Ce travail propose de replacer l’œuvre dramatique de Shakespeare au sein des débats suscités par les jeux dans la première modernité anglaise. Soucieux de catégoriser l’ensemble des pratiques ludiques – alors désignées par les termes interchangeables « sport », « game », et « play » – selon des critères éthiques et religieux, de nombreux moralistes, que nous qualifions de « ludophobes », fustigent les passe-temps « malhonnêtes » au premier rang desquels figurent le théâtre commercial et les jeux de hasard. Face à ces attaques, on voit se dessiner dans l’œuvre de Shakespeare une défense des jeux et d’un homo ludens plus humaniste, affirmant un franc instinct de jouer qui n’est pas pour autant idéalisé. Si ce positionnement est parfois explicite, à travers la satire de personnages ludophobes comme Malvolio dans Twelfth Night par exemple, il se dévoile le plus souvent de biais, à travers une poétique des jeux qui parcourt l’ensemble de ses pièces. Car les références aux jeux et les métaphores ludiques sont nombreuses chez Shakespeare. Elles s’inscrivent dans une esthétique baroque qui s’accompagne aussi d’une vision sceptique et machiavélienne du monde politique dans les pièces historiques. Ce scepticisme laisse toutefois place à une vision pragmatique plus optimiste lorsque le dramaturge met en scène le triomphe de joueurs audacieux qui savent ruser avec les règles et parviennent à dominer, voire à abolir le hasard. À la lumière de ces métaphores émerge alors une conception des jeux qui repose en très large partie sur l’idée de maîtrise que Shakespeare place au cœur d’un art dramatique qui valorise le rapport ludique au théâtre et l’art de l’acteur. / This research places Shakespeare’s plays within the wider historical context of the debates on sports and games of early modern England. Moralists of the time sought to categorise all ludic practices – indifferently referred to as “sport”, “game”, or “play” – along ethical and religious lines and denounced those that were thought to be “dishonest sports”. Chief amongst their concerns were the dangers represented by commercial theatres and games of chance. In light of these attacks, Shakespeare’s plays offer a defence of games and a humanist version of a homo ludens who is a cheerful player, although he is not idealized. Although this defence is at times explicit – as is the case with the satirical portrayal of the game-hating Malvolio in Twelfth Night – more often than not it is suggested through a poetics of games that pervades the plays. For references to and metaphors of games are recurrent in Shakespeare plays. They serve a baroque aesthetic which goes hand in hand with a sceptical and Machiavellian vision of politics in the histories. However, Shakespeare also offers elsewhere a much more optimistic and pragmatic world view when he stages the triumph of audacious players who know how to play with the rules and seem to conquer, or even abolish, chance itself. The ludic metaphors finally help us define Shakespeare’s own conception of games, one which relies on the idea of mastery; but it is also this idea of mastery that lies at the core of his own dramatic art, which celebrates a ludic relation to theatre and glorifies the art of acting.

В работе проводится сравнение текстов, сопровождающих обряд погребения, христианской и «народной» традиции в аспектах эмоционального восприятия смерти и образной реализации. Высокая степень экспликации эмоций в похоронных причитаниях, не столь ярко выявляемая в каноническом богослужении христианской словесности (панихида, лития), находит место в нарративных и гомилетических жанрах: проповедь, житие, учительное слово. В них появляется и более или менее очерченный образ смерти в эмотивном художественном пространстве. В диссертации дан многогранный анализ содержания и поэтики погребальной проповеди из наследия Симеона Полоцкого, Кирилла Транквиллиона-Ставровецкого и рукописного неопубликованного сборника «Статир». Приводятся полностью два текста проповедей сборника подготовленные к публикации в научном издании. / The paper compares the texts accompanying the funeral rites of Christian and "folk" tradition in the aspects of emotional perception of death and figurative realization. A high degree of emotional expression in the funeral lament, not so clearly revealed in the canonical worship of Christian literature (funeral service, litya), finds a place in the narrative and homiletic genres: sermon, hagiography, teaching word. A more or less delineated image of death in the emotional artistic space also appears in them. The thesis provides a multifaceted analysis of the content and poetics of funeral sermons from the heritage of Simeon Polotskij, Cyril Tranquillion-Stavrovetskij and the unpublished manuscript collection "Statir". We present in full two texts of the sermons of the collection prepared for publication in a scholarly edition.

This is a study of the political prophecy in England in a period delimited by the accession of King James I (1603) and the end of the Interregnum (1660). It combines the analysis of hitherto obscure manuscript texts with that of printed works to provide a nuanced account of the uses and reception of prophecies in this period. Chapter One (which focuses on the first decade of James's reign) and Chapter Two (which covers the period 1613-19) approach the analysis of dramatic treatments of political prophecy through the study of prophecy both as a rhetorical buttress to the Jacobean state and as a protest genre. Attentive to the elite bias of the legal documents wherein allegedly oppositionist uses of prophecy are recorded, these chapters heed the counsel of historians who have found literary scholars insufficiently suspicious of the rhetoric of these materials. A focus on dramatic texts, neglected by the historians, reveals that Jacobean playgoers were encouraged to regard both official prophetic rhetoric and official rhetoric about prophecy with scepticism. Chapter Three considers how native and continental prophetic traditions were expanded and repurposed in England around the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, when belief in the purportedly inspired status of prophecies was rare but recognition of their utility as a vehicle for political discussion was nonetheless widespread. Chapter Four explores the adaptation and tendentious exposition of medieval, sixteenth-century, and Jacobean manuscript prophecies in printed propaganda for both the royalist and parliamentarian causes in the mid-seventeenth century. This study of literary and archival sources finds that previous scholarship has overestimated the extent of popular faith in the authenticity of allegedly ancient and inspired prophecies in the early Stuart period. The longevity of purported prophecies, it concludes, was ensured through the recognition, appreciation, and exploitation of their rhetorical affordances.