Aman-Allah's effort to modernize Afghanistan in the first quarter of the twentieth century appears on the historic record as a failure. In this work we have sought to illuminate the nature of the problems that prevented success, especially those arising from the powerful institutions of the day. The error that was ultimately fatal to Aman-Allah's regime was his failure to appreciate the power of the 'ulama, pervasive in all levels of the culture, allowing them to become his single most effective opponent. This study has concentrated on the relationship between Aman-Allah and the 'ulama during the critical years 1919-1929. In the beginning Aman-Allah seemed to understand the force that could either support or be activated against him, and tried to work with the 'ulama, drawing their support through Islamic symbols such as jihad and pan-Islamism. The study shows how Aman-Allah initially won the support of the 'ulama by sponsoring the reintroduction of jihad against the British, in which the 'ulama played an important function, and by establishing himself as a major proponent of the pan-Islam movement. The 'ulama were pleased by his approach, with its marked contrast to the anti-clerical attitudes and practices of his grandfather Amir 'Abd al-Rahman. He was able to enlist some of the 'ulama to help formulate and support his reforms. Early in his regime, Aman-Allah had the majority support of the 'ulama. Despite his early popularity with the 'ulama, however, conflict emerged when Aman-Allah ventured to alter tradition regarding the family and society and to introduce radical modernization in Afghan society. Aman-Allah's attempt to recruit the support of the clergy and the tribal chieftains with whom they shared power was finally thwarted by his efforts at social reform. When government modernization deviated from tradition, a breach opened between state and clergy, manifested in the Khust Rebellion. The rift expanded in 1928 when Aman-Allah moved overtly toward secularization. The diverse elements among the 'ulama were solidified into a unitary force by this common threat. In the end, the 'ulama would no longer grant political legitimacy to Aman-Allah's regime, and with that recognition, it must fail.

"The opening chapter of the paper presents a literary biography of Tolkien, giving the facts of his life and a chronology of his writings. Following this biography is a consideration of Tolkien's five major works of fiction; in the second chapter are discussed his two books for children, The Hobbit and Farmer Giles of Ham, while in the third is described his epic trilogy for adults, The Lord of the Rings, comprising The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. For each book, a synopsis of plot is given, together with excerpts from current and retrospective critical reviews. The final chapter is divided into two parts. The first explores the effect of Tolkien's scholarly pursuits on his fiction, with particular emphasis on the influence of his study of etymology and Norse epic literature. In the second part his theories of imaginative writing, as brought out in his essay, 'On Fairy-Stories,' are outlined with reference to their successful application in his own work"--Introduction. / "August, 1957." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: Robert Clapp, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-102).

presented by Lo Kai Ming, Charles. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-110). / An Abstract --- p.i / Foreword --- p.iii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- Reinhold Niebuhr's theological development --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Human nature --- p.17 / Chapter III. --- Man as sinner --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- Social justice --- p.42 / Chapter 1. --- Love and mutual love --- p.42 / Chapter 2. --- Justice --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- Middle axioms --- p.61 / Chapter V. --- The applicability of Niebuhr's theological framework for social justice in the context of contemporary Hong Kong society --- p.71 / Chapter VI. --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Notes --- p.89 / Bibliography --- p.106

This dissertation explores the modernization of architecture in Spain in relation to the ideological, cultural, and institutional evolutions of Francisco Franco’s regime (1939-1975). It traces the ways in which buildings, images, and ideas about the built environment participated in the distinct form of technocracy—a Catholic technocracy—that conformed the Franquista State at mid-passage. In so doing, it provides an interpretation of the historical development of Franquismo as seen through the lens of architecture as much as of the politics of the architecture of the period. Throughout its thirty-six year span, the authoritarian state led by General Franco transitioned from the fascist military autarky that came out of the Civil War (1936-1939) to a technocracy that retained the ultra-conservative values that were essential to its inception. Members of the organization Opus Dei, the lay Catholic movement founded in Spain in the late 1920s, came in the 1950s to control the cultural and governing apparatus of the regime. As non-party technocrats, they were called upon to rationalize the government, advance sciences and technology, liberalize the economy, and bring forth the country’s geopolitical realignment with the democratic West. The ambiguous combination of conservative Catholicism and modernization they promoted best suited the regime, as it sustained the reactionary apparatuses of the dictatorship while allowing for partial reforms. Through a series of close analyses of four buildings now canonical of the period—the Camino Chapel designed in 1954, the Tarragona Government Building of 1956, the national pavilion of Expo 58, and the Pallars housing block for workers built in 1959—this dissertation makes buildings speak of the shifting politics of Franquismo and its governing techniques, of the dislocations of Catholicism that were essential to these changes, and of the distinct architectural culture that emerged within these processes. This history thus reveals the structural role certain buildings played in the advent of Spain’s Catholic technocracy, arguing that the intersection of aesthetics and politics assumed the paradoxical discursive form of silence.

Furthermore, the present research is going to indicate that many historians and theologians have failed to take serious the diasporic context when articulating their concepts of traditional Chinese culture and of the Chinese identity. In fact, Xie Fuya, as a diasporic Chinese after 1949, did not define his Chinese identity and the Chinese culture in territorial or political terms. Instead, he shared the viewpoints of those overseas Chinese who were struggling to survive in diasporic contexts. And his diasporic experience and horizon generated a critical understanding of Chinese culture and indigenous theology as well as their relationship. Even now, some scholars in Mainland China continue to emphasize that indigenous theology should be understood, discussed and applied within the social, political and cultural contexts of Mainland China only. However, their understandings of Chinese culture and Chinese identity, as well as the related methodology of indigenous theology they have employed, need to be examined critically. / In addition, the thesis will argue that this diasporic identity constitutes a significant ingredient of Xie Fuya's indigenous theology and contributes to Xie's new understanding of his own indigenous theology of Christianity in a post-1949 diasporic environment. Xie's indigenous theology, especially his theological method, aroused furious discussion among Chinese Christian intellectuals in and after the 1960s. Such discourse was identified as a significant break of historical continuity between the past generation and the next of Chinese Christian intellectuals in Hong Kong. / The present research aims at pointing out that the relevant historical materials do not support the above conclusions-that Xie Fuya did not concern the social and political situation of his homeland and indwelling place(s). In fact, historical evidences show that Xie as an indigenous theologian, not only spent time on bridging the relation between Christian message and Chinese culture, but also paid much effort in social construction and political participation. All these were done both before and after 1949. / The present thesis aims at investigating how the Chinese Christian intellectual Xie Fuya, responded to a diasporic movement resulting from the drastic political change of China in and after 1949. He tried to construct a unique and new identity that he had never had before-an identity that helped him to face the diasporic environment and generated a new horizon of his understanding of his faith. Showing the contents of this identity; the thesis illustrates how unique Xie's diasporic identity was expressed in the community of Chinese intellectuals and Chinese Christians during the 1950s and 1960s. That identity could not have been created, experienced and articulated by any Chinese and Christians inside Mainland China at that time. / The significance of this research does not only rest in its showing that a significant and important figure like Xie Fuya has been neglected in the historical and theological studies of Chinese Christianity in the past; it is significant also because it discloses how the thought behind the identities of a diasporic Chinese and Chinese Christian bears significance in a historical context and contributes to a new understanding of the Chinese identity, the Chinese culture and indigenous theology from a different perspective---which is different from the past and is closely related to cultural, anthropological and theological studies of our times. / The thesis will argue that it is Xie Fuya's experience of being forced to leave his homeland and the reflection of his Christian thought and experience that helped formulate his diasporic identity. Furthermore, both the fate of Chinese overseas in different areas because of the change of international politics, and the understanding of his own ethnicity and culture through the discourse among the Chinese intellectuals in Hong Kong, helped reinforce the articulation of that dislocating identity. / Xie Fuya (1892-1991), one of the most prolific Chinese theologians of the 20th century, has so far been largely ignored in the historical or theological studies of Chinese Christianity. Even worse, Xie Fuya has been seriously misunderstood by some historians of Chinese Christianity. Some of them labeled him as a representative of the indigenous theologians who focused exclusively on the relation between Christianity and Chinese culture without any concern for the relevance of the Christian message to the contemporary social change. Some stereotyped him as one of the Chinese Christians who made a far-fetched comparison between Chinese culture and Christianity. However, these prevailing paradigmatic "conclusions" on Xie Fuya are not properly based on in-depth historical investigation and the derived theological criticisms were merely built on some a-historical assumptions. / 何慶昌. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 282-307). / Adviser: Pan-Chiu Lai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0607. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 282-307). / He Qingchang.

Orientador: Roberto de Andrade Martins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T12:34:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa_PedroSergio_M.pdf: 2456549 bytes, checksum: 778fc09658778fcab5b7c88086506af9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo:Este trabalho estuda a história do conceito da dualidade onda-partícula, do início do século XX (trabalhos de Albert Einstein) até o surgimento da teoria de Louis de Broglie. O primeiro capítulo descreve a história inicial da teoria quântica, do estudo da radiação do corpo negro até 1909, dando ênfase especialmente às idéias de Einstein a respeito da natureza da luz, e outras interpretações corpusculares da radiação (William Bragg, J. J. Thomson e Johannes Stark). Nenhuma dessas propostas pode ser descrita como uma síntese dos conceitos de onda e partícula. O segundo capítulo descreve os principais episódios relevantes de 1909 até 1922. Durante esse período, a teoria quântica teve um forte desenvolvimento, especialmente após a Conferência Solvay de 1911 e depois do surgimento da teoria de Niels Bohr sobre os espectros atômicos. No entanto, a natureza do quantum e da radiação permaneceram obscuras. Entretanto, pesquisas sobre raios X trouxeram o problema da dualidade à tona, porque essa radiação exibe de um modo notável várias propriedades corpusculares, embora também exiba propriedades ondulatórias na difração por cristais. A descoberta do efeito Compton em 1922-1923 foi também uma fortíssima evidência a favor da natureza corpuscular dos raios x. Os capítulos seguintes descrevem o trabalho de Louis de Broglie. Seu ponto de partida foi o estudo experimental dos raios X, no laboratório de seu irmão (Maurice). Em 1922, De Broglie publicou seus primeiros estudos teóricos sobre os quanta de luz, e no ano seguinte desenvolveu as idéias fundamentais de sua teoria sobre a dualidade onda-partícula tanto para a luz quanto para a matéria. Os primeiros trabalhos de Louis de Broglie são analisados no capítulo 3, e sua tese de doutoramento, apresentada em 1924, é discutida no capítulo 4. A principal contribuição da presente dissertação é a análise detalhada dos trabalhos de De Broglie, de 1922 a 1924. O último capítulo apresenta uma breve visão de desenvolvimentos posteriores, tais como a conflrlnação experimental das propriedades ondulatórias dos elétrons e a influência da teoria de De Broglie sobre Schrõdinger / Abstract:This work studies the history of the concept of wave-particle duality , from the beginning of the 20th century (Albert Einstein's works) to the emergence of Louis de Broglie's theory. The flfSt chapter describes the early history of quantum theory, from the study of black-body radiation to 1909, with special emphasis upon Einstein's ideas about the nature of light and other corpuscular interpretations of radiation (William Bragg, J. J. Thomson and Johannes Stark). None of those proposals can be described as a synthesis of the wave and particle concepts. The second chapter describes the main relevant episodes from 1909 to 1922. During this period, quantum theory underwent a strong development, especially after the Solvay Conference of 1911 and Niels Bohr' s theory of atomic spectra. The nature of the quantum and of radiation, however, remained obscure. Research on X rays, however, brought the duality problem to the front position, because this radiation exhibited in a remarkable way several corpuscular properties, while it also displayed wave properties in crystal diffraction. The discovery of the Compton effect in 1922-1923 was also a very strong evidence for the corpuscular nature of X rays. The following chapters describe the work of Louis de Broglie. His starting point was the experimental study of X rays, in his brother' s (Maurice) laboratory .In 1922, de Broglie published his first theoretical studies about light quanta, and in the next year he developed the fundamental ideas of his theory of wave-particle duality for both light and matter. Louis de Broglie's flfSt papers are analyzed in chapter 3, and his PhD thesis, presented in 1924, is discussed in chapter 4. The detailed analysis of de Broglie' s works from 1922 to 1924 is the main contribution of the present dissertation. The last chapter gives a brief survey of later developments, such as the experimental confirmation of the wave properties of electrons and the influence of de Broglie' s theory upon Schrõdinger / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

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