The central government has attached great importance to the development of rural enterprises in China. As a result, rural enterprises have developed rapidly and become an important part of the national economy. The primary aim of this study was to examine how public policy has influenced the development of rural enterprises. The changes in public policy since 1978 did play a positive role in developing rural enterprises. These positive roles have been manifested in the ideological base of policy, financial and tax policies, improving management and technological strategy.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia.

M.A. (Political Science) / This study was done in an attempt to ascertain the nature, extent and development of the support given to the South African political system by Chief Minister Gatsha Buthelezi of KwaZulu. The decision to measure Buthelezi 's support of the system was taken because Buthelezi is one of the most prominent Black South African political leaders with general support of members of the political system. Therefore his support can be considered relevant to the functioning of the political system ...

This study seeks to establish a basic theory that explains the policies and practices of civilian and military regimes on higher education in Nigeria. Specifically, the study seeks to determine whether or not the Nigerian military regimes gave top priority to higher education through financing, planning and staffing of the universities system of Nigeria. The first chapter is designed to set a general guideline for this research, mainly pointing to various methodological and theoretical foundations of the research. Chapter Two throws some light on the development of the British colonial policies that have influenced the contemporary behavior of the Nigerian public policy makers. In addition, it lays a foundation for the subsequent chapters through critical analysis of issues in the historical dynamics of Nigeria. Chapter Three focuses mainly on the comparative analysis of the general military public policy decrees from 1966 to 1978, regime by regime. The importance of this chapter is the fact that it synthesizes in an orderly manner those 'major decrees or public policies of the various Nigerian military regimes. Chapter Four is devoted to the study of a brief history of educational policies and philosophies in Nigeria. It examines the place of the University Education on the list of priorities affected by the Nigerian public policies. An effort is made to assess higher education policies and their implementation. In Chapter Five, an attempt is made to examine higher education policies under the Nigerian military regimes. Major emphasis is placed on policy orientations rather than technical issues. This section is pertinent and interesting because it is based upon a critical evaluation, as well as an objective assessment of Nigerian higher education policies. Chapter Six is devoted to the implementation of Nigerian higher education policies under the military regimes. It is in this chapter that the three policy areas--financing, staffing and planning are re-evaluated. Chapter Seven then deals with the evaluation and analysis of the problems and Chapter Eight presents the general summary and conclusions. As a part of the summary and conclusions, the overall implications, recommendations and contributions are presented. Thus, based on data available, it seems clear that the Nigerian military regimes developed and implemented an effective national higher education policy and gave financial, planning, and staffing priority to that policy. As a result, there are more equitable educational opportunities across the nation and the quality of education received has improved significantly under the Nigerian military regimes.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2018. / Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF). / Apesar de não ter priorizado a escrita de obras para crianças, Osman Lins dedicou-se à criação de uma narrativa infantil na qual reuniu importantes personagens que também fizeram parte da sua própria experiência literária. Em Capa-Verde e o Natal (1967), peça teatral mais tarde adaptada para conto e publicada sob o título de O Diabo na Noite de Natal (1977), Osman Lins envolve em um conflito personagens de diversas esferas culturais, dofolclore à literatura sacra, em busca de um mesmo objetivo. Ao analisar a obra, lançamos um olhar mais atento a seus aspectos carnavalescos, na tentativa de confirmar a nossa hipótese de que a carnavalização literária, no conto de Osman Lins, é utilizada como estilo e recurso que promove tanto o estreitamento na relação entre a literatura para a infância e as culturas (popular, erudita, de massa) quanto a possibilidade de ampliação da capacidade de interpretação da criança enquanto leitora – de livros e do mundo. / Although he did not prioritize the writing of children's books, Osman Lins devoted himself to creating a children's book in which he brought together important characters who were also part of his own literary experience. In Capa-Verde e o Natal (1967), a play later adapted for a short story and published under the title of O Diabo na Noite de Natal (1977), Osman Lins involves in a conflict characters of diverse cultural spheres, from folklore to sacred literature, in search of a common objective. When analyzing this book, we cast a closer look at its carnivalesque aspects, trying to confirm our hypothesis by assuming that the literary carnivalization, in this short history, is used as a literary style and linguistic resource which promotes both the approach between the literature for children and cultures (popular, erudite, mass) and the possibility of expanding the child's capacity for interpretation – as a reader of texts or a reader of the world.

This dissertation focuses on the role of George Maciunas as “chairman” of the neo-avant-garde movement Fluxus. Its introductory chapter provides an overview and assessment of Fluxus scholarship, and advances the argument that Maciunas established an intersection between post-Cage aesthetics and postwar administration. The succeeding chapters situate Maciunas’s work in relation to apparatuses regulating education, circulation, production, and health care. Taking as its primary objects Maciunas’s “paperwork”—his visually striking charts, newsletters, card files, architectural plans, and other documents—this study shows how Maciunas employed administrative techniques to build the infrastructure for Fluxus’s collective practice and, concurrently, drew on Fluxus’s aesthetic tactics to disrupt or evade state regulation. Chapter two, “Card Files & Charts,” reconstructs how Maciunas’s training in the professions of architecture and art history was applied to organizing Fluxus’s publications and concerts; Chapter three, “Newsletters & Postcards,” traces Maciunas’s maintenance of an international Fluxus network via the postal service; Chapter four, “Registrations & Catalogs,” reveals how Maciunas codified Fluxus’s negotiation of individual and collective authorship within the legal framework of US copyright law; and, finally, Chapter five, “Prescriptions,” locates in Maciunas’s performances a body marked by medical administration.

On 12 June 1986, at a joint sitting of the three houses of Parliament, the State President declared a National State of Emergency. In his speech he said: “. . .the sporadic instances of violence have once again begun to increase and have taken on such proportions that I am of the opinion that the ordinary laws of the land at present on the statute book are inadequate to enable the Government to ensure the security of the public and to maintain public order.” What were the State President’s reasons for declaring the State of Emergency? Was the Government’s action justified? What of the rule of law? Has the National State of Emergency achieved its objectives? When will the National State of Emergency be lifted?

Includes bibliographies and indexes / xvi, 832 p. : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.

In Africa, the new electoral freedoms of the 1990s often ushered in not less but more violence and corruption. Somewhat paradoxically, democratization appeared to lead to greater despotism. Current theories of democratic transitions fail to adequately explain this negative "fall out". On the one hand, by focusing on formal institutional change, most transitions theory marginalizes the "informal" politics of patronage and violence. On the other hand, theorists of "informal" politics tend to assume that formal institutional change does not impinge on patrimonial dynamics. This thesis explains how the advent of electoral freedom challenges patrimonialism and, in the process, deepens local despotism. By a careful look at the Kenyan case, this thesis argues that the re-introduction of multiple political parties posed a genuine challenge to highest level patronage networks. This challenge consisted of "patronage inflation": competitive elections escalated demands for and promises of patronage just as international conditionalities and economic difficulties led to a decline in traditional supplies of patronage. Further, with multiple political parties, voters gained bargaining power to demand both resources and accountability. A critique of patrimonialism emerged into the public realm, particularly from those who had lost out in the spoils system, the growing numbers of poor and landless. These challenges were met by counter-strategies on the part of those most set to lose by a turnover in elections. With the introduction of alternative political parties, President Moi and key patronage bosses instigated localized but electorally beneficial violence in the form of "ethnic clashes". In their struggle to maintain patrimonial dominance, they also increasingly turned to less internationally scrutinized public lands as a patronage resource, leading to increasing and increasingly violent "land grabbing". This triggered counter mobilizations which aimed at reasserting local co