Målet med detta arbete har varit att analysera hur manlighet konstrueras i novellen Målaren av C. J. L Almqvist. De redskap som används är dels R. W Connells teori om att flera maskulinitetsformer finns representerade samtidigt i samhället, i ett hierarkiskt manlighetssystem. Dels undersöks ett par av de aspekter som användes i Sverige under 1800-talet för att beskriva mannen, karaktärskonceptet samt genren rådgivningshandbok. Det är dessa två aspekter som används i uppsatsen.   I analysen av karaktärskonceptet framkommer att framförallt inre attribut, i denna text egenskaper som lekfullhet, fantasifullhet och kreativitet, samt god arbetsmoral och spänst, hurtighet, förespråkas. Huvudpersonen Elias har ett rikt inre liv överhuvudtaget, dessutom med religiösa inslag.   Vidare har det gått att visa en läsning av Målaren som en utvecklad variant av genren rådgivningshandbok som var populär under första halvan av 1800-talet. Utvecklingen består i att Almqvist verkar tagit ett steg från fördömandet av män som fallit för sina frestelser, då han i Målaren istället för att lägga fokus på själva fallet visar på vägen upp till ett dygdigt liv.   Connells idé om manlighetshierarki har hjälpt mig att genomföra en viss kartläggning av den regionala svenska, samt den lokala sockenbaserade hegemoniska maskulinitet som är aktiv i Målaren. I denna kartläggning framkom bland annat att den regionala hegemonin är stark präglad av den ståndstruktur som Sverige hade fram till dess upplösning 1866. Det visade sig också att många personer i Målaren, trots att Elias bevisligen hade ett utvecklat inre liv och att karaktärskonceptet var en mycket central aspekt av idealmanligheten, i ganska stor utsträckning verkar bedömas efter sin klasstillhörighet. Det tyder på att den regionala maskuliniteten genomsyrar och påverkar den lokala, även om några krockar påvisats. / This essay investigates how masculinity is constructed in the short story Målaren (The painter), written by C. J. L. Almqvist. The tools used in the analysis were, first, R. W. Connells theory about there being multiple forms of masculinity represented in society simultaneously, within a hierarchical masculinity-system. Second, the concepts that were used in Sweden, in the 19th century, to describe the concept of the male, have been utilised. More specifically, the concept of a person’s character and the genre “rådgivningshandbok” have been used.        When analysing from a character-conceptual perspective/the perspective of a person having good or bad character, the results show that it is mostly the inner qualities, that is, in this specific text, qualities such as playfulness, imagination, and creativity, as well as good work moral, vigour, and heartiness, that are advocated. The main character, Elias, has a rich inner life, on the whole, with religious features as well.  This essay also presents a reading of Målaren which shows that the short story is a developed variant of the genre “advice manual” which was popular in the first half of the 19th century. The development consists of Almqvist seemingly having taken a step beyond/away from the condemning of those men who yielded to temptation, since he concentrates on the journey back to a virtuous life, rather than making the crime itself the main focus of the story.      Connell’s idea concerning a hierarchical system of masculinity has helped me with mapping the regional, Swedish, as well as the local, parish-based hegemonic masculinity which can be found in Målaren. Among other things, the analysis undertaken with Connell’s idea as support shows that the regional hegemony is strongly characterised by the system and culture of states that existed in Sweden until it was dissolved in 1866. It has also become evident that many of the characters in Målaren in spite of the fact that Elias unquestionably has a rich inner life and that the concept of a person’s character is a central aspect of the ideal masculinity, seem to be judged with respect to which social state or class they belong to. This fact indicates that the regional hegemonic masculinity permeates and affects the local, although some clashes have been demonstrated.

Under slutet av 1800-talet publicerades tidningen Svenska familj-journalen i flera årgångar som en tidning menad att läsas av hela familjen som underhållning. Ett inslag i tidningen var berättelser om främmande länder och folkslag. Skribenterna beskrev en exotisk och sensationell värld utanför Sverige i sina artiklar och för många i läsarkretsen var detta deras enda kontakt med omvärlden. På ett sätt kan man säga att världen hälsade på hos läsarna istället för tvärtom. Det är dessa artiklar om andra nationaliteter jag har undersökt i min kandidatuppsats. Undersökningen granskar artiklar som innehåller framställningar av främmande folkslag utanför och inom Europa samt samer. Studien baseras på Saids teori om Orientalism och Foucaults diskursteori samt tidgare forskning kring svensk identitet och rasrepresentationer. Syftet med undersökningen är att granska den svenska självbilden under slutet av 1800-talet genom att undersöka rasrepresentationer i tidningen Svenska familj-journalen under åren 1864-1881. Min undersökning demonstrerar att den svenska självbilden genomgick förändring och dessutom var relativt splittrad under 1800-talet.

