Numerous theories of snoring have been offered, however only a few, such as Tsukamoto, Nagami and Tsunematsu (1938), are sufficiently precise to allow derivation of clinically useful treatments. The purpose of this study was to propose a behavioral theory of snoring for comparison to the Tsukamoto et al. theory. The two theories were evaluated by deriving a treatment technique for reducing snoring from each theory. Prediction of treatment efficacy differed for the two theories. The behavioral theory proposed that snoring is a learned adaptation to a blood gas tension imbalance caused initially by an upper airway restriction. The adaptation response of reduced muscle tonus and mouth breathing causes snoring. Altering the stimulus configuration which elicits the respiration response was predicted to be effective in reducing snoring. An electrically-induced muscle contraction in the throat was utilized to replace the low muscle tonus with a high muscle tension response thereby preventing velar tissue vibration. Tsukamoto et al. theorized snoring is caused by insufficient skeletal muscle relaxation at sleep onset to trigger a change in the vascular system. The nasal vascular bed remains dilated thus restricting air flow to the lungs. Snoring occurs as mouth breathing is utilized to obtain sufficient air flow. Relaxation training was predicted to reduce snoring by inducing constriction of the nasal vascular bed, thus increasing air flow through the nasal passages. Thirtytwo subjects were assigned to one of four groups: Relaxation (RX), Snore Collar (SC), Placebo Control (PC) and No Treatment (NT). The SC subjects wore a collar that caused an electrically-induced muscle contraction at the onset of a snore. The increased muscle tension gradually replaced the low muscle tonus of the respiration response. The RX subjects received relaxation training predicted by Tsukamoto et al. to reduce snoring. The PC and NT subjects comprised the control conditions. The SC subjects exhibited a significant, stable reduction on multiple duration snoring measures. The RX subjects exhibited a reduction on one snoring measure. The results of the study supported a behavioral interpretation and treatment of snoring. Personality concomitants and roommate perception of snoring were also briefly examined. / Doctor of Philosophy

The future of the American paper industry remains uncertain. A growing South and the nation's continued reliance on trade for a significant proportion of its domestic needs is of concern to the industry and the nation. The probable consequences of past and potential changes in the demand for and supply of newsprint, printing paper, and paperboard concern businesses and public agencies in the paper industry. However, these probable consequences on the American paper industry have to be considered in relation to the world market since paper products are substantially traded on the international market. A competitive model of the world market for newsprint, printing paper, and paperboard was developed. Estimates of supply and demand functions based on annual data for the period 1962 to 1978 were obtained for each of these products for the major producers and consumers which include Japan, Canada, the European Economic Community, the Nordic countries, and the United States. Based on these estimates, the historical data was simulated using reactive programming. Projections about the future market conditions were also made using the same algorithm. Inelastic price elasticities of paper for both supply and demand confirmed the findings of more recent research. Thus, factors other than prices would be more responsible for changes in the quantity demanded or supplied. Three sets of projections for selected years up to year 2030 were performed. These projections assumed that the historical trend will continue into the future. Historical simulation indicated that many of the direction of trade flows were correct but the magnitudes did not come close to the actual data. The European Economic Community and Japan are the major markets and the U.S. South the major producer of paper products in the future. Obtaining a consistent and reliable set of data across countries was a problem. Not including potential markets such as the less developed countries and Latin America, which is also a potential supplier, is a shortcoming of the study. Unrepresentative transportation costs is suspected for the divergency in magnitude between actual and simulated data. Further research on the role of transportation costs in affecting trade flows of paper products is needed. / Doctor of Philosophy

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of adjuvants, spray volume, temperature, and combinations with broadleaf-selective herbicides on the toxicity of sethoxydim (2-[l-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-cyclohexene-1-one), CGA-82725 (2-propynyl 2-(4-[3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl]oxy)phenoxy)-propanoate), and RO 13-8895 (acetone-.Q-[D-2-[p-[α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propionyl]oxime) to annual grasses. The addition of an adjuvant to the spray solution resulted in significant increases in sethoxydim toxicity to large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), while only slight increases in toxicity of either CGA-82725 or RO 13-8895 were observed due to the addition of an adjuvant. There were no differences between crop oil concentrates and a nonionic wetting agent in their enhancement of phytotoxicity of the three herbicides. Spray volumes of 94, 187, and 374 L/ha did not affect the control of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) by CGA-82725 or RO 13-8895. At a low rate of sethoxydim, giant foxtail control was indirectly related to spray volume. This effect was eliminated at a higher rate of sethoxydim. The toxicity of sethoxydim or CGA-82725 was not affected by temperatures of 16, 24, or 32 C, but RO 13-8895 provided slightly better control of large crabgrass at 16 C than at 32 C. Tank mixes of sethoxydim and CGA-82725 with acifluorfen (5-[2- chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl )phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) provided control of large crabgrass at levels equivalent to those obtained by the grass-selective herbicides alone. Acifluorfen caused a slight reduction in the toxicity of 0.06 kg/ha RO 13-8895, but at higher rates of RO 13-8895 the antagonism was not observed. Bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2, l ,3-benzothiadiazin-4-(3H) -one 2,2-dioxide) was compatible with CGA-82725 and RO 13-8895, but significantly decreased large crabgrass control by sethoxydim. The antagonism was eliminated by applying the herbicides as individual treatments separated by 1.5 hr or more. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) tolerance was not affected by any of the herbicide combinations which were evaluated. Seven soybean cultivars were evaluated for differential tolerance to the grass-selective herbicides. All cultivars possessed good tolerance to rates three to ten times those recommended for field use. / Master of Science

