Japan experienced drastic economic, political, and social changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Her modernization process has many notable charactertics. In this paper, I discuss an ideology which governed all aspects of the Japanese people's lives between 1868 and 1945 and the people's reaction to it. This ideology , which is now called Tennōsei ideology (the ideology of the Tennō system), was based on the myth that emphasized the divinity of the Tennō (emperor). The Meiji government developed and cultivated Tennō-sei ideology as the theoretical backbone of the government's modernization policy. When one studies the problems of modernization in Japan, Tennōsei ideology and the people's reaction to it should not be overlooked. However, it is quite difficult to know how common people, especially those of the lower social strata, reacted to the changes in their lives which were caused by modernization. During the period between the late Tokugawa era and the late Meiji era, many new religious movements were born. Most founders' of those new religions experienced many difficulties firsthand and expressed critical views of modernization. They attracted people who suffered from the economic, political, social, and religious changes occuring during the rapid modernization process. This paper focuses on examining the religious teachings of Deguchi Nao, the founder of Omoto-kyō, because her writings, called Ofudesaki (Tip of A Writing Brush), contain the sharpest criticism against the Meiji government's policies and the Tennō. I examine religious currents in the late nineteenth century to find out why a large number of new religious movements developed during this period. Also the background of the Tennōsei ideology and how the Meiji government systematically made the ideology penetrate into Japanese people's minds are discussed in Chapter One. In Chapter Two, Deguchi Nao's life experiences as the background of her religious teachings are examined. For the purpose of clarifying Nao's religious ideas, I analyze her early Ofudesaki in chapter three. Through Ofudesaki, the Kami, Ushitora-no-Konjin, warned the people that the present world would be demolished unless they repented their sins quickly. Nao used only simple and unsophisticated expressions when she wrote Ofudesaki, but in it one can find her original mythology and view on salvation. In 1899, a man named Ueda Kisaburō (later changed his name to Deguchi Onisaburō joined . Nao's group. Although Onisaburō is considered by present Omoto-kyō followers as a co-founder of the organization, there were fundamental differences between Nao and him. Onisburō's religious and social background are discussed in chapter four. In chapter five, those ofudesaki written between 1896 and 1899 are analyzed, especially focusing on a series of pilgrimages, called Shussu, led by Nao. I also discuss whether it is appropriate to categorize Nao's religious group as a millenarian movement. Since the Meiji government was maintained by the myth of a 'divine' Tennō, the existence of a new religion which held an independent mythology could be considered a serious threat to the Tennō and his government. In conclusion, I re-examine the struggle between the Meiji government and the new religious movements as an important element of Japan's modernization process. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Tese de doutoramento--São Paulo, 1976. / Bibliogr. p. 291-302.

This thesis examines two works (My Journey to Lhasa and Magic and Mystery in Tibet) by Alexandra David-Neel. These works subvert the self/other dichotomies both necessary to and critiqued by postcolonial theory. Central to this study is an examination of a claim by His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama that David-Neel creates an "authentic" picture of Tibet. In order to do this the first chapter establishes a working definition of authenticity based on both Western philosophy and Vajrayana Buddhism. This project argues that the advanced meditation techniques practiced by Alexandra David-Neel allow her to access a transcendent self that is able to overcome the self/other dichotomy. It also discusses the ways in which abjection and limit experiences enhance this breakdown. Finally, this thesis examines the roles that gender and a near absence of female Tibetan voice play in complicating the problems of self, subjectivity, and authenticity within these texts. / by Robert William Jones II. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

"Thèse en cotutelle, doctorat en études littéraires, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) et Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France"poupé. / Gaston Leroux (1868-1927) a été chroniqueur judiciaire et grand reporter au journal Le Matin avant d’écrire des romans populaires publiés en feuilletons dans la presse. Sa carrière et son oeuvre sont profondément marquées par l’influence de l’univers médiatique, qui a constitué pour Leroux un laboratoire d’écriture, une source d’inspiration (son reporter Rouletabille est devenu un symbole de cette profession en pleine ascension) et un support de publication privilégié. Au travers de cette étude monographique interdisciplinaire (elle mêle histoire, géographie, sociologie littéraire et ponctuellement philosophie et recourt à plusieurs courants critiques tels que la sociocritique et la géocritique), il s’agit de s’intéresser de plus près à une culture médiatique redécouverte à la faveur de l’immense entreprise de numérisation de la presse dans les années 2000. Mais les deux pans de sa production sont également unis par l’importance de la problématique spatiale : reportages comme romans proposent en effet des représentations élaborées de l’Ailleurs. Travaillé par une hybridité générique, l’espace tel qu’il apparaît dans les textes de Leroux présente un ancrage marqué dans l’actualité qui le pare d’une forte référentialité tout en s’ouvrant à des influences imaginaires telles que celles du conte merveilleux ou fantastique, du roman gothique ou policier, ou encore du mélodrame. Au travers d’un corpus regroupant ses grands reportages les plus importants (en Russie, en Italie, au Maroc…) et certains de ses romans d’aventures qui reprennent ces cadres étrangers, (Rouletabille chez le Tsar, Les Ténébreuses, Rouletabille à la Guerre, La Reine du Sabbat…), il s’agit d’étudier les différentes stratégies utilisées pour mettre en scène un espace qui constitue l’un des enjeux centraux du récit. En effet, chez Leroux, l’espace ne joue pas qu’un rôle de décor exotique rapidement oublié au profit de l’action car il assume également des fonctions politiques dans une époque historique qui connaît de grands bouleversements (colonisation, Première Guerre mondiale, révolution russe…). Explicitement, les écrits de Leroux s’inscrivent parfaitement dans le discours social de leur temps : ils opposent des empires de perte de vitesse (qui servent de terrain de jeu à des héros qui les maîtrisent mieux que leurs dirigeants officiels) à un modèle de l’Etat-nation dont la France de la IIIe République est présentée comme le meilleur exemple. Le patriotisme du corpus s’accentue à la faveur de la Première Guerre mondiale : Leroux publie alors des romans qui relèvent de la propagande antiallemande (Rouletabille chez Krupp, Le Capitaine Hyx). Cependant, au sein de cet espace référentiel présenté avec un certain manichéisme, Leroux ménage, grâce à la fiction, des lieux différents où s’exprime une contestation du modèle spatial dominant : îles utopiques et hétérotopies carnavalesques permettent à Leroux d’introduire du jeu dans une conception de l’espace apparemment doxique, d’interroger la mondialisation en cours et de proposer d’autres formes d’organisation spatiale et géopolitique / As a reporter, Gaston Leroux (1868-1927) covered many trials as well as the international news for Le Matin. He then went on to write paraliterary novels, published as serials in the press. Both his career and his works are heavily influenced by the media, which served as his main publication outlet, as a writing laboratory and as a source of inspiration (the fictional reporter he created, Rouletabille, has become a symbol of this developing profession). Through this monographic and interdisciplinary study (mixing history, geography, literary sociology, philosophy, as well as geocriticism and sociocriticism), we will focus on the media culture, as it was discovered anew during the massive digitization of the press in the 2000s. However, both sides of his work are connected by the attention he gives attention to space as a problematic: his newspaper articles as well as his novels offer complex representations of far away places. Because of this strong genre hybridity, space in Leroux's novels is deeply connected to the news, which adds an important sense of referentiality, but it is also influenced by fictional genres such as fairy tales, fantastical works, gothic novels, detective novels and even melodrama. Through a body of works encompassing both his main newspaper stories (in Russia, in Italy, in Marocco, etc.) and those of his adventure novels which take place in foreign countries (Rouletabille chez le Tsar, Les Ténébreuses, Rouletabille à la guerre, La Reine du Sabbat...), we shall study the various strategies implemented to represent space as an important concern in the narrative. Indeed, for Leroux, space is not only an exotic background to be quickly forgotten in favor of action. It also has a political role during agitated times (the colonisation, the First World War, the Russian Revolution, etc.). Superficially, Leroux's works fit in with the social representations of his time: they oppose weakening empires, which serve as playgrounds to heroes who have mastered them better than their own rulers, to the model of the nation-state, exemplified by the French Third Republic. The body of works becomes more chauvinistic during and after the First World War. At this time, Leroux's novels are in line with the anti-German propaganda (Rouletabille chez Krupp, Le Capitaine Hyx). And yet, within this referential and quite Manichean space, he creates, through fiction, different places in which a contestation of the dominant model is expressed. For instance, utopian islands and carnivalesque heterotopias allow Leroux to introduce playfulness in an apparently conventional conception of space, to question globalization as it develops and to offer alternative forms of spatial and geopolitical organisation. / Résumé en espagnol

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James Connolly (1868-1916), Socialist leader, labour union organiser and Irish Republican general, pursued an active career of over thirtyfive years duration in left-wing politics during the period of the Second International. During this time, he played an influential role in the Social Democratic and Labour movements in Ireland, Scotland and the United States. This stuy examines his relationships with the activists and organisations of left-wing labour in Scotland in the period 1890-1916 and moreover, seeks to establish his significance as a "Marxian Syndicalist"; an activist working in a Marxist tradition distinct from both the state socialism of the Social Democratic International and the Marxism - Leninism of the Comintern. Connolly's formative years in the Social Democratic and labour movements of his native Edinburgh (1890-96) are examined in some detail, and an attempt is made to delineate some characteristics both of the mainstream of British Marxism and of the uniqueness of the situation in Edinburgh, which were important for his personal development. Subsequently, his importance in the secession of the Scottish 'impossibilist' faction from the all-British Marxist movement in 1902-3 is analysed. At this point, there is some emphasis on the theories of the Alrerican Marxist, Daniel De Leon, and of their importance both in Connolly's further theoretical development and of the Scottish Left generally. The American contribution to Connolly's thought - and his mature response to it - is then followed up, some consideration being given to his work in the American socialist movement in 1903-10. In the light of this experience, Connolly's further influence on Scottish leftwing labour in the period 1910-15 is traced; particular emphasis is laid on the Syndicalist elements in his thought and on the Scottish responses to it. Finally, there is some discussion of the relationship between the themes of Nationalism, Marxism and Syndicalism within the history of the Scottish Left in the period 1890-1920, and the concrete failure of Marxism within the Scottish working class movement is assessed against the background of the manifest advances of the nontheoretical parliamentary Labour Party.

No description available.

No description available.

This dissertation is an analysis of population and households of a village in Northeast Japan, using historical documents from the period between 1760 and 1870. The population of the village increased 1.73-fold in 110 years with the average growth rate of 0.50 per cent per annum. In general, the population shifted from a low pressure regime characterized by relatively low fertility and low mortality to a high pressure regime with high fertility and high mortality. Fertility was found to be the driving force of the population growth, but high mortality slowed down the growth between 1800 and 1835. Migration played only a minor role. However, migration made a significant impact on the population growth through fertility by changing the nature of service. The increase in fertility resulted mainly from changes in marital fertility rather than changes in nuptiality. The most important factor contributing to the increase in marital fertility was the transformation of labor from servants with yearly contracts to day laborers which increased couple's exposure to the risk of childbearing by affecting coital frequency. In addition, increased employment opportunities and improved wages, which were brought about by the development of market economy and small-scale industry centering around a highly profitable cash crop, safflower, had a positive effect on marital fertility. The number of households increased 1.50-fold throughout the period. An increase in the number of lower class households was solely responsible for the increase in the number of households of the village. The mean household size rose from 4.8 to 5.6. The household size was positively associated with socio-economic status. As in the case of fertility, increased employment opportunities and improved wages were primarily responsible for the increase in the number of households and in the household size. Namely, the increased employment opportunities and improved wages made peasants, especially those of the lower class, less dependent on land, and allowed them to establish new branch households more easily. The most frequently-encountered household types were simple and multiple family households, the two types combined accounting for over 70 per cent of all households of the village. The proportion of multiple family households increased throughout the period, whereas the proportion of simple family households declined.

This thesis is concerned with the historical context and evaluation of the string quartets of Franz Berwald. It will establish the environment within which Berwald composed these quartets, and show the results of his efforts. The material for this investigation was gathered from musical scores and literature about music. Chapter I gives an introduction to the thesis and a short biographical sketch of Berwald. Chapter II surveys the string quartet in the first half of the nineteenth century, citing the work of major composers. This chapter concludes with an examination of the influences on Berwald's musical styles. Chapter III surveys Berwald's musical output and describes the Quartet in G Minor. Chapter IV describes his last two quartets. The evaluations and conclusions are presented in Chapter V.