Texte remanié de: Th. Doctorat--Histoire moderne--Paris--Sorbonne, 1988. Titre de soutenance : Les Italianes [sic] dans l'armée française (1796-1814) : recrutement et encadrement. / Notes bibliogr.

No description available.

This study provides a detailed description of eighteenth-century English merchant vessels and tests the hypothesis posed in 1962 by Professor Ralph Davis that during the eighteenth century a significantly improved merchant vessel type emerged in England that required a smaller crew but carried more cargo than previous English vessels, thus boosting England's position as one of the world's greatest maritime nations. The study also develops vessel descriptions that will assist nautical archaeologists in identifying and classifying shipwreck remains. Merchant vessels were chosen for study because of the relative scarcity of scholarly publications on commercial vessels from the age of sail and because of the wealth of new archaeological data on English merchant vessels that has emerged during the past two decades. A wide range of historical and archaeological information was reviewed and, in spite of initial indications to the contrary, it was possible to amass an incredible wealth of information on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century merchant vessels built in England or her colonies. This study presents descriptions, illustrations and draughts of a variety of eighteenth-century English merchant vessels, along with a number of archaeological examples that demonstrate a richly diverse range of hull forms and rigs. Much of the detailed archaeological information was recovered from a group of sunken vessels from the Battle of Yorktown, 1781, especially site 44YO88, which proved to be an English collier built in 1772 and leased as a naval transport. There is much evidence to suggest that the highest quality, most capacious, most efficient, most long-lived, most stable and strongest merchant vessels in England during the eighteenth century were being produced in the northern ports where the primary export was coal. Rather than representing a radical new design, those colliers appear to have embodied the best compromise of qualities for a bulk cargo carrier, qualities that were already known and appreciated a century earlier, but which may have found a new harmony in the collier. Even with the many descriptions and widespread praise focused on the flat-floored, apple-bowed colliers of northern England, there does not appear to be sufficient evidence to assert that English colliers represented, in the eighteenth century, a radically improved vessel type. However, it seems reasonable to assume that those sturdy, reliable vessels successfully satisfied the economic needs of the times and provided a new source of pride for English shipbuilders. It also seems reasonable to speculate, in retrospect, that their appearance, in the large numbers that flowed out of northern yards in the eighteenth century, improved the overall efficiency and quality of the English merchant marine.

No description available.

中國茶文化源遠流長，茶作為一種日常飲品，與咖啡、可可並稱為世界三大無酒精飲料。近年來，隨著人們生活水平的日益提高，茶葉的保健功效越來越受到社會的重視。據各文獻史料記載，我國飲用茶葉已有千年曆史，記載有關茶葉的文獻古籍繁多。而一直以來，茶葉與“健康”一詞密不可分，古人經過歸納前人的記述總結出了茶葉的二十四功效，如清熱、消食、醒酒、去疾等，並對茶有著極高的評價，然而很少人注意到通過飲茶所達到的有利功效需要建立在適度飲茶，科學飲茶的前提下，盲目品飲只會起到相反效果。與此同時，隨著醫學經驗、藥學知識的日益豐富，不當飲茶所帶來的一些副作用同樣也引起了古代醫學家與茶人的重視，人們開始不僅只是單純的追求茶葉的口感，更多的是開始關注飲茶對身體的影響及飲茶時的身心體驗，通過自己多年的親身感悟，長期與他人的經驗分享，總結歸納出了飲茶的利弊，教導後人飲茶需有度，因人而飲。 本文擬在分析我國古代文獻中飲茶不當導致的疾病，尋找飲用單一味茶葉對人體所產生的不良反應，其中不包括複方茶及非茶之“茶”，通過歸納、整理，探究古代不當飲茶所造成的對人體的危害疾病，提出適度飲茶，健康飲茶，科學飲茶的觀念，為今後的茶學及醫學研究不當飲茶致病因素提供古代文獻線索依據。 關鍵字：過度飲茶，過派飲茶，飲茶致病

The small recorders, the flageolet, the fife, and the piccolo are octave flutes, sounding at four-foot pitch. The bulk of the literature relating to the recorder in the late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England focuses on the alto (treble), for this was the most commonly used member of the family, but octave recorders have never been the subject of detailed scrutiny. There is no comprehensive study of the flageolet or of the fife in England during this period, and virtually nothing has been written on the early use of the piccolo. The thesis examines the organology of the four instruments, with most attention being given to the recorder, the dominant octave flute of the era; the changes in the instrument from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century are described, and related to changes in assigned music. The reasons for the displacement of the flageolet by the recorder in the late seventeenth century and the recorder's substantial displacement by the German flute in the eighteenth are explored. Duct flutes have long been the particular province of amateur musicians, who often studied from a self-instructor, and examples of these tutors are examined, together with a representative repertoire. Particular note is made of the English 'small flute concerti' and the use of the sopranino recorder in the late eighteenth century. A chapter examines social, financial, and performance aspects (including performance venues); professional and amateur usage of the instruments and gender differences are discussed. A comparison is made of the usage of the instruments in Continental Europe and England, where differing practices are observed regarding tutors, repertoire, and, in particular, the usage of the piccolo. The introductory review of extant literature indicates thirteen matters in which I consider the literature on octave flutes 1660 - 1800 to be deficient. The thesis explores these lacunae.

This thesis is devoted to an examination of the music of the troubadours, a group of poet-musicians which flourished in southern France during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Musicological research has been conducted in this area only since the turn of the present century, although philological study began much earlier. The main aim of the Introduction is to bring together some of the most widely accepted theories regarding both literary and musical aspects of the movement and to sum up generally the state of troubadour scholarship as it exists today. The Introduction also includes a brief historical survey of the troubadour movement, its scope, significance and influence. The poems were meant to be sung, not merely read; thus the art of the Provençaux embodies two disciplines: poetry and music. Yet while much is known of the poets, very little is known about the composers of the melodies. Did the troubadour write his own music? Did he borrow it? How similar are the melodies set to the texts of a single poet? How are they related? Was one composer involved in setting them, or several? Chapter I attempts to answer some of these questions. Attention is focused on the music associated with the texts of seven troubadours in order to discover internal evidence which would shed light on this problem. La Doctrina de compondre dictatz is the subject of Chapter II. This short, little-known treatise dating from around 1250 A.D. discusses the poetic genres of the troubadours and gives suggestions for the writing of suitable melodies. It is with the musical considerations that this chapter is primarily concerned. How accurate are La Doctrina’s descriptions in the light of the extant Provencal melodies? Were any poetic types associated in actual practice with specific melodic forms? The subject of the final chapter is a comparison of troubadour melodies and the chants of the Gregorian rite. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

No description available.

This thesis traces changes in economic livelihood among Canadian Parkland Indians during 1800-1930, primarily to analyze the Indians' transition from a relative economic independence to membership in an economically disadvantaged population sector. Concepts of opportunity and constraint are utilized. The growth of settlement in Western Canada in the nineteenth century generated novel economic opportunities for Indians; however, constraints were also imposed, and these gathered strength in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Indians are seen in this study as economic agents, who took an active role in seizing opportunities and responding to constraints. It is suggested this approach contrasts with many which assume post-contact Indian peoples to be relatively passive objects of Euro-Canadian or Euro-American action. Economic opportunities discussed are those associated, successively, with equestrian living and bison-hunting on the Plains; the growth of the transport trade, the pemmican trade; adoption of Christianity and aspects of Western civilization; subsistence and commercial agriculture; and, more recently, wage labour. A primary constraint developed out of government policy. A special body of legislation had been created for Indians, and after 1879 a new policy was implemented in the West to exert comprehensive control over numerous sectors of Indian life. It affected livelihood by discouraging economic enterprise and imposing difficulties in obtaining financial credit. It also drastically reduced the scope for initiative on the part of native leaders. When Indians left their home reserves in later years to seek wage labour, their lack of skills and inability to remedy social disadvantages trapped them in a poorly-paid employment. A "culture of poverty" explanation, emphasizing Indians as 'patients', has frequently been advanced to explain Indian poverty. In this study that approach is criticized. It is argued that Indian poverty developed not through failure of Indians to adjust to the growth of settlement. Rather it was a consequence of constraints imposed upon them by (a) government policy and (b) impediments to social mobility. The study has utilized both archival and field data. Archival research was carried out in Winnipeg and Ottawa, and field research at Indian reserves in the eastern Parklands. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Aristotle's concept of lexis has been discussed by numerous scholars, yet no comprehensive account of lexis has been produced so far. To fill this gap in scholarship, this thesis offers a systematic analysis of Aristotle's concept of lexis by dividing it into three levels, which allow a step-by-step approach to understanding this multi-layered concept. By considering Plato's and Isocrates' thoughts on lexis, Chapter 1 outlines the intellectual context in which Aristotle's ideas on the concept of lexis developed. Chapters 2-5 focus on the three levels of lexis and Chapter 6 brings a concluding discussion of metaphor. In Chapter 2 the linguistic elements treated under the notion of lexis and Aristotle's theory of language are delineated. These not only present Aristotle's thoughts on language as an abstract system, but they also form the most fundamental level upon which the remainder of Aristotle's thoughts on the concept of lexis are based. Chapter 3 explores Aristotle's remarks regarding individuals' use of linguistic elements as determined by sociolinguistic factors. Aristotle's occasional statements about language usage within the concept of lexis provide valuable pieces of evidence for studies in sociolinguistics and for his ideas on lexis on its third level as discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 4 the intra-textual aspect of Aristotle's remarks on lexis as a means for the creation of different kinds of poetry and rhetoric, i.e. lexis as technē, is examined. In Chapter 5 extra-textual factors are considered and are followed by a discussion of the purpose and function of lexis on its third level. Chapter 6 concludes the discussion of lexis by focusing on metaphor, the linguistic and stylistic element par excellence treated under the notion of lexis, which further highlights the benefits of a three-level approach to Aristotle's concept of lexis.