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This thesis is composed of two parts, one a translation, the other a commentary on the material that has been translated---a set of three well known identically entitled works by the famous Indian Buddhist scholar, Kamalasila (c. 740--795 C.E.). The Bhavanakramas are here translated from both Sanskrit and Tibetan sources. The commentary takes the form of an extended critical Prologue to the texts and is centred around an examination of the notions of meditation and insight as found therein. The first chapter of the commentary examines the various terms for meditation found in the texts and argues for a specific way of translating them that regards as normative only one of these, that is, bhavana . The argument is made that if one is to take the basic Buddhist distinction between intellectual and experiential wisdom seriously, no other concept of meditation will prove satisfactory. The concept of bhavana is contrasted with that of dhyana, and explained in light of other important terms, notably samadhi, samatha and vipasyana. Two different conceptions of samadhi are identified as existing within the texts, one corresponding with dhyana and one with bhavana. The latter is identified as predominant. This conception holds that meditation is not to be principally identified as non-conceptual in nature, but rather encompasses both nonconceptual states and conceptual processes. These latter, however, are not to be identified with ordinary reasoning processes (cintamayi prajna) but rather with a form of experiential knowing (bhavanamayi prajna, vipasyana) that is conceptual in nature. It is in accordance with this conception that the actual translation of the texts has been undertaken. / The second chapter of the commentary examines the concept of insight (vipasyana) in light of the earlier findings. Here the text is analyzed for its explanations of its insight, understood in terms of the important technical term bhutapratyavekṣa . Here an argument is made for translating this term in a particular manner consistent with the conception of meditation outlined in Chapter 1. The term is explored in light of key passages containing descriptions of the cultivation of wisdom as well as in light of other important technical terms appearing in the texts, notably dharmapravicaya, smṛti and manasikara. Chapter 2 closes with a discussion of Kamalasila's ideas of sravaka insight meditation (vipasyana) and how it differs from that of the Mahayana. Most notable in this regard is the suggestion that Kamalasila may have regarded sravaka insight practices (vipasyana) as instances of samatha meditation. In the third chapter the suggestion is made that such considerations could lead to the development of an important area of future research into the differences among diverse Indian Buddhist traditions. The concluding section of Chapter 3 contains a summary of the concrete findings of this analysis.

This study investigates the changing understanding of the role of the ???architect??? in Italy during the sixteenth century by examining frontispieces to published architectural treatises. From analysis of these illustrations four attributes emerge as important to new societal understandings of the role of ???architect.??? The first attribute is the desire to delineate the boundaries of knowledge for architecture as a discipline, relevant to sixteenth-century society. The second is the depiction of the ???architect,??? as an intellectual engaged in the resolution of practical, political, economic and philosophical considerations of his practice. The third represents the ???architect??? having a specific domain of activity in the design of civic spaces of magnificence not only for patrons but also for the city per se. The fourth represents the ???architect??? and society as perceiving a commonality of an architectural role beyond the boundary of individual locations and patrons. Five treatises meet the criteria set for this study: Sebastiano Serlio???s Regole generali di architetura sopra le Cinque maniere de gli edifici cio??, Toscano, Dorico, Ionico, Corinthio, et Composito, con gli essempi dell???antiquita, che, per la magior parte concordano con la dottrina di Vitruvio, 1537, his, Il Terzo libro nel qual si figurano, e descrivono le antichita di Roma, 1540, Cosimo Bartoli???s translation of Alberti???s De re aedificatoria titled L???architettura di Leonbattista Alberti, tradotta in lingua fiorentina da Cossimo Bartoli, Gentilhuomo, & Academico Fiorentino, 1550; Daniele Barbaro???s translation and commentary on Vitruvius??? De???architetura titled, I dieci libri dell???architettura di M. Vitruvio tradutti et commentati da monsignor Barbaro eletto Patriarca d???Aquileggia, 1556; and Andrea Palladio???s I quattro libri dell???architettura, 1570. A second aim for the study was to review the usefulness of frontispieces as an historical archive. It was found that frontispieces visually structure important ideas by providing a narrative with meaning as an integral part of the illustration. In this narrative frontispiece illustrations prioritise concepts found in the accompanying text and impose a hierarchical structure of importance for fundamental ideas.

Thèse (D. en histoire)--Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. / En tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Bibliogr.: f. [319]-342. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1990. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-104).

Inaug. diss.--Bonn. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur": p. [6]-7.

Thesis (Doktorwürde)--K. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München, 1914. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Doktorwürde)--Universität Bern, 1905. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (p. [67]-69).