The toxicity and bioaccumulation of fly ash constituents (fly ash particulates, pH excursions and heavy metals) in three species of stonefly nymphs (Plecoptera), Tallaperla maria, Pteronarcys dorsata and Pteronarcys proteus were investigated in laboratory and field located bioassays. Fly ash particulates were non-toxic to the three species. All three species were highly resistant to pH extremes with acidic 96-hr LC50 values ranging from 2.8 to 3.3 and alkaline 96-hr LC50 values ranging from 12.1 to 10.4. Exposure of P. proteus to low pH (3.0) for 120 hrs resulted in a loss of body sodium. Both acidic and alkaline pH extremes caused ultrastructural changes in the gills of P. dorsata. The toxicity of cadmium to P. proteus increased with length of exposure. The uptake of cadmium and zinc by P. proteus was investigated in laboratory flow-through artificial streams. Both metals were accumulated above control levels in the environmental exposures. Maximum cadmium accumulations occurred between day 7 and 14 at 7 and 21 C. The maximum body burdens of zinc, however, were not obtained until day 28. Temperature had no significant effect on the uptake of either metal. Exposure to 5.0 mg/L cadmium for 14 days caused substantial changes in the chloride cells of P. proteus. Cadmium was concentrated to the greatest extent within the internal tissues of P. proteus. The bioaccumulation of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) by P. proteus exposed to a simulated heavy metal effluent was investigated in field located artificial streams receiving natural river water. All the metals except zinc were accumulated above control levels, with body burdens of each of the metals reaching peak concentrations between day 7 and 28 of exposure. / Master of Science

The present study compared live versus taped and self relaxation training conditions under high and low expectancy conditions. Anxious college students (N = 54) were stratified according to scores on the screening instrument employed (S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness) and randomly assigned to one of six training/expectancy conditions for two relaxation sessions: live-high, taped-high, self-high, live-low, taped-low, or self-low. Physiological measures of anxiety included heart rate, spontaneous skin fluctuation responses, and finger pulse volume amplitude. The Anxiety Differential was used to assess self report of anxiety. Finally, within-session relaxation ratings were elicited to evaluate differences between live and taped training conditions. Results indicated that subjects in the high expectancy condition showed a significantly greater decrease in heart rate and spontaneous skin fluctuation responses than low expectancy subjects, but no differences were found with the self report measure of anxiety. There were no differences due to type of training (live, taped, self). Within-session relaxation ratings indicated increased relaxation across sessions, but no differences across type of training. Results were discussed in terms of the multidimensionality of the anxiety construct and. the role of expectancy factors in progressive muscle relaxation procedures. / M.S.

The idea of the arch as a compression member is presented. The statical work of the arch is illustrated with experiments on photoelastic models. The search for optimal shapes of arches is discussed. A study includes historical development of the arch from the Sumerian times up into the XX century. Examples of arches have been derived from Western Europe, Middle East and Asia; there are also examples of arches in Polish architecture, not well known in the United States. A selection of modern constructions illustrates actual trends in arch applications in contemporary architecture. / M. Arch.

The present study examined the effects of videotaped modeling and imagined analgesia instructions as treatments for acute pain in the context of a signal detection paradigm. A signal detection analysis was used because it allows differentiation between sensory-discriminative and motivational-affective components of pain. The treatment conditions used were: 1) tolerant modeling, 2) intolerant modeling, 3) modeled imagined analgesia which combined tolerant modeling and imagined analgesia instructions, 4) imagined analgesia instructions, 5) an expectancy control treatment in which the subjects were told to expect a decrease in the amount of pain experienced, and 6) no treatment control. Subjects were sixty female undergraduate volunteers who were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups. The noxious stimuli were five levels of radiant heat, including zero. Subjects participated in pre- and post—treatment sessions in which they received thirty stimulus presentations per level and were requested to rate each presentation on a scale from zero to six, with seven being a withdrawal. Self-report-anxiety measures were also taken. The results indicated that the tolerant modeling, modeled imagined analgesia, and imagined analgesia treatments reduced the subjects' response bias. In addition, the tolerant modeling and modeled imagined analgesia treatments reduced physical sensitivity to the lowest level of heat stimulation. Analyses of the anxiety data indicated that all groups experienced a reduction in state anxiety over time. The implications that these data have with respect to current psychological theories of pain are discussed. In addition, the results of this study are discussed from the perspective of self-efficacy theory to attempt to explain the treatment effects seen. / Ph. D.

