<p>The unprecedented and relentless growth in the electronics industry is feeding the demand for integrated circuits (ICs) with increasing functionality and performance at minimum cost and power consumption. As predicted by Moore's law, ICs are being aggressively scaled to meet this demand. While the continuous scaling of process technology is reducing gate delays, the performance of ICs is being increasingly dominated by interconnect delays. In an effort to improve submicrometer interconnect performance, to increase packing density, and to reduce chip area and power consumption, the semiconductor industry is focusing on three-dimensional (3D) integration. However, volume production and commercial exploitation of 3D integration are not feasible yet due to significant technical hurdles.</p><p>At the present time, interposer-based 2.5D integration is emerging as a precursor to stacked 3D integration. All the dies and the interposer in a 2.5D IC must be adequately tested for product qualification. However, since the structure of 2.5D ICs is different from the traditional 2D ICs, new challenges have emerged: (1) pre-bond interposer testing, (2) lack of test access, (3) limited ability for at-speed testing, (4) high density I/O ports and interconnects, (5) reduced number of test pins, and (6) high power consumption. This research targets the above challenges and effective solutions have been developed to test both dies and the interposer.</p><p>The dissertation first introduces the basic concepts of 3D ICs and 2.5D ICs. Prior work on testing of 2.5D ICs is studied. An efficient method is presented to locate defects in a passive interposer before stacking. The proposed test architecture uses e-fuses that can be programmed to connect or disconnect functional paths inside the interposer. The concept of a die footprint is utilized for interconnect testing, and the overall assembly and test flow is described. Moreover, the concept of weighted critical area is defined and utilized to reduce test time. In order to fully determine the location of each e-fuse and the order of functional interconnects in a test path, we also present a test-path design algorithm. The proposed algorithm can generate all test paths for interconnect testing.</p><p>In order to test for opens, shorts, and interconnect delay defects in the interposer, a test architecture is proposed that is fully compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 standard and relies on an enhancement of the standard test access port (TAP) controller. To reduce test cost, a test-path design and scheduling technique is also presented that minimizes a composite cost function based on test time and the design-for-test (DfT) overhead in terms of additional through silicon vias (TSVs) and micro-bumps needed for test access. The locations of the dies on the interposer are taken into consideration in order to determine the order of dies in a test path.</p><p>To address the scenario of high density of I/O ports and interconnects, an efficient built-in self-test (BIST) technique is presented that targets the dies and the interposer interconnects. The proposed BIST architecture can be enabled by the standard TAP controller in the IEEE 1149.1 standard. The area overhead introduced by this BIST architecture is negligible; it includes two simple BIST controllers, a linear-feedback-shift-register (LFSR), a multiple-input-signature-register (MISR), and some extensions to the boundary-scan cells in the dies on the interposer. With these extensions, all boundary-scan cells can be used for self-configuration and self-diagnosis during interconnect testing. To reduce the overall test cost, a test scheduling and optimization technique under power constraints is described.</p><p>In order to accomplish testing with a small number test pins, the dissertation presents two efficient ExTest scheduling strategies that implements interconnect testing between tiles inside an system on chip (SoC) die on the interposer while satisfying the practical constraint that the number of required test pins cannot exceed the number of available pins at the chip level. The tiles in the SoC are divided into groups based on the manner in which they are interconnected. In order to minimize the test time, two optimization solutions are introduced. The first solution minimizes the number of input test pins, and the second solution minimizes the number output test pins. In addition, two subgroup configuration methods are further proposed to generate subgroups inside each test group.</p><p>Finally, the dissertation presents a programmable method for shift-clock stagger assignment to reduce power supply noise during SoC die testing in 2.5D ICs. An SoC die in the 2.5D IC is typically composed of several blocks and two neighboring blocks that share the same power rails should not be toggled at the same time during shift. Therefore, the proposed programmable method does not assign the same stagger value to neighboring blocks. The positions of all blocks are first analyzed and the shared boundary length between blocks is then calculated. Based on the position relationships between the blocks, a mathematical model is presented to derive optimal result for small-to-medium sized problems. For larger designs, a heuristic algorithm is proposed and evaluated.</p><p>In summary, the dissertation targets important design and optimization problems related to testing of interposer-based 2.5D ICs. The proposed research has led to theoretical insights, experiment results, and a set of test and design-for-test methods to make testing effective and feasible from a cost perspective.</p> / Dissertation

Forward modelling of seismic waves is an essential tool in the determination of the underlying structure of the Earth using inversion techniques. Despite recent advances in computer power and memory resources, full 3-D elastic wave modelling continues to place a heavy burden on a typical personal computer. 2.5-D modelling reduces the computational burden while maintaining 3-D wavefield characteristics. In this thesis I present 2.5-D frequency-domain equations of motion for elastic wave modelling in anisotropic media. The reduced set of equations for vertical transversely isotropic media and tilted transversely isotropic media are presented separately. Using the spectral-element method, I develop the equations of motion into readily implemented sub-equations by identifying simple 1-D and 2-D patterns. Some aspects of my computational implementation are unique, in particular the use of a system of dynamically growing binary trees to serve as a system matrix. Using this system, the matrix is automatically stored in compressed row format. I investigate the use of both distributed memory and shared memory super-computers for 3-D modelling and compare the resource use of various matrix solvers. In this thesis I adapt recently developed Perfectly Matched Layer formulations to the 2.5-D elastic case, and find them to be adequate in most situations. I investigate the possiblity of instability in the absorbing layers. Observation of 2.5-D modelling results in the frequency wavenumber domain uncovers polelike behaviour at critical wavenumbers within the spectrum. I demonstrate how this behaviour threatens the accuracy of the inverse Fourier transformed frequency-domain solution. However for inhomogeneous media, under certain conditions the only medium that exhibits pole-like behaviour is the medium containing the source. Further study of the phenomenon shows that in homogeneous, transversely isotropic media, the critical wavenumber values are not dependent on the receiver position, but rather can be predicted using the maximum phase velocities of the media. The recommended strategy for wavenumber sampling is to use dense even spacing of values, to adequately capture the behaviour close to the critical wavenumbers. A further recommendation it to introduce slight attenuation through the use of complex velocities (or elastic constants) to eliminate any pole-like behaviour at the critical values. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1385923 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2010

Denna studie gick ut på att svara på frågan: Påverkar användningen av hårda och mjuka former inom karaktärsdesign i 2.5D plattformsspel hur spelet och dess karaktärer upplevs? Och: Vilka tendenser kan utläsas? Metoden för att svara på denna fråga var att skapa ett kort plattformsspel i fyra olika versioner där karaktärerna var baserade på antingen mjuka eller hårda former, två huvudkaraktärer och två fiender skapades där de båda fanns i två olika versioner, en baserad på hårda former och en på mjuka. För att studera hur spelet upplevdes så genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer där deltagare fick spela igenom spelet och sedan svara på ett antal frågor om upplevelsen. Svaret på första delen av frågeställningen som är om formprinciperna kommer påverka alls är ett ja. När det gäller hur de hårda och mjuka formerna påverkar upplevelsen så kan vissa tendenser skönjas även om deltagandet inte är högt nog för att generaliseras. Hur huvudkaraktären såg ut spelade inte lika stor roll som hur fienden såg ut eftersom de flesta satta sig själva i rollen som hjälte. Men när formen på fienden ändrades så ändrades även beteendet hos deltagarna, de var mycket mer villiga att eliminera fienden om den var baserad på hårda former än om den var baserad på mjuka.

The eyes are one of the most expressive non-verbal tools a person has and they are able to communicate a great deal to the outside world about the intentions of that person. Being able to decipher these communications through robust and non-intrusive gaze tracking techniques is increasingly important as we look toward improving Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Traditionally, devices which are able to determine a user's gaze are large, expensive and often restrictive. This work investigates the prospect of using common mobile devices such as tablets and phones as an alternative means for obtaining a user's gaze. Mobile devices now often contain high resolution cameras, and their ever increasing computational power allows increasingly complex algorithms to be performed in real time. A mobile solution allows us to turn that device into a dedicated portable gaze-tracking device for use in a wide variety of situations. This work specifically looks at where the challenges lie in transitioning current state-of-the-art gaze methodologies to mobile devices and suggests novel solutions to counteract the specific challenges of the medium. In particular, when the mobile device is held in the hands fast changes in position and orientation of the user can occur. In addition, since these devices lack the technologies typically ubiquitous to gaze estimation such as infra-red lighting, novel alternatives are required that work under common everyday conditions. A person's gaze can be determined through both their head pose as well as the orientation of the eye relative to the head. To meet the challenges outlined a geometric approach is taken where a new model for each is introduced that by design are completely synchronised through a common origin. First, a novel 3D head-pose estimation model called the 2.5D Constrained Local Model (2.5D CLM) is introduced that directly and reliably obtains the head-pose from a monocular camera. Then, a new model for gaze-estimation is introduced -- the Constrained Geometric Binocular Model (CGBM), where the visual ray representing the gaze from each eye is jointly optimised to intersect a known monitor plane in 3D space. The potential for both is that the burden of calibration is placed on the camera and monitor setup, which on mobile devices are fixed and can be determined during factory construction. In turn, the user requires either no calibration or optionally a one-time estimation of the visual offset angle. This work details the new models and specifically investigates their applicability and suitability in terms of their potential to be used on mobile platforms.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Paulo Gois / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2015. / Os avanços recentes para a criação de desenhos animados têm incorporado características que fazem alusão a profundidade e orientação tanto de efeitos de iluminação e sombreamento, como também a simulação de transformações geométricas 3D. Esses recursos melhoram a percepção visual de modelos cartoons e permitem a utilização de efeitos distintos e únicos. Um avanço que ganhou atenção nos últimos anos é o Modelo 2.5D, que simula transformações 3D a partir de um conjunto de imagens vetoriais 2D. Com isso, é criada não somente a percepção de orientação 3D, mas também a automatização do processo de criação de quadros intermediários (in-betweening) em uma animação. Entretanto, as técnicas atuais de modelagem 2.5D não permitem o uso de efeitos interativos de iluminação e preenchimento. Neste trabalho, é apresentado uma resolução ao problema de aplicar efeitos de iluminação em modelos 2.5D. A técnica proposta procura explorar, de forma inédita, a flexibilidade da GPU para inferir relevo e simular transformações 3D nos efeitos de preenchimento e iluminação de modelos 2D em tempo real. Demonstramos a aplicação de diversos efeitos, entre eles Phong shading, Cartoon shading, environment mapping, simulação de pelo (fur shading), mapeamento de texturas estáticas e dinâmicas e hatching shading. / Recent advances for designing and animating cartoons have incorporated depth and orientation cues such as shading and lighting effects, as well as the simulation of 3D geometrical transformations. These features improve the visual perception of cartoon models while increase the artists flexibility to achieve distinctive design styles. A recent advance that has gained attention in the last years is the 2.5D modeling, which simulates 3D transformations from a set of 2D vector arts. Therefore it creates not only the perception of animated 3D orientation, but also automatizes the inbetweening process. However, current 2.5D modeling techniques do not allow the use of interactive shading effects. In this work we approach the problem of delivering interactive 3D shading effects to 2.5D modeling. Our technique relies on the graphics pipeline to infer relief and to simulate the 3D transformations of the shading effect inside the 2D models in real-time. We demonstrate the application on Phong, Gooch and cel shadings, as well as environment mapping, fur simulation, animated texture mapping and (object-space and screen-space) texture hatchings.

Cette étude s'intéresse aux performances des matériaux composites Carbone/Carbone 2,5D lors d'un freinage aéronautique de basse énergie. Durant la vie avion, l'état de surface des disques de frein évolue et les performances de freinage s'en trouvent modifiées. Les études expérimentales et les modélisations réalisées ont pour buts la maîtrise et la prédiction de l'évolution des propriétés de la surface, cela en fonction à la fois des conditions tribologiques mais également de la distance dans deux environnements d'étude: à sec et lubrifié. Un premier volet de ce travail consiste à caractériser finement le comportement mécanique en compression du composite Carbone/Carbone 2,5D, afin de comprendre les répercussions du frottement en sous-couche. Après la détermination des caractéristiques élastiques du matériau, le comportement élasto-endommageable en compression est relevé. Ces caractéristiques sont implémentées dans une simulation 1D et permettent de reproduire les courbes d'essais de compression cyclique à contrainte croissante. Parallèlement, une étude du comportement tribologique du C/C 2,5D à sec via des essais courts a permis de connaître les caractéristiques des coefficients de frottement de différents états de surface. Les coefficients de frottement moyens sont mis en relation avec le paramètre de rugosité Sk. Les essais tribologiques longue distance mis en oeuvre ont modifié l'état de surface des échantillons tant sur le plan topographique que sur le plan morphologique. Des fissures en sous-couche apparaissent, conséquence des efforts tribologiques subis. Ces observations ont menés à la détermination d'un mécanisme d'évolution d'état de surface des disques en environnement sec. Enfin, deux types d'essais en environnement lubrifié ont été proposés, afin de séparer le comportement ponctuel d'un état de surface du comportement tribologique avec la distance. Premièrement, une procédure d'essais tribologiques courts a été mise en place et s'affiche comme un moyen de caractérisation d'état de surface in-situ à part entière, avec des caractéristiques des courbes de Stribeck directement liées aux états morphologiques et topographiques. Ensuite, un plan d'expérience réunit les essais longs destinés à modifier l'état de surface d'éprouvettes pour plusieurs jeux de paramètres tribologiques. Les courbes de Stribeck de ces nouveaux états de surface sont analysées. Ainsi, les états de surface expérimentaux sont comparés à ceux des disques de frein industriels. / This study focuses on the performance of 2.5D Carbon/Carbon composite materials for low energy aeronautical braking. During aircraft life, the surface condition of the brake discs evolves and the braking performances change. The experimental studies and the modelizations carried out aim in controlling and predicting the evolution of surface properties, both in terms of the tribological conditions but also of the distance in two study environments: dry and lubricated. For this purpose, a characterization of the mechanical behavior in compression of the 2.5D Carbon/Carbon composite is performed in order to understand the repercussions of friction underlayer. The elastic characteristics of the material and the elasto-damaging behavior in compression are identified. These characteristics are used in a 1D simulation, that allows reproducing the cyclic compression test curves with increasing stress. At the same time, a study of the tribological behavior of the dry 2.5D C/C composite via short tests made it possible to know the friction coefficient of different surface conditions. The average friction coefficients are related to the roughness. The long-range tribological tests used have modified the topographic and morphological surface conditions of the samples. Cracks appear at the underlayer, as a result of the tribological efforts. These observations led to the determination of a mechanism for the evolution of surface condition of discs in a dry environment. Finally, two types of lubricated environment tests have been proposed in order to separate the instantaneous behavior of a surface state from the tribological behavior with the distance. First, a short tribological test procedure is set up and is displayed as a means of in-situ surface condition characterization in its own right, with characteristics of the Stribeck curves directly related to the morphological and topographical states. Next, an experimental plan combines long tests to modify the surface condition of test pieces for several sets of tribological parameters. The Stribeck curves of these new surface states are analyzed. Experimental surface conditions are compared with those of industrial brake disks.

<p>Mapping is a central and common task in robotics research. Building an accurate map without human assistance provides several applications such as space missions, search and rescue, surveillance and can be used in dangerous areas. One application for robotic mapping is to measure changes in terrain volume. In Sweden there are over a hundred landfills that are regulated by laws that says that the growth of the landfill has to be measured at least once a year.</p><p>In this thesis, a preliminary study of methods for measuring terrain volume by the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and a Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) sensor is done. Different techniques are tested, including data merging strategies and regression techniques by the use of Gaussian Processes. In the absence of real flight scenario data, an industrial robot has been used fordata acquisition. The result of the experiment was successful in measuring thevolume difference between scenarios in relation to the resolution of the LIDAR. However, for more accurate volume measurements and better evaluation of the algorithms, a better LIDAR is needed.</p> / <p>Kartering är ett centralt och vanligt förekommande problem inom robotik. Att bygga en korrekt karta av en robots omgivning utan mänsklig hjälp har en mängd tänkbara användningsområden. Exempel på sådana är rymduppdrag, räddningsoperationer,övervakning och användning i områden som är farliga för människor. En tillämpning för robotkartering är att mäta volymökning hos terräng över tiden. I Sverige finns det över hundra soptippar, och dessa soptippar är reglerade av lagar som säger att man måste mäta soptippens volymökning minst en gång om året.</p><p>I detta exjobb görs en undersökning av möjligheterna att göra dessa volymberäkningarmed hjälp av obemannade helikoptrar utrustade med en Light Detectionand Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. Olika tekniker har testats, både tekniker som slår ihop LIDAR data till en karta och regressionstekniker baserade på Gauss Processer. I avsaknad av data inspelad med riktig helikopter har ett experiment med en industri robot genomförts för att samla in data. Resultaten av volymmätningarnavar goda i förhållande till LIDAR-sensorns upplösning. För att få bättre volymmätningaroch bättre utvärderingar av de olika algoritmerna är en bättre LIDAR-sensor nödvändig.</p>

Mapping is a central and common task in robotics research. Building an accurate map without human assistance provides several applications such as space missions, search and rescue, surveillance and can be used in dangerous areas. One application for robotic mapping is to measure changes in terrain volume. In Sweden there are over a hundred landfills that are regulated by laws that says that the growth of the landfill has to be measured at least once a year. In this thesis, a preliminary study of methods for measuring terrain volume by the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and a Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) sensor is done. Different techniques are tested, including data merging strategies and regression techniques by the use of Gaussian Processes. In the absence of real flight scenario data, an industrial robot has been used fordata acquisition. The result of the experiment was successful in measuring thevolume difference between scenarios in relation to the resolution of the LIDAR. However, for more accurate volume measurements and better evaluation of the algorithms, a better LIDAR is needed. / Kartering är ett centralt och vanligt förekommande problem inom robotik. Att bygga en korrekt karta av en robots omgivning utan mänsklig hjälp har en mängd tänkbara användningsområden. Exempel på sådana är rymduppdrag, räddningsoperationer,övervakning och användning i områden som är farliga för människor. En tillämpning för robotkartering är att mäta volymökning hos terräng över tiden. I Sverige finns det över hundra soptippar, och dessa soptippar är reglerade av lagar som säger att man måste mäta soptippens volymökning minst en gång om året. I detta exjobb görs en undersökning av möjligheterna att göra dessa volymberäkningarmed hjälp av obemannade helikoptrar utrustade med en Light Detectionand Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. Olika tