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digitalisering@umu

<p>Distribution: Kungl. Skytteanska Samfundet, Länsmuseet, Umeå</p> / digitalisering@umu

With this essay, I want to examine the image of Russians in the Swedish rural press during the second half of the 19th century, how rusophobia appeared in Swedish rural press and how the image of Russians changed during this time. To find this out, I set these questions:    • How was Russians and Russia portrayed in the Swedish rural press?  • Did the view of Russians change during this time? The essay is written so that I have interpreted my empirical material to do a discourse analysis in which I analyse different articles that have been written about Russia and Russians in a stereotypical way. The source material used in the thesis comes from 41 news articles; the bulk of the source material comes from newspapers that were published during the late 19th century. Rural press reporting on Russia and Russians were in the second half of the 19th century mostly negative. Of the 41 articles that were examined it was found that about half were negative, less than one-sixth were positive, while about a third were neutral. The reason that many of the articles were negative has to do with Sweden's shared history with Russia, with many wars and territorial losses. The negative perception came from the very fact that Russia was Sweden's foremost enemy during the late 19th century. Although the image of Russia was mostly negative, the way the Russians and Russia were portrayed in the late 19th century changed from being obvious negative to have a more concealed negative view.

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En studie om kvinnlig vänskap, så som tex, betydelse, uttryck,påverkan, uppkomst, kontakt, gemmensamma intressen och samhällsspegling.Studien grundar sig på analyserandet av delar ur en brevsamling från 1800-talets slut.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence that aristocrats in Sweden had on the Swedish movement for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and why especially aristocrats started it. The sources I have been using are speeches and texts written by persons who were involved in the movement. I have also studied rapports from the three largest societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In the sources I looked for terms, expressions and opinions that can be paralleled whit the aristocratic ideal and opinion. Things that can relate to aristocratic urban people. I also searched for a class-consciousness and a negative view on other groups of people. Research questions: 1) Why was it especially the aristocrats that started to make a stand for the animals and what imprint did this make in the movement? 2) What issues was driven by the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals? Which was regarded as the most important? 3) Which persons could be seen and heard pursuing the animal protection policy? 4) What kind of arguments for animal protection are the movement’s representatives presenting? The aristocratic people became committed to the animal protection movement because of the role they had in society, their ideal and because they had the time and money. They had the possibilities to take in the new ideas that during this time were presented in different kinds of areas. The upper class was regarded to have obligations because of their privileged way of life and their idealistic work was regarded as a matter of course. The societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals worked hard on educating the lower classes and the people in the countryside. The aristocrats brought philosophy, science and the urban view on animals.

The period of church awakening in Sweden during the first half of the nineteenth century, has had a great influence on the Swedish society. During that time certain persons are to be noticed. Peter Fjellstedt and Peter Wieselgren, priests in the Swedish Church, are among those who were of special importance. But even the British preacher George Scott and later the Swedish layman Carl-Olof Rosenius became aware of the importance of networking. They all felt a call from God to preach a message of redemption and restoration. The people of Sweden were at that time under a burden of poverty, drunkedness and social destitution and thousands of people were touched by the message and had their lives changed. This study is concentrated on the reason why this movement started and how it continued during the first 60 years of the nineteenth century. I look at the importance of the doctrine (läran), the spirit of time (tidsandan) and the networks (nätverken). The conclusion is that the inheritance of Luther together with European pietism has been the reason for the reception of the message among people in general. The networks played a great role especially all the letters written by Fjellstedt and Wieselgren.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka Godtemplarlogen 109 Kalmars roll i demokratiseringsprocessen. För att genomföra detta har en huvudfrågeställning formulerats: Kan den verksamhet som Godtemplarlogen 109 bedrev mellan 1882-84 sägas ha varit bidragande till demokratiseringsprocessen vid denna tid? För att operationalisera denna har tre specifika frågeställningar formulerats: 1. Kan en demokratisk ideologi beläggas i logen? 2. Har logen fungerat som en läroplats för politisk kompetens för sina medlemmar? 3. Har logen varit politiskt neutral? Dessa har valts med utgångspunkt från Lauri Karvonens teorier om frivilliga organisationers roll i demokratisering. Logen gav sannolikt sina medlemmar viktiga erfarenheter av politisk kompetens som alldeles säkert hade stor betydelse i andra former av organisering. Logen var dock inte själv drivande i demokratiseringsprocessen, utan tog starkt ställning för en konservativ samhällssyn. Något ideologiskt ställningstagande för demokrati fanns inte, logen präglades snarare av stor ojämlikhet.

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