The llyodon of the Rio Coahuayana river system (Colima and Jalisco, Mexico) have undergone extensive chromosomal differentiation without associated morphological differentiation. Two cytotypes differing by at least 6 fixed pericentric inversions were found. Hybrids between the two cytotypes produced in the laboratory were found to be fertile, indicating there is little or no heterozygote disadvantage associated with these inversions. Models depending primarily on drift and inbreeding to fix rearrangements were rejected because the apparent population structure makes them unlikely and the lack of a heterozygote disadvantage makes them unnecessary. Instead, it is concluded that selection differences operated to fix these inversions. / Master of Science

The study of organism level energetics in conjunction with ecosystem level energetics can lead to a better understanding of the structure and function of stream ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to calculate energy budget equations for a net-spinning caddisfly, Hydropsyche venularis Banks, and to develop, or modify, methods used to determine consumption and growth in the field. The method used to determine consumption rate was a modification of the procedure used by Ladle et al. (1972). Growth rate was determined by mark-recapture and metabolic rate was determined in a Gilson respirometer. Egestion rate was determined by a new method. Consumption rate was found to be higher than other values reported for hydropsychids. Growth and metabolic rate were similar to that reported by McCullough et al. (1979) for H. occidentalis. Egestion was much lower than would be predicted from consumption and cast doubt as to the usefulness of the new method. Energy budgets were calculated from regression equations relating the various processing rates to body weight and temperature for 1, 8, and 15 mg larvae at 15 to 25°C. The overall energy budget was: C - 0.53 cal/mg/hr, G - 0.01 cal/mg/hr, R - 0.01 cal/mg/hr, AE - 8%, NGE - 56%, GGE - 5%. Egestion was constant at 0.01 cal/mg/hr. The high consumption rate of H. venularis, above that necessary for growth and maintainence may be significant in the processing of energy in Little River. Feces produced by H. venularis are larger than the particles ingested. The fecal pellets are then available to other filter-feeders and deposit feeders. Higher consumption rates may therefore increase the efficiency of the ecosystem. / Master of Science

The spermatozoan is a highly compartmentalized structure consisting of head, midpiece and tail regions. Various structural components and numerous enzymes occupy these three compartments. Evidence for the organization of glycolytic enzymes into a macroenzyme complex has previously been presented for both skeletal muscle and Escherichia coli. A multienzyme glycolytic complex would benefit the spermatozoan by increasing fructolytic efficiency by decreasing diffusion of intermediary metabolites and by directly providing ATP for sperm cell motility and other functions. Data from the present work suggests the existence of a multiprotein complex in spermatozoa. Aldolase from bovine muscle (BMA) and sperm (BSpA) have been characterized with respect to the nature of their subcellular associations. Solubilization properties of BMA and BSpA were investigated. Deoxycholate, when included in homogenization buffer, solubilized approximately 81%, of the BMA per gram of tissue. Triton X100 in combination with phosphate buffer solubilized only 10% of the total 3SpA per cell. BMA was purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by salt fractionation, gel filtration, and phosphocellulose chromatography. Aldolase from bovine muscle was a tetramer with a molecular weight per subunit of 41,000. BSpA was partially purified using the above methods. Aldolases from bovine muscle and spermatozoa were compared with regard to their activity toward FBP and F-1-P. BMA exhibited an FBP to F-1-P activity ratio of 9.62, which is typical of type A aldolases. BSpA showed an FBP to F-1-P activity ratio of 0.038 which is not characteristic of the previously identified type A, B or C aldolases. BMA and BSpA were different with respect to solubilization, purification and kinetic properties. / Master of Science