This is a study in the economics of deriving energy from wood. Its objective is to provide guides to industry managers that will enable them to better assess wood's fuel potential. It is written with this business audience in mind. An introductory section describes the "energy crisis" as nothing more than a radical shift in relative prices, requiring that a significant investment be made in capital assets designed to economize on high-cost, fluid fuels. A second discusses wood fuel supply within the context of the total timber supply. Heightened demand for fuelwood unleashes both opposing and complementary forces that affect the supply of wood fiber. These are described. A continuum is developed to show how the marginal cost of deriving effective energy from wood changes depending on the level of subsidy provided by other joint-products of the log. One chapter is devoted to a comparison between wood and fossil fuels on the basis of caloric value, combustion efficiency, environmental impact, and fuel form conversion. Final sections set forth guides for profit-maximizing fuel selection: • A case study of Continental's Hopewell, Virginia, Kraft linerboard mill is used to develop a linear programming model that selects the optimal wood-coal mix for a combination boiler. • A short-run analysis section discusses wood sourcing and allocation between energy and fiber uses. Four methods are described: Least-Cost Sourcing, Conversion Surplus Valuation, Relative Fiber Valuation, and Return-to-Capital Valuation. The last approach is shown to be superior. • Finally, a long-run analysis section looks at risk in capital investment for energy assets, and defines it in terms of semi-variance. A simulation approach is described that allows one to calculate an index of risk for various fuel system investment alternatives. / Ph. D.

This research focused on respondent burden, defined as the negative attitudes experienced by persons participating in voluntary personal interviews. The topic is of interest to education and other researchers who rely upon personal interviews as a data gathering technique. But the use of this technique in federally-sponsored research is subject to severe restrictions, based on federal assumptions that long interviews and repeated interviewing (such as that experienced by members of survey panels) are burdensome. However, survey researchers argue that the relationship between interview length, panel participation, and respondent burden is far from clear, and that there may be other mediating factors which affect reactions to the interview. These researchers also contend that respondent burden is poorly defined, and that, before further research about the correlates of burden is carried out, the field must explore the meaning or dimensions of this phenomenon. To address these concerns, a reanalysis of a data base developed by the author through a previous study was carried out. In this earlier study, respondents, who were suburban Philadelphia residents, participated in one of four experimental treatments: one short (25- minute) interview, one long (75-minute) interview, or two short or long interviews, with the second administered ten months after the first using a similar instrument. All versions of this instrument involved topics of moderate salience, such as housing and neighborhood conditions. Respondent reactions to the interview were assessed via a self-administered reaction form, completed at the end of the treatment interview. Responses to this form, as well as background information about respondents, constituted the data base for the dissertation. The reanalysis of this data base addressed two major questions: l. What are the underlying dimensions of respondent burden as measured through the reaction form? 2. In explaining these dimensions, what are the relative contributions of interview length, panel participation, respondent demographic characteristics, and past participation by the respondent in other, unrelated surveys? The first question was explored by a factor analysis, and the second by a regression analysis. Three major components of respondent burden were identified: 1. Perceived Uselessness, which loaded on variables relating to the interest, importance, and general benefits of survey participation, and views about the ability of survey participants to affect government decisions. This factor is the most important, accounting for 48 percent of the common factor variance. 2. Time Concerns, which loaded on three variables related to ''time'': willingness to continue the interview, views about the length of the just-completed interview, and attitudes about the use of short questionnaires as a survey improvement. This factor accounted for 14 percent of the common factor variance. 3. Privacy Concerns, which loaded on three variables representing agreement/disagreement with statements about the privacy invading nature of surveys. This factor accounted for 10 percent of the variance. The regression analysis showed no relationship between Perceived Uselessness or Privacy Concerns and any of the independent variables. Time Concerns were significantly related (p.<.01) to interview length, in the direction postulated by federal assumptions, and to (p.<.05) sex, with females more burdened than males, and employment status, with employed persons more burdened than others. Based on these findings, several recommendations were made, chief among them that researchers use public relations mechanisms to convince potential respondents of the usefulness of survey participation. / Ph. D.

Vaccines prepared from whole cells of heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes were treated with a variety of enzymes. Only two enzymes, lysozyme and a bacteriolytic enzyme from the common European limpet, Patella vulgata, were able to abrogate the splenomegaly-inducing activity of vaccines. Inactivation of vaccine occurred without lysis of bacteria, only at high concentrations of lysozyme, and was reversed by subsequent treatment with trypsin, suggesting that lysozyme inactivation was due to a non-enzymatic adsorption of lysozyme to the bacterial surface. The bacteriolytic enzyme from limpets was purified over 150-fold by preparative isoelectric focusing and named Patella vulgata lytic (PVL) enzyme. PVL enzyme activity in crude extracts could lyse many bacteria not lysed by lysozyme. The purified PVL enzyme had an isoelectric point of 8.3 and was a glycosidase which hydrolyzed the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan. Treatment of vaccine with PVL enzyme abolished the splenomegaly-inducing activity of vaccine. An assay was developed to measure the ability of vaccine to inhibit the development of a transplantable tumor in BALB/c mice. Treatment of vaccine with PVL enzyme also abolished the antitumor activity of vaccine. Since PVL enzyme hydrolyzed peptidoglycan, it was concluded that intact peptidoglycan was essential to the splenomegaly-inducing and antitumor activities of P. acnes vaccine. Formamide-extracted vaccines were as active as untreated vaccines in antitumor assays, and were also sensitive to lysis by lysozyme. Treatment of formamide-extracted vaccines with lysozyme abolished antitumor activity, indicating that peptidoglycan was responsible for the antitumor activity of formamide-extracted vaccines. Trichloroacetic acid-extracted cell wall polysaccharide (TCA-PS) was compared with PVL enzyme-released cell wall polysaccharide (ERPS). Although antigenically similar, the ERPS had a higher molecular weight than TCA-PS, indicating that the TCA-PS had been hydrolyzed somewhat during acid-extraction and that ERPS is representative of the native cell wall polysaccharide. TCA-PS contained glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and small amounts of glycine and serine. ERPS contained the TCA-PS components and in addition, a small amount of lysine, and the peptidoglycan components muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid, and was therefore a complex of polysaccharide and peptidoglycan. / Ph. D.

Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii were grown in a medium supplemented with 0.4% (wt/vol) alpha globulin in place of whole serum. Other serum fractions did not support growth. The growth factors in alpha globulin were destroyed by trypsin and by lipase. Lipid extraction of alpha globulin showed that both a protein and a lipid fraction were required for growth. Sodium salts of either oleic acid (cis-18:1) or elaidic acid (trans-18:1), added to 0.4% delipified alpha globulin supplemented media at a final concentration of 0.04 mg/ml, replaced the alpha globulin lipids required for optimal growth of these two oral treponemes. Tween 80 (polysorbitan monooleate) also supported growth in a medium containing protein. Short chain fatty acids plus 25 µg/ml thiamine pyrophosphate, added to either a basal medium or a medium containing 0.4% albumin, supported limited growth. The principal cellular fatty acids of T. denticola grown in an oleate medium were myristic, pentadecanoic, and palmitic acids. Treponema denticola appears capable of limited synthesis of cellular fatty acids from oleate. Fifty percent of the total protein content of commercial alpha globulin was found to be albumin. The protein required for T. denticola growth was separated from the other alpha globulin proteins by Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad Laboratories) affinity chromatography which selectively adsorbed albumin. Serum albumin, added to a medium containing oleate, substituted for the alpha globulin protein required by these two treponemes. Trypsin destroyed the growth promoting activity of albumin. A weight ratio of albumin to sodium oleate of 50:1 (0.4% delipified albumin - 0.08 mg/ml oleate) supported optimal growth of T. denticola and T. vincentii. Starch, added to media containing oleate, could not replace albumin for optimal growth. Serum albumin solutions tightly bound added thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Optimal growth was achieved only when the TPP concentrations in albumin-oleate media were sufficient to provide excess TPP, unbound to albumin. Whole cells of T. denticola were shown to have proteolytic activity toward casein and alpha globulin proteins. Alpha globulin proteins were also found avidly attached to T. denticola cells that had been suspended in alpha globulin. / Ph. D.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Leaf 137 (Bibliography) is missing.

abstract / Japanese Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy