitative study. The data collection is done with help of an experiment. Visual sorting (INSTA 142), visual override, machine strength sorting, destructive bending test and moisture measurement have been done in accordance with European standards. Results/Analysis: In total 49 pieces of spruce and pine gathered from a recycling center was used in this study. 49 % of all pieces had some sort of defect such as flat blend, skewness etcetera according to the visual override. 43 % of the boards fulfilled the requirement according to INSTA 142. 87,9 % had a minimum bending strength of 24 MPa. 48,9 % of the pieces can be reused according to the visual override and fulfilled a minimum strength of 24 MPa. The result obtained in this study for used structural timber and unused structural timber show that the modulus of elasticity versus the bending strength has a useful correlation. The correlation between the density and the bending strength had however a week connection for the used and the unused structural timber. Discussion: A system is missing for strength grading used timber, this is necessary for achieving reusing. The density had a low correlation coefficient R 2 against the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity against the bending strength had a significantly higher correlation. One of the conclusions is that cracks and holes in the used timber, created by drying and screws, affect the grading.

The interaction between nanoscience and biomedicine is one of the important developing areas of modern science. The usage of functional nanoparticles with biological molecules provides sensitive and selective detection, labeling and sensing of biomolecules. Until today, several novel types of tagging materials have been used in bioassays, such as plasmon-resonant particles, quantum dots (QDs), and metal nanoshells. However, nowadays, Surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS) tags have been attracting considerable attention as a tagging system. SERS-tags provide high signal enhancement, and they enable multiplex detection of biomolecules due to high specificity. This thesis is focused on the designing proper SERS nanotags for DNA studies. SERS nano-tags are nanostructures consisting of core nanoparticle generally silver, Raman reporter molecule for labeling, and shell to make surface modifications and to prevent deterioration arising from environmental impact. Based on this information, silver core synthesized by thermal decomposition and chemical reduction methods. Thermal decomposition method provides synthesis of silver nanoparticles in hydrophobic medium, resulting in proper silica coating by reverse microemulsion method. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles sythesized by chemical reduction method exhibit hydrophilic property. Due to capping reagents, negatively charged silver nanoparticles could easily attach with positively charged Raman dye which is brilliant cresyl blue (BCB). After addition of Raman active molecule, silica coating process was done by using modified St&ouml / ber method. The resulting particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) ,UV-vis Spectrometry (UV-vis) and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). In recent years, DNA detection has gained importance for cancer and disease diagnosis and the detection of harmful microorganisms in food and drink. In this study, gene sequences were detected via SERS. For this, probe sequences were labelled with Raman reporter molecule, BCB,and SERS nano-tags and were called as SERGen probes. Then, after hybridization of DNA targets to complementary probe sequences onto gold substrate, SERS peak was followed.

In this study, agitation of solutions using different impeller and tank geometry were investigated experimentally in terms of hydrodynamics, macromixing time and aeration characteristics. In the first set of experiments a cylindrical vessel equipped with two types of hydrofoil and a hyperboloid impeller or their combinations were used. Vessel and impeller diameters and water level were 300, 100 and 300 mm, respectively. At the same specific power consumption, 163 W/m3, the so called hydrofoil 1 impeller provided the shortest mixing time at 7.8 s. At the top hydrofoil 1 impeller submergence of 100 mm, the hyperboloid impeller combination of it was the most efficient by a mixing time of 10.0 s at 163 W/m3. Ultrasound Doppler velocimetry and the lightsheet experiments showed that the hydrofoil 1, hydrofoil 2 impellers and the stated impeller combination provided a complete circulation all over the tank. Macromixing measurements were performed in square vessel for Generation 5 low and high rib and Generation 6 hyperboloid impellers. Vessel length, impeller diameters and water level were 900, 300 and 450 mm, respectively. At the same specific power consumption, 88.4 W/m3, Generation 6 mixer provided the lowest mixing time at 80.5 s. Aeration experiments were performed in square tank for Generation 5 low rib and Generation 6 hyperboloid impellers equipped with additional blades. With increasing flow number, the differences between the performances at different rotational speeds became smaller for each type of mixer. At similar conditions the transferred oxygen amount of Generation 6 impeller was about 20% better.

Trace element composition of archaeological artifacts is commonly used for provenance studies. Limestone has generally studied by geologists and there are a few researches done by various archaeological sciences. Although it is a common material for buildings and sculpture it is been thought that limestone used had not imported like marbles. Limestone figurines from Dat&ccedil / a/Emecik excavations are classified as Cypriote type, which was very popular through 6th century B.C. in the Mediterranean region. Since this type of figurines was found at Emecik numerously to determine its provenance was an important problem. Emecik figurines were examined for their some major, trace elements and REE compositions and results were compared with geological samples which were taken from a near by quarry. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) have been used for analysis. The methods have been optimized by using standard reference material NIST 1d, NCS DC 73306, and IGS40.

As compared with the concentration in sample when the detection limit of analyte is low, a preconcentration method can be used. In this study, cloud point extraction (CPE) was used as the preconcentration method. The aqueous solutions of nonionic and zwitterionic surfactant materials become cloudy when its temperature reaches the cloud point temperature and analyte collapses with surface active material. The volume of surfactant rich phase is much smaller than the solution volume and therefore a way high preconcentration factor was obtained. For the cloud point extraction of selenite, a fluorimetric ligand, 2,3-diminonaphthalene (DAN) was used and the hydrophobic Se(IV)-DAN complex formed (4,5-benzopiazselenol) was extracted with Triton X-114. The effects of pH, complexation period, reaction temperature, DAN concentration and surfactant concentration on the extraction efficiency were investigated. The extraction efficiency at the optimized conditions was 98 percent. Spectrofluorimetric determination of selenium was performed at excitation and emission wavelegths of 379 nm and 582 nm, respectively. The detection limit, established as 3s /slope where s is the standard deviation of 9 measurements of 0.020 mg/L Se (IV)-DAN complex after 10 fold preconcentration was 3.7 &micro / g/L Se. By using solid surface fluorescence measurements detection limit could be reduced down to 1.2 &micro / g/L. The obtained detection limits (3.7 and 1.2 &micro / g/L) were sufficiently low for detecting selenite in diverse samples. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the analysis of trace elements in waste water Standard reference material (EnviroMAT- Waste Water LOW EU-L-1). The interference effects of some anions and cations were also tested.

The use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) as solid sorbent in Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) extraction and preconcentration method was presented to determine some commonly used organophosphorus insecticides/OPIs in honey samples using a Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). OPIs are poisonous compounds used to kill insects and rodents by affecting their nervous system. The limit of detections obtained after MSPD extraction were 7.0 ng/g for Malathion, Malaoxon and Fenitrothion and 33.3 ng/g for Isomalathion. The recovery of the insecticides from spiked honey, ranged from 83.6% to 103.3% with % RSD ranged from 9.8% to 12.3% (n=3). The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration data varied from 0.9945 to 0.9987. Standard addition method was utilized to examine matrix-induced effects on analyte peaks, and to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The MSPD extraction was successfully applied for the analysis of four honey samples but no insecticide residues were detected.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Maghemite (&amp / #947 / -Fe2O3) are well-known iron oxide phases among magnetic nanoparticles due to their magnetic properties, chemical stability, and nontoxicity. They have gained acceptance in several fields of application of nanomaterials such as magnetic recording systems, magnetic refrigeration, magneto-optical devices, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic separation techniques and separation and purification of biological molecules. Recently, there is a growing interest in the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a polymeric, glassy or ceramic matrix since the preparation of pure phase iron oxide composite material involves, presently, some difficulties partially arising from different oxidation states of iron which can lead to the presence of various oxides. Matrix support, in principle, modifies the properties of nanomaterials, thus opening new possibilities for the control of their performance. In addition, the chosen matrix, polymer or sol-gel, provides binding of the functional groups and also prevents grain growth and agglomeration. Therefore, extensive research is conducted on this subject. Sonochemical technique is an effective method to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles with many unique properties due to extreme reaction conditions. Besides, a microscopic mixing in the synthesis procedure is obtained because of the microjet effect which comes from the collapse of the bubbles. This effect creates relatively uniform reaction conditions. Thus, well-dispersed and stable nanoparticles are obtained by using ultrasound. In this study, &amp / #947 / -Fe2O3, maghemite nanoparticles are accommodated in an inert, inorganic, transparent and temperature resistant sol gel matrix to achieve stabilization. The nature and concentration of the salt used, evaporation conditions of the sols, the following heat treatments had been investigated and shown that they had great influence on the particle size and the final iron oxide phase in the sol-gel. The Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. In addition, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation in the presence of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) in aqueous solution. PMAA, which was used as the coating material, prevents magnetite nanoparticles from oxidation towards a lower saturation magnetization iron oxide phases. In order to achieve small particle size and uniform size distribution of the magnetite nanoparticles in PMAA matrix, ultrasonic irradiation was applied during co-precipitation. The polymer coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle sizer, X-ray diffraction, (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques and zeta potential measurements.

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) still keeps its importance despite the relatively low sensitivity / because it is a simple and economical technique for determination of metals. In recent years atom traps have been developed to increase the sensitivity of FAAS. Although the detection limit of FAAS is only at the level of mg/L, with the use of atom traps it can reach to ng/mL. Slotted quartz tube (SQT) is one of these atom traps, it is applied for determination of volatile elements / it is economical, commercially available and easy to use. In this study, a sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of lead with the help of SQT. Regarding the angle between the two slots of SQT, 120&deg / and 180&deg / configurations were used and the results were compared. There were three modes of SQT used. The first application was for providing longer residence time of analyte atoms in the measurement zone / 3 fold sensitivity enhancement was observed. The second mode was the usage of SQT for preconcentration of lead atoms. In the presence of a lean air-acetylene flame, analyte atoms were trapped in the inner surface of SQT for a few minutes. Then, by the help of a small volume (10-50 &amp / #956 / L) of Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), analyte atoms were revolatilized and a rapid atomization took place. Using this mode, a sensitivity enhancement of 574 was obtained at a rather low (3.9 mL/min) suction rate / 1320 fold improvement was reached at higher sample suction rate (7.4 mL/min) for 5.0 min collection. The last mode involves coating of the inner surface of SQT with several kinds of transition metals. The best sensitivity enhancement, 1650 fold, was obtained by the Ta coated SQT. In addition, effects of some elements and anions on Pb signal in Tacoated-SQT-AT-FAAS were examined. Final step consists of surface analysis / chemical nature of Pb trapped on quartz and Ta surface, and the chemical nature of Ta on quartz surface were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman Spectroscopy.