The present thesis examines the trends, structure and fluctuations in Scotland's foreign trade, 1700- 1760 in two parts. Whilst Part I is a general discussion of Scotland's trade, the commodity trades with Germany will be examined en detail in Part II, being a case study of what can be achieved using an eclectic variety of Scottish and other north-western European records in a synoptic view. The analysis commences (chapter 2) with a detailed examination of the institutional framework ("English Restoration Customs System', 1660) that became applicable in Scotland in 1707, in particular a description of the newly introduced customs system and the duties charged, as well as the change in the level of taxation in 1707 and subsequent alterations. With regard to the detailed examination of the Scottish trade volume in chapters 4-6, a particular look will also be taken at the relevance and responsibility of the institutional super-structure for discouraging certain branches of economic activity and thus creating or at least co-determining a particularly Scottish pattern of overseas trade, 1700- 1760. Chapter 3 consists of a detailed analysis of the scope and reliability of the available quantitative sources. Particular attention will be directed at the Scottish customs accounts, which are unique in an eighteenth century (North-western) European context. The technical analysis of the customs accounts will be supplemented by an analysis of the available post-1755 trade statistics, as well as a detailed examination of the match between information contained in the former and the port books for the first year in which both are preserved completely (1755). This discussion will be supplemented by an analysis of other previously unused Customs materials. Chapter 4 examines the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1707, as well as the most probable trajectory for commercial fluctuations between 1707 and 1755. Some insights into the possible distribution of the Scottish trade volume across ports after 1707 will be presented. The broad discussion will be augmented by an analysis of select branches of the commodity trades, which can be captured slightly more reliably from contemporary statistics, such as the colonial trades, the wine, as well as the grain trades. This analysis is followed by an examination of two unrecorded trades - trade with England and tea smuggling - which both attained significantly large dimensions in total Scottish commercial activity, and which have been so far overlooked by scholars. Chapter 5 takes up the analysis in chapter 4 by providing a concise overview on the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1754-1760. Chapter 6 draws Part Ito a close by examining possible links between trade and economic growth, as well as the role trade played for the Scottish economy. In the end the peculiar eighteenth-century Scottish trade pattern will be explained. Part II is an en detail examination of Scotland's trade with the German Empire in the period under consideration. Drawing on both Scottish and German customs accounts, the commodity trades will be the subject of discussion in chapter 7. Chapter 8 traces the commercial patterns of individual merchants. The main aim of this chapter is to highlight the European contingency matrix of commodity markets, exchange rates and payments mechanisms, which Scots merchants were exposed to, which they had to consider in their business decisions, and which determined the overall profit levels in the intra-European trades. 1.1 Hypotheses 5

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Title: Notification for a revered Public: the education market in 1798 Stockholm and its environs, with focus on private tutorsThis paper examines the education market of Stockholm and its environs in 1798 by looking at work advertisements written by men and women, as well as people looking to hire male and female teachers. The paper uses Yvonne Hirdman’s gender theory as well as Thomas Laqueur’s thoughts about the two-sex model to see whether there were differences in how men and women portray themselves in advertisements and how gender affected the     subjects offered. It also examines what different types of educational work was offered, subjects sought after by advertisers when hiring teachers, and which social groups, if any, can be ascertained through the material. Both hermeneutically influenced textual analysis as well as quantitative analysis is used as methods throughout the study.This study shows that a majority of the advertisers were men, and that a majority of women offered other kind of work besides teaching in their advertisements. Men tended to offer higher education while women mainly offered to teach French and needlework. This paper argues that men tended to use academic merits over characteristics, whereas women used a wider variety of strategies, using merits but also positive attributes, connecting their teaching to the concept of motherhood, as well as using strategies of weakness. It is argued that gender as a social construct affected what men and women taught and that the two-sex model can be seen in the material along-side the one-sex model. Keywords: Sweden, 18th century, Stockholm, education market, private tutors, gender.

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It was not until after the mid-eighteenth century that the masonic lodges in Edinburgh became common meeting ground for the social and intellectual elite. While there are examples of these types of men joining before 1750, it was after this watershed date that some of the key men associated with enlightenment thinking in Scotland became members of Edinburgh lodges. Robert Adam, Hugh Blair, Lord Monboddo, James Gregory, Henry Mackenzie and Dugald Stewart are only a few examples of men who made a dual contribution to both freemasonry and the enlightenment. 'Freemasonry in Edinburgh, 1721-1746 : institutions and context' is an examination of freemasonry in Edinburgh before the dramatic influx of the elite. It was during this period that three major developments occurred: existing lodges began the slow transition from traditional operative lodges to the more modern, accepted lodges; lodges were being founded with little or no connection to stonemasons or stoneworks; and, the Grand Lodge of Scotland was established, creating a definite masonic community both within and outwith Edinburgh. This thesis charts the progress of the transition in nine Edinburgh lodges by examining both the histories and membership of these lodges, and considers the influence of the Grand Lodge of Scotland on this process. The key element in this transitional process was the membership. A total of 785 men are known to have joined, or belonged to, these lodges during this period. These men represented occupations from the advocate to the humble wine cooper's servant, and social circumstances from the baronet to the indweller. This membership analysis was the most important area of research because it illustrated the transition in the lodges. Using 30 November 1736, the date that the Grand Lodge Roll began, as a watershed date, it is possible to establish the membership of the lodges during the entire period of study, and to compare the membership of pre-Grand Lodge lodges both before and after the establishment of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.

The thesis attempts to revise our view of Georgian poetry, and thus to rescue it from the critical disregard and disdain it has suffered since the 1930s. Georgian poetry will be redefined as a strong traditional poetry contemporaneous with, and yet different from, literary Modernism. An historical overview of the critical literature from the 1920s onwards will reveal the original co-existence of those now known as 'Georgians' and 'Modernists', stress their mutual break with Edwardian conventions, and will sketch the process by which Georgianism and Modernism became oppositional. Georgianism will be re-evaluated as a brave and creditable attempt to continue the Romantic and humanistic impulse in poetry at a time when younger and ostensibly more radical writers were forsaking it for the values of Modernism. The thesis will further suggest that the Georgian poets had a rather more socially aware and progressive agenda than many of the fledgling Modernists. Georgian poetry is reread, therefore, in order to bring out, as major themes, its concern with the poor and with work, with the changing environment of the nation, with the position of women in Georgian society, and with its response to the First World War. This reappraisal will lead to the contention that Georgianism should not be viewed as a low point in British poetry, but instead as supplying the formal foundations and political sensibility which mark the achievement of Great War poetry. While the thesis is careful not to overbid its claims for reviewing the Georgians' own achievement (especially in respect of their relative lack of formal experimentation compared to the Modernists), it hopes nevertheless to persuade its readers that the poets of 'Liberal England' had a more humane and realistic vision of their world than they have hitherto been credited with.

Auch in Polen ist die zweite Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts eine Zeit, in der man – wie am Beispiel der Warschauer Bühne gezeigt werden soll - auf eine fast experimentelle Weise den Prozeß grundlegender Wandlungen verfolgen kann, die in der Organisation, in der Funktionsweise und im künstlerischen Profil des Operntheaters vor sich gehen.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1950 O4 / Master of Science