O presente estudo tem o objetivo de mostrar a Alquimia no texto de Clarice Lispector. Esta intertextualidade revelou a existência de um processo inconsciente ocorrendo na interioridade da escritora, constituindo também uma intratextualidade. A este processo a Psicologia Analítica nomeou de Processo de Individuação, isto é, uma trajetória psíquica interior visando a transformação da personalidade. Este processo foi delineado a partir da leitura psicológica da alquimia dos nove romances da escritora, enfocando a voz narrativa, as personagens e outras idéias alquímicas no texto de Lispector.

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‘A critical analysis of section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 - ‘The shoot to kill debate’ sought to investigate the rationale and necessity behind the call for yet another amendment of section 49, that purports to clarify the rules under which police are allowed to use their firearms. Bold statements emerged from South Africa’s leaders and several politicians, urging the police to ‘shoot to kill’, and may have the effect of threatening the country’s young and vulnerable constitutional democracy. The research comprised an historical overview of section 49, encompassing the use of force pre- and post- Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act 122 of 1998, followed by an overview of the current section 49. On the face of it, section 49 violates some constitutionally protected rights, among which are the right to life, to freedom and security, against cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent. The ‘new’ section 49 however, withstood Constitutional muster as set out in Re: S v Walters&another. The research proceeded to contrast the current section 49, against the common law defence of private defence. A private individual invoking the defence of private defence is weighed against the law enforcement official invoking the defence under section 49. It is argued that the level of proof in the latter is higher as opposed to the former, resulting in the contention that the law enforcement officer is unfairly discriminated against. The reverse onus, whereby the onus is shifted onto the arrestor, is further canvassed. In an endeavour to interpret the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996, the researcher considered international instruments such as the Canadian Constitution, where the use of force in effecting an arrest is regarded as legitimate, under certain conditions. In concluding the research it was established that the voiceferous calls, for the police to be able to ‘shoot to kill’, is both unnecessary and irresponsible. Section 49 has survived constitutional scrutiny. The use of force when effecting an arrest is sanctioned, provided that it is in line with the constitutional provisions where the sanctity of human life is respected and emphasized. The police do not need more powers to use deadly force because they already have all the powers that they need! There is a lack of knowledge and understanding by the leaders on the application and interpretation of section 49. Proper and effective training of police in Criminal Procedure and Criminal Law, specifically in the interpretation and understanding of section 49, with proper guidelines to limit the potentially excessive scope of section 49, is identified. The training should also include the mind set that ‘shooting to kill’, should not be taken lightly, should be limited and confined to what is reasonable and proportional in the circumstances and should only be exercised as a last resort A fully capacitated and well resourced police force will also empower and enable police officials. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted

The following study is an analysis of New York reviews of performances of Maria Callas and Renata Tebaldi which attempts to discover what opera critics feel to be the most effective artistic balance between singing and acting in opera. Callas and Tebaldi have been chosen as the subjects of the reviews because of their renown as singers, the closely coinciding circumstances of their careers and the polarities which they represented in the issue of acting versus singing in operatic performance. The primary data of the study (largely opera, concert and recording reviews) has been taken from distinguished American journals, such as Saturday Review. The New Yorker. Musical America and The New York Times. Secondary information has been extracted from "news" journals, such as Time and Newsweeky and books, most of which were written by critics who figure prominently in the main body of the analysis. The information (consisting of news stories, personal interviews with the singers, and discussions of critical obligations) has been included in order to gain a broader perspective on the critics, the singers and the concept of acting in opera. The general conclusion reached in this study is that though most critics demand much musical and little dramatic finesse in operatic performance, they are capable of profound appreciation of a singer's histrionic talent and will overlook many vocal flaws when it is manifest. / Arts, Faculty of / Theatre and Film, Department of / Graduate

“It has been said that the victim of a sexual assault is actually assaulted twice- once by the offender and once by the criminal justice system.”1 South Africa’s rape shield provision is contained in section 227 of the Criminal Procedure Act.2 The purpose of its enactment is to protect a complainant in a sexual offence matter from secondary victimisation during the trial as far as possible, by restricting the type of evidence that is admissible and the circumstances under which such evidence can be found to be admissible. This rationale has come under attack for its effect on the fair trial rights of the accused. There has been no challenge to the constitutionality of section 227 before a court yet. However, there are numerous rumblings of discontent at the consequences of a provision that restricts evidence that could be necessary to prevent a wrongful conviction. This paper seeks to consider the constitutional debates surrounding section 227 and to determine whether, to the extent that they may prove to be constitutionally problematic, the potential constitutional challenges are justifiable under a limitations analysis. It is impossible to engage with the constitutionality of section 227 without first discussing the rationale behind rape shield laws in general. The structure of the paper is therefore as follows: firstly, the history and purpose of rape shield laws will be investigated, and secondly, the history of section 227 under South African law will be discussed.

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Wind tunnel experiments have been conducted on six different wingtip configurations to determine their wake vortex characteristics. The trailing wingtip vortex was probed by a 1/8 inch diameter five hole yawhead pressure probe in the VPI & SU Stability Wind Tunnel. The vortex tangential and axial velocity profiles are compared at five and twenty chord lengths downstream. Primary focus is placed on the Whitcomb winglet and its individual components, the upper winglet alone and the lower winglet alone. It is shown that the Whitcomb winglet and the upper winglet configuration both produce two distinct vortices of the same rotation. The maximum tangential velocity in each vortex is about 64 percent less than that produced by a conventional wingtip configuration. The axial velocity profiles exhibit strong velocity deficits throughout the vortex core. Aerodynamic force tests were conducted to compare the lift and drag characteristics of the wingtip configurations. Both the Whitcomb winglet and the upper winglet configuration have a remarkable ability to increase the lift-drag ratio and reduce the drag coefficient. / Ph. D.