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Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1971. / INLEIDING: Teen die einde van die agtiende eeu het die Kaapkolonie se bevolking uit tussen 60 000 en 70 000 siele bestaan. Hiervan was ongeveer 22 000 Christene (van wie ongeveer 20 000 Blankes was), 25 000 slawe en 14 000 Hottentotte. ) Daarbenewens het ook onbekende getalle Boesmans en Bantoes hulle in die noordelike en oostelike dele van die kolonie onderskeidelik bevind. Teen 1795 was daar nog geen noordgrens vir die kolonie vasgestel nie.

The Scottish Record Office collection of the Forfeited Estates Papers, 1745, is voluminous, including the documents of the Barons of the Exchequer in Scotland concerning all those estates forfeited in 1747 as well as those relating to forfeited estates that were annexed to the Crown in 1752 and managed by the Board of Commissioners for the Forfeited Estates. This thesis is primarily a study of the work of the Board. [Not from the Abstract - taken from the Preface].

Modern freemasonry emerged in Britain during the eighteenth century, combining earlier stonemason customs and methods of organization with the popular passion for clubs and societies. Although by no means unique in its ideology and constitution, freemasonry established itself after 1700 as a prominent fixture in both British communal and social life. Some mocked masonic lodges and their rituals, but they were an accepted feature on the social scene and, given that they avoided political and religious discussion and swore loyalty to the existing regime, their position was largely uncontroversial. The French Revolution, however, caused a severe backlash against the masons in Britain and Europe. During the 1790s, masonic lodges which were once viewed simply as charitable and convivial organizations were now seen as convenient vehicles for allowing radical groups to pursue covert revolutionary activities. As a result, legislation was passed which attempted to regulate these societies and eradicate any traces of secrecy. Despite its commitment to the establishment, freemasonry came under suspicion. This thesis examines the structure, nature, and characteristics of Scottish freemasonry in its wider British and European contexts between the years 1725 and 1810. As we shall see, masonic lodges and their members changed and adapted as these contexts evolved. The Enlightenment effectively crafted the modern mason and propelled freemasonry into a new era marked by increasing membership and the creation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, with the institution becoming part of the contemporary fashion for associated activity.

The enlightenment period is often considered a dark age within the history of medicine. Contrary to this sentiment, I argue that the enlightenment spirit of inquiry regarding venereal disease was vibrant, dynamic, and profoundly influenced how syphilis was understood in the subsequent century. Historiography frequently minimises advances of medical knowledge made in the eighteenth century by focusing on the inefficacy of treatments, rather than on developments in medical theories and concepts. This thesis attends to this gap by examining a case study within venereology to demonstrate that physicians engaging in public debate significantly advanced knowledge of syphilis. In doing so, this counters a historiographical trend that claims that French physician Philippe Ricord (1800-1889) was the first to distinguish syphilis from gonorrhoea in the nineteenth century. It uses historical evidence to show that the nature of syphilis was debated throughout the preceding centuries and that this distinction was clearly established in 1793 by Scottish surgeon, Benjamin Bell (1749-1806). This thesis uses the epistemic concepts devised by Ludwik Fleck in his Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (1979 [1935]) to illustrate how enlightenment ways of thinking substantially contributed to the development of modern medicine. This thesis therefore invites a reconsideration of the era, not as a dark age, but as a rich period of scientific endeavour.

Die Edition »Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Dresden« wird in loser Folge Werke – Messen, Oratorien, Kantaten, Lieder, Opern, Singspiele, Sinfonien, Konzerte, Kammermusik, Klavier- und Orgelmusik u. v. a. – aus der Fülle der musikalischen Überlieferung der Dresdner Musikkultur von der Spätrenaissance bis zur Frühromantik in neuen Werkausgaben der allgemeinen Musizierpraxis zugänglich machen. Vollständigkeit ist ebenso wenig beabsichtigt wie in Konkurrenz zu bereits begonnenen Werkausgaben wie z. B. von Johann Adolf Hasse oder Jan Dismas Zelenka zu treten. Vielmehr werden z. T. bereits in der musikalischen Praxis erprobte, aber noch nicht edierte Kompositionen veröffentlicht, des Weiteren Werke, die im Besonderen die typische Dresdner Hof- und Festkultur widerspiegeln. In der Edition finden außerdem Komponisten Berücksichtigung, die in Dresden wirkten, deren Werke jedoch außerhalb Dresdens überliefert sind. Außerdem werden Werke ausgewählt, die von Komponisten anderer Orte speziell für die Hofkapelle geschrieben wurden sowie Kompositionen aus dem Bestand der Notenbibliothek der ehemaligen Fürstenschule Grimma sowie anderer Provenienzen (Oels, Zittau, Herrnhut u. a.). Schließlich werden auch Aufführungsmaterialien der städtischen Musikpflege in Dresden herangezogen. Die Ausgaben können kostenlos vom Dokumentations- und Publikationsserver Qucosa der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB Dresden) heruntergeladen werden. Korrekturen und Ergänzungen sind möglich, so dass Nutzer der Ausgaben gebeten werden, gegebenenfalls neue Erkenntnisse der Redaktion mitzuteilen.

The sustained interaction of local elites and British administrators in the West Himalayas over the decades that surrounded the early colonial encounter (c. 1790-1840) saw the emergence of a distinctly new understanding of communal identity among the leaders of the region. This eventful period saw the mountain ('Pahari') kingdoms transform from fragmented, autonomous polities on the fringes of the Indian subcontinent to subjects of indigenous (Nepali, Sikh) and, ultimately, foreign (British) empires, and dramatically altered the ways Pahari leaders chose to remember and represent themselves. Using a wide array of sources from different locales in the hills (e.g., oral epics, archival records and local histories), this thesis traces the Pahari elite's transition from a nebulous group of lineage-based leaders to a cohesive unitary milieu modelled after contemporary interpretations of Hindu kingship. This nascent ideal of kingship is shown to have fed into concurrent understandings of Rajput society in the West Himalayas and ultimately to have sustained the alliance between indigenous rulers and British administrators.

This thesis analyses the commercial, maritime and military relations between Scotland and the cities and territories in the North Western parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the early modern period; specifically Hamburg, Bremen, the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden, Danish Altona and Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Having identified anomalies in the histories of these locations, and bringing a more international dimension to them, my study tackles a remarkable understudied geo-political location. The core of my research identifies the immigration of Scots and the establishment of commercial networks within a region rather than an individual territory, highlighting contact across political borders. This region differed significantly from other places in Northern Europe in that it did not maintain an ethnically distinct Scottish community enforcing and encouraging interaction with the indigenous German population and other foreigners such as the English Merchant Adventurers in Hamburg. The survey reveals that despite the lack of such a community the region was of commercial significance to Scots as evidenced by the presence of individual Scottish merchants, factors and entrepreneurs whose trade links stretched far beyond their home country. Significantly, these Scots present in mercantile capacities were demonstrably linked to their countrymen who frequented the region as diplomats and soldiers who frequently resided in the neutral cities of Bremen and Hamburg. Some of these Scots within the Swedish army were of importance in the administration of Swedish Bremen-Verden while others fought for Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Their presence encouraged chain migration, particularly offering shelter to Scottish political exiles in the later seventeenth century. Analysing the collective role of these men and the relationships between them, this thesis highlights the overall significance of the wider Elbe-Weser region to the Scots and vice versa, filling a gap in our understanding of the Scottish Diaspora in the early modern period, and broadening our understanding of the region itself.

The eighteenth century saw many innovations in political culture including the rise of the public sphere where political ideas were freely and openly discussed and criticized. The new public sphere arose within the institutions of private life such as the Republic of Letters and salons, so the modes of behavior in private life were important influences on the new political culture of the public sphere. By studying the lives and careers of Richard Price and the Marquis de Condorcet, I examine the role that the private institution of friendship played in the new political culture of the late Enlightenment. During the 1780s, friendship became an important political symbol that represented the enlightened ideals of equality, reciprocity, liberty, and humanitarianism.