This study investigated the effects of enhanced perception of control on adherence to a worksite relaxation program. The design was a 2 x 2 between subjects manipulation in which desire for control was an individual difference measure and condition was an experimenter assigned treatment. Subjects were randomly assigned to either Perceived Control (PC) condition or a Standard Program (SP) format. The perception of control manipulation was operationalized as the opportunity for important choices in the program. It was hypothesized that subjects in the perceived control condition would adhere significantly better than those in the standard program condition. An interaction between motivation for control and condition was predicted such that subjects high in desire for control would adhere best in the PC condition, and the converse would hold for those low in motivation for control. Sixty university staff and faculty who volunteered for a relaxation training program were offered an orientation and three training sessions, and were given the opportunity of attending four practice sessions. Dependent measures of adherence included attendance and self-monitoring of home relaxation practice. Dependent variables of secondary interest included pre-post measures of anxiety, physical symptoms and perception of control over health. Analysis of the adherence measures demonstrated a significant effect of condition on attendance at training sessions only, p < .0045, accounted for by the great number of drop-outs in the SP condition. There were no significant differences between conditions on other adherence measures. There was no statistically significant effect of condition on dropping out, per se. A ceiling effect on attendance by those subjects who continued in the program obscured any other differences. There was no evidence of an interaction between condition and desire for control on adherence. / Master of Science

Copolymerization reaction of propylene oxide and Kraft lignin with various catalysts, catalyst concentrations, at several temperature levels were studied. The reaction rate of propylene oxide was estimated from the pressure vs time diagram of the reaction and the copolymerization extent was evaluated on the basis of H-NMR spectroscopy in terms of molar substitution of purified lignin/propylene oxide copolymers. The investigation included studies with lignin-like model compounds under conditions of varying KOR concentrations at 190°C. Reaction rate and molar substitution were determined. Homogeneous ( completely liquefied ) Kraft lignin products were . 0 only obtained at reaction temperatures above 190 C or temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the particular lignin preparation. Various lignins including Kraft lignin, methylated Kraft lignin, and demethylated Kraft lignin were employed to reacted with propylene oxide at 190°c. The effect of lignin structure variations on both reaction rate and molar substitution were determined. Results revealed that homopolymerization was the major reaction although copolymerization also took place during the hydroxypropylation. Reactions with model compounds indicated that the reaction rate depended on the ratio of total alkalinity to total acidity in the system which was found to be related with KOH concentration, lignin content, and lignin structure. Particularly, carboxyl groups of lignin resulted in high acidity and low homopolymerization rate. It was also found that molar substitution varied between zero and three and results from model compound study indicated that conjugated aliphatic hydroxyl and certain phenolic hydroxyl groups reacted with particular ease with propylene oxide. Therefore, reaction products from lignins rich in these types of functional groups can be expected to produce derivatives with low glass transition temperature and improved solubility. / Master of Science

The current study examined the effects of the leader performance and leader likeableness upon ratings of initiating structure and consideration and upon the latencies to make these ratings. One-hundred and ninty-eight male subjects read and listened to a description of a fictitious personnel manager. The manager’s performance (high vs. low vs. control), likableness (liked vs. disliked vs. neutral), and the position of the liking information (before behavior vs. after behavior) were manipulated within the vignette. Subjects were presented questions about the manager’s initiating structure and consideration behaviors on a Cathode Ray Terminal via a FORTRAN Program. The subjects’ responses and latencies to respond were recorded. The ratings of initiating structure and consideration were analyzed as a 3 x 3 x 2 between-subjects design. Ratings of consideration were jointly influenced by the three factors. The latency to respond data were analyzed with a regression analysis. When the leaders’ behavior was inconsistent with his performance, latency to respond could be significantly predicted by accuracy of response and the position of the liking information. It was concluded that liking for the leader and leader performance affect ratings of leader behavior and the cognitive processes involved in the ratings. Furthermore, the position of the liking information moderates these relationships. Future research and possible applications of the results are discussed. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to be utilized in dating and identifying extant handbags between 1855 and 1910. The objectives were, first, to develop a tool to aid the researcher in examining the handbags found; and second, to develop the instrument. Using content analysis, a number of primary source references focusing on women, fashion, and needlework were examined. Following the content analysis, seriation was used to organize the data for analysis and interpretation. From the histograms provided by the seriation, the Authentication instrument was developed. ln the first part, the Style Timeline, the information necessary to identify a handbag and assign a general date is supplied. Five styles of handbags were recognized: chatelaine bags and aumonieres; miser's purses; pocketbooks; chatelaine, neck and finger purses; and, wristbags. The second part of the instrument, the Style Analyses, then provides detailed discussions of each style allowing more specific dates to be established. These analyses also include descriptive material such as what the bag may have cost, or an etiquette surrounding its use. From the study, it became apparent that handbags were effected most profoundly by two factors: dress styles and the growing independence of women. Furthermore, these bags were also influenced by changes in commerce, industry, foreign trade, and economic prosperity of the country. Each new decade brought with it new beliefs, fashions, and tastes influenced by the social, economic, and political events of the time. Therefore, as ideas of what was fashionable and what was not changed with the times, so did the handbag. / M.S.