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The aim of this thesis is to show, by means of a chronological study of poverty as treated in the poetry dating from the early 1790's to 1807, that Wordsworth's treatment of this topic was both highly politicized and unusually probing. To look at his treatment of poverty is also to gain some understanding of his changing political and social views over these years. He began writing about poverty and the poor in a period in which picturesque and/or sentimental ways of viewing poverty alternated with moralisitically judgmental ways. His approach and attitudes are soon seen to be different. After a period of fervent protest at the very existence of poverty, he proceeds to probe the more hidden costs, to the indigent, of poverty, an approach which is less overtly polemical. This study seeks to demonstrate that this stage is no less committed, and, indeed, comprises an insightful analysis of the social and psychological damage consequent on poverty, damage now widely recognised as one of the major costs of poverty both to the individual and to the state. Furthermore, Wordsworth becomes concerned with the alienation both from the self and from the other consequent on poverty. It is this that he recognises as a major, yet rarely acknowledged, component of poverty. He recognises too, his increasing inability to understand the impoverished other. Conscious of the divide that separates the privileged from the indigent, he can only wonder at, and acknowedge, the powers of endurance of which some seem capable. From such examples he, in his precarious vocation of poet, can learn much. Such admiration of the reolution and independence apparent in some of the indigent leads him to espouse values and judgments which tend to differentiate clearly between the deserving and the undeserving poor. Although such attitudes become increasingly prevalent in Wordsworth after 1807, the work of the preceding years remains a rare, forceful and multi-dimensional cry of protest against poverty.

Consacrée au rapport idéologique entre le romantisme anglais et les Lumières françaises (aboutissant à la Révolution de 1789), cette thèse entend combler une lacune critique sur des échanges intellectuels reconnus et méconnus. Parmi les auteurs anglais, ces liens entre les cultures lettrées anglaises et françaises se sont très clairement manifestés sous la plume de William Wordsworth (1770-1850), initié à la pensée des Lumières par le capitaine militaire français Michel Beaupuy (1755-1796). Notre recherche évalue la dette contractée par Wordsworth envers des auteurs majeurs des Lumières dans le traitement de quatre sujets clés : la démocratie, la sensibilité, la religion et le langage. Cette thèse vise également à mettre en évidence le développement original de ces thèmes dans les oeuvres poétiques de Wordsworth. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi d'articuler notre étude autour de comparaisons et d'analyses de textes. Le premier chapitre est consacré au Contrat social (1762) de Rousseau, le second à La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761) de Rousseau, le troisième à Zadig (1747) de Voltaire, et le dernier chapitre à VEssai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines (1746) de Condillac. Bien que les sujets et les oeuvres abordés soient apparemment disparates, l'ensemble est intimement lié à l'épanouissement de l'oeuvre poétique de Wordsworth : cette contribution effective sous-tend et justifie leur traitement dans une même étude. Sur le plan théorique, l'argumentaire de cette thèse se base sur la théorie poétique de Harold Bloom, telle qu'exposée dans The Anxiety of Influence (1973). Faisant appel à la notion freudienne du complexe d'OEdipe, fondée sur la rivalité palpable entre père et fils pour l'amour de la mère, Bloom constate qu'une rivalité semblable existe entre les poètes et leurs modèles d'inspiration poétiques. Cette opposition permet à terme de se distinguer comme poète ou, pour reprendre le terme de Bloom, comme poète « fort ». L'étude intertextuelle menée ici montrera comment Wordsworth s'établit comme « poète fort », via ses sources d'inspiration.

Ce travail a pour finalité de définir exactement ce que représentent les vocables Wanderschaft et Wanderung dans la littérature non fictionnelle de langue allemande entre 1770 et 1850. Ces deux concepts désignent tout voyage effectué majoritairement à pied pour diverses motivations, mais peuvent aussi prendre des sens métaphoriques, essentiellement religieux. Par l’analyse aussi bien synchronique que diachronique du réseau lexical, ainsi qu’à l’aide d’une approche pluridisciplinaire de divers types de documents intégrant littérature, linguistique, théologie, historiographie, arts visuels, musique et journalisme, il a été possible d’établir non seulement la polysémie des deux mots, mais aussi quelles fonctions ces termes recouvrent, en les replaçant dans leur contexte global. La préférence a été donnée à l’écriture non fictionnelle (relations viatiques, guides, correspondance, ouvrages pédagogiques). Les auteurs des récits de voyages pédestres sont originaires de deux couches distinctes de la société de cette époque : d’une part, l’élite cultivée (un groupe composite en train de se développer, majoritairement originaire de la bourgeoisie aisée), et de l’autre, les Compagnons, oscillant suivant les cas entre la moyenne bourgeoisie et le prolétariat, soudain revalorisés socialement par la publication de leur carnet de voyage. Tous sont originaires des pays de langue allemande, y compris les parties germanophones du royaume du Danemark et de la Suisse. L’évolution de l’emploi et des fonctions de ces deux vocables, ainsi que de leur champ associatif, reflète celle des structures sociales, économiques et culturelles entre 1770 et 1850. Parallèlement, la réduction et la virtualisation du voyage pédestre, amorcées dans les parcs à l’anglaise aristocratiques, se poursuivent dans les panoramas urbains, les pièces ou le jardin des demeures, ainsi que dans les jeux de société. Enfin, l’analyse est complétée par l’examen de la réception des deux notions dans les journaux, périodiques et almanachs, ainsi que dans la littérature didactique pour la jeunesse, les chansons populaires et les arts visuels. / The ultimate goal of this work is to clarify the precise definitions of Wanderschaft and Wanderung in non-fictional writing in the German language between 1770 and 1850. Those two concepts refer to any journey, mainly done on foot, undertaken for a variety of motives, but they can also take on a metaphorical sense, primarily religious. By use of both synchronic and diachronic analysis of the lexical network, as well as with the help of a multidisciplinary approach to a variety of documents, integrating literature, linguistics, theology, historical texts, visual arts, music and journalism, it has been possible to establish, not only the polysemy of the two words, but also which functions these terms cover, by putting them into their global context. Preference has been given to non-fictional writing (accounts by travellers, correspondence, educational works). The authors of accounts of travels on foot in this period come from two distinct social classes: on one hand, the cultural elite (a composite group, just coming into being and originating mainly from the affluent bourgeoisie) and on the other hand, the Companions, ranging in different cases from the middle to the working class, suddenly given social validation by the publication of their travel notes. They all come from German-speaking countries, including parts of the Kingdom of Denmark as well as of Switzerland. The evolution of the use and functions of those two words, as well as their associative fields, mirrors that of the social, economic and cultural structures between 1770 and 1850. At the same tine,the scaling down and virtualisation of the pedestrian journey, initiated in aristocratic English-style parks, continue in urban panoramas, the rooms or the garden of grand houses, as well as in society's games. Finally, the analysis is completed by examining how the two notions are dealt with in newspapers, periodicals and almanacs, as well as in didactic literature for young people, popular songs and the visual arts.

This thesis discusses the influence of Milton on the poetry of Wordsworth.

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Ng, Chak Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-136). / Abstract also in Chinese. / INTRODUCTION / The Necessity of Being Performative: / the Cases of William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- "Context, Literary Events and the Institution of Literature" --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Individualism: the Invention of Romantic Subjectivity in William Wordsworth --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Subjectivity in Crisis: the Invention of Modern Subjectivity in T. S. Eliot --- p.90 / "Conclusion ""Change More Than Language"": The Acts of Poetry" --- p.127 / WORKS CITED AND BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.132

此論文探究詩人華茲華斯多種的靈感來源。他的靈感來源主要分為兩種：超自然以及人本的來源。一方面，詩人有古典和傳統的一面，依靠超自然的來源來維持寫作靈感，如異教神明，基督教的聖靈，新古典神祗。除了這些靈感來源以外，我提出，詩人還發明了人本的守護力量，反映了他能離開傳統，自成一格，依靠個人的天才和身邊的群體。 / 華大部份寫詩的靈感都來自大自然，因此第一章將考究自然如何成為為他帶來靈感的工具。十八世紀崇尚哲學，詩風也有此傾向。華受此詩風影響，對他來說，自然象徵著形而上的真理，是重要的寫作題材。因此，雖然他渴望像他妹妹桃樂西一樣如實描繪自然，最後卻比較著重自然的喻意，多於自然的原始美。 / 第二章以華的作品《意大利旅行回憶錄》和《歐洲大陸旅行回憶錄》為主，集中討論華詩裡的聖靈。此章宗旨是證明詩人在出外的時候特別依靠聖靈作靈感來源。雖然外地給他陌生的印象和感覺，但透過此靈感來源，他為自己製造了一個安穩的寫作空間。聖物、宗教建築、音樂和不同地方的歷史，觸手可及，為他帶來親切感。 / 第三章尋索華詩裡的新古典神明。論點是：詩人在詩裡祈求神明庇佑並賜與寫作靈感，是跟隨新古典詩人的傳統，為一種修辭法。新古典時期的代表作家有德萊頓、蒲柏、和詹森， 都是華尊敬的作家。雖然華曾跟隨他們的向神明祈求的修辭法，卻仍與他們這種尋求靈命的手法保持距離。這是因為華覺察到，這種以精英為重的詩，與他對低微農村居民持有的抱負背道而馳。 / 第四章介紹英國湖區的守護力量。這力量比較其他靈感來源，最得華心。原因是，他從小與湖區已建立起感官和情感上的親切感。即使身在異鄉，他也可透過想象親歷湖區之景，從中找到靈感寫作，所以湖區的力量很可靠。可惜，一個地方的景色，有可能隨著農村發展和工業化而改變甚至遭受破壞。華明白這一點，是以還是開始尋找更長久的靈感來源。 / 因此，華創造了歷史、文學和人物這三種人本的守護力量，代替前幾種的靈感來源。第五、第六、和第七章會分別討論這三種來源。歷史的守護力量來自華想象出來的一個群體， 這群體裡的人都是英國的人民，價值觀相似，所以特別珍視某些美德。就是這樣一個群體維持著華的靈感的。文學的守護力量也是華想象力的結晶，這群體是由一群作家組成，作家真有其人。華透過引用他們的詩句，在寫詩時找到靈感繼續創作下去。人物守護力量是第三個華透過想象組織的群體，以湖區的農民群體為範本。人物都有華所碰見過的人的影子，他們的生命力來自這群體的關愛和憐恤。這兩種美德也支持著華的創作。 / This thesis explores the different sources of inspiration in William Wordsworth’s poetry. These sources, I argue, can mainly be classified into two types: supernatural and human-oriented. The classical and traditional Wordsworth relies on supernatural sources, such as pagan spirits, the Christian spirit, and neo-classical spirits to sustain and inspire his poetry. In addition to these sources, I argue that he has invented human-oriented 'spirits of place', and that his use of these spirits reflects a Wordsworth who is independent of tradition and more reliant on his own genius and the human communities around him. / Because the inspiration of most of Wordsworth’s poems springs from nature, my first chapter will study how nature is instrumental in bringing about this inspiration. Nature is symbolic of those metaphysical truths which he considers important subjects for writing, under the influence of eighteenth-century expectations that poetry be philosophical. As a result, while longing to portray nature 'as it is', as his sister Dorothy does, he nevertheless resorts to the metaphorical meanings of nature rather than its beauty in its basic appearance. / My second chapter will focus on the Christian spirit in Wordsworth’s poetry, especially in Memorials of a Tour in Italy, and Memorials of a Tour on the Continent. It seeks to show how the poet, especially while abroad, depends on it for inspiration. He seems to be creating a safe environment for writing, when his surroundings look and feel foreign. He cultivates a feeling of familiarity through tangible things such as religious relics, architecture, and music, and the Christian history of the places. / My third chapter will investigate neo-classical spirits in Wordsworth’s poetry. I argue that his invocation of them is a rhetorical device employed as part of a tradition among neo-classical poets such as Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, whom Wordsworth highly respects as his poetic predecessors. There will also be a note on his critical stance against this method of obtaining inspiration, as he realises an elitist kind of poetry does not suit that responsibility for the rustic and lowly which he considers his. / My fourth chapter will introduce the genius loci of the Lake District, which to Wordsworth was a preferred source of inspiration, because of the physical and emotional intimacy that he cultivated with the place since childhood. I attempt also to show that the genius loci has sustained his poetry even when he is abroad and imaginatively revisits the place. Despite the strength of this source, he eventually longs for a more sustainable source, one that is not prone to be destroyed due to the possibility of a change of landscape in the locality due to rural development or industrialisation. / As a result of this, Wordsworth invents what I term 'historical', 'literary', and 'embodied' spirits of place, as alternative sources. These three kinds of spirit of place will be discussed in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 respectively. Historical spirits of place are a community imagined by Wordsworth, one in which people share the same valuation of certain virtues that are specific to the British nation. Literary spirits of place are a community in his mind, one that consists of literary figures who are supportive of or foundational for Wordsworth’s writing. He imagines receiving their support through quoting from their poems. Embodied spirits of place are also an imaginary community based on the rural one in the Lake District. They are characters that Wordsworth creates based on real rustic people, and their lives are sustained by the love and sympathy of the community, just as his own poetry is sustained by it. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Au Yeung, Viona. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 409-423). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

La presente investigación parte de dos postulados básicos: primero, la rotunda dimensión cognitiva que cabe asignar al arte; y segundo, la primacía del discurso y la experiencia estéticos frente a los modos epistémicos que dislocan conciencia y realidad por medio de múltiples dicotomías. Nuestro ámbito principal de indagación es la obra del poeta romántico William Wordsworth. Haremos especial hincapié en su producción desde 1797 hasta 1805, o sea, el período en que se perfiló el proyecto filosófico-poético cuyo impulso central es inseparable del movimiento romántico, ya que está vertebrado por los mencionados postulados sobre el valor cognitivo de lo estético y su preponderancia sobre discursos concurrentes.Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo persigue elaborar la estructura implícita de ideas que subyace a los postulados antes mencionados y, con ello, determinar sobre qué fundamento es posible encontrar en lo estético una primacía epistemológica como la que Wordsworth y el movimiento romántico en general sostienen como piedra de toque de sus teorías. Para el despliegue de esta investigación hemos planteamos una serie de preguntas que han guiado el desarrollo general de la tesis. Nuestra estructura se ha desplegado alrededor de cuatro cuestiones principales: ¿en qué consiste la visión que otorgan el arte y el modelo de experiencia estética?; ¿en qué sentido la actitud estética deviene agente de esta verdad viva, más amplia, radical y completa?; ¿cómo se operan la comprensión y la asimilación de los modelos cognitivos reductivos de la tradición desde este nuevo modelo?; y también, como reflexión final, ¿se le otorga a la filosofía, en su sentido tradicional, un papel respecto a ello, o por el contrario se le exige una remodelación de raíz en sus modos y sus hábitos más sedimentados?A través de estas cuestiones y el análisis de los conceptos centrales del romanticismo de Wordsworth como 'imaginación', 'naturaleza', 'poesía', etc., hemos pretendido una explicitación de un modelo cognitivo radical y completo: el modelo estético del conocimiento y del saber. Este modelo asume el carácter no problemático de nuestra participación en los procesos de conocimiento y de realidad, y se estructurará alrededor de cuatro ejes centrales: percepción extensiva, significados abiertos, dinámicos e inagotables, la asunción plena de la lógica de la polaridad, y el postulado de un sustrato primordial, de una fuente o campo indiferenciado del aparecer, inherente a lo aparecido mismo y accesible por un ejercicio de agudeza perceptiva. El análisis de las nociones 'Imaginación' y 'Naturaleza' en Wordsworth nos llevará a la conclusión de su indiferenciación última, puesto que ambas apuntarán en su significa pleno y más amplio a esta realidad original entendida como apertura, como un campo integrado y unificado inherente a los fenómenos, a los cuales anima, realiza y disuelve en un juego interminable de encuentros e interrelaciones, de reciprocidades que disuelven los límites taxativos entre sensaciones, cosas e ideas. / This thesis is based on two fundamental premises: first, the deep cognitive dimension attributable to art; and second, the primacy of discourse and aesthetic experience over epistemological modes which dislocate awareness and reality through multiple dichotomies. Our principal line of inquiry is the work of the poet William Wordsworth. We shall pay special attention to his output from 1797 to 1805, that is, the period in which he outlined his philosophical-poetic project, the main thrust of which is inseparable from the Romantic movement.Thus, our aim is to construct the implicit structure of ideas underpinning the above mentioned beliefs and, through this, to determine on what basis it is possible to find an epistemological primacy, such as Wordsworth, and the Romantics in general, maintained was the touchstone of their theories, in the aesthetic. The research has been carried out employing a set of questions to guide the general development of the thesis and has been structured around four main questions: Of what does the vision provided by art and the model of aesthetic experience consist? In what sense does the aesthetic stance work as an agent of this broader, radical and complete living truth? How does the comprehension and assimilation of reductive, cognitive models of tradition work within this new model? Finally: is philosophy, in the traditional sense, given a role with respect to that new model, or on the contrary, does it demand a root and branch remodelling of philosophy's most settled modes and habits?Through these questions and the analysis of the central concepts of Wordsworth's Romanticism as "imagination", "nature" or "poetry", we shall try to form an explicit statement of a radical and complete cognitive model: an aesthetic model of knowledge and knowing. This model assumes our uncomplicated participation in the processes of knowledge and reality, and will be structured around four key concepts: extensive perception; open, dynamic and inexhaustible meanings; the full assumption of the logic of polarity; and the suggestion of a primordial substrate, of a source or an undifferentiated field of appearance inherent in what appears and accessible by exercising acute perception.

This essay compares Wordsworth’s and Arnold’s conceptions of nature and suggests reasons for the differences found. Both poets were keenly sensitive to the leveliness of the external world, and found in nature a soothing and healing power for the troubled mind of man. Both derived sensuous enjoyment from the beauties of nature, and found in nature permanence, peace, and tranquillity. The fundamental difference in their doctrines of nature is in their conceptions of abstract nature. To Wordsworth, nature was a benevolent force which actively participated in the moral and spiritual growth of man. His was a doctrine of joy and optimism. To Arnold, nature was a great and indifferent force which man must transcend. His was a doctrine of stoicism and pessimism. The differences are mainly due to the progress in science and thought from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Wordsworth inherited the eighteenth century belief in a benevolent and all-powerful Deity, who manifested his goodness in nature. By a synthesis of this philosophy, the assumptions of associationist psychology, and his own experience, he explained the moral and spiritual growth of man. Wordsworth believed that through love of nature, man was led to love of his fellow man and of God. He believed that nature participated in man’s moral growth, through the senses, with the aid of some super-sensuous power – ‘a superadded soul’, an ‘auxilier light’, which he believed to be the imagination. Through semi-mystical and visionary experiences, he became convinced of the unity between the soul of man and the soul of nature. This was the source of his joy in nature. Arnold took for granted many of the assumptions of nineteenth century science regarding nature. Through these, and his own search for truth, he lost faith in a benevolent force in the universe. He saw no evidence of harmony or teleological purpose in nature. He found in nature only an edifying example of tranquility, steadfastness, and stoicism. The central tenet of his doctrine was of the superiority of man over nature, through his reason and conscience. On a broader basis, the change in attitude to nature between Wordsworth and Arnold is due to the changed conception of men’s place in the Chain of Being. In the eighteenth century, man held the most important earthly place in nature’s Chain of Being. In the nineteenth century, he lost that place. The Industrial Revolution created a materialistic world in which only the fittest survived economically. Biologists and zoologists reduced man to the level of all other creatures. He lost his favoured place in the Chain of Being, and for him nature lost all order and purposiveness. A pessimistic view of nature was logical and common. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate