Willard Libby's development of carbon-14 dating at the University of Chicago immediately following World War II provided an unprecedented opportunity for the collaboration of archaeologists with a physical chemist. Libby's need for archaeological samples to test the dating process (1947-1951) meant that he relied upon the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14, formed by the American Anthropological Association, for datable materials, as well as for assistance in all other archaeologically related aspects of the testing phase. The committee, under the leadership of archaeologist Frederick Johnson, served the mandated function of providing assistance to Libby, but simultaneously endeavored to utilize the new dating method to promote the development of the authority of anthropological professional organizations and further establish Americanist archaeology in a national and global context. Johnson's and the committee's approach to collaboration was informed by an understanding of opportunities provided by the postwar restructuring of the sciences. The purpose of the present study is to provide a history of the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14 (1948-1952) as well as a to provide the context necessary to describe the bureaucratic and scientific goals of the committee. Frederick Johnson's career, and the manner in which it reflected general trends in twentieth century American anthropology, is discussed in detail, and utilized to present an explanation of his actions as committee chair. Willard Libby's development of carbon-14 dating is also discussed in detail, particularly in regard to his request for assistance from the archaeological community and subsequent collaborative work. The undeniable influence of carbon-14 dating on archaeological practice worldwide, and Libby's acceptance of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1960) for his development of the dating method, has provided reason enough for a plethora of articles and book length studies regarding carbon-14 dating. Yet, little has been written about the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14 and its place in an analysis of the bureaucratic and collaborative science of the American mid-century. It is for this reason that the present study was undertaken.

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Note:

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La tesis tiene como principal objetivo analizar la idea de la comunicación en el pensamiento de Gregory Bateson. La primera parte de esta investigación trata sobre la biografía y la obra de Bateson. La segunda parte explora sobre las bases teóricas de la comunicación según Bateson, entre las que reconoce el psicoanálisis, la psicología de la forma (Gestalt), el interaccionismo simbólico y las teorías del aprendizaje como aportes centrales. Con los conceptos claves de estas teorías: inconsciente, puntuación e interacción, Bateson discute y perfila la complejidad de su propia postura postmoderna y ecológica de la mente respecto a la comunicación. La tesis en su tercera parte se concentra en el desarrollo de tres conceptos claves con los que Bateson aborda la comunicación desde una perspectiva sistémica y epistemológica apoyada en la cibernética y desde un enfoque interdisciplinario en dialogo con la antropología, la biología, la psiquiatría y la filosofía. Los conceptos trabajados son: Cismogénesis, Homeostasis Familiar y Retroalimentación Regenerativa. / The main objective of the thesis is to analyze Gregory Bateson´s communication idea. The first part of this investigation deals with Bateson's biography and academic work. The second part of this research explores the theoretical bases of communication according to the thought of Gregory Bateson. Psychoanalysis, the Psychology of Form (Gestalt), Symbolic Interactionism and theories of learning stand out as central contributions. With the key concepts of these theories: unconscious, punctuation, interaction and perception; discusses and profiles to Bateson´s postmodern and ecological proposal on the interaction of the mind and communication. The third part of the thesis focuses on the development of four key concepts used by Bateson to show the importance and complexity of communication from a systemic and epistemological perspective. Supported by cybernetics and from an interdisciplinary approach including anthropology, biology, psychiatry and philosophy, Bateson develops the concepts of Schismogenesis, Family Homeostasis, and Regenerative Feedback.

Master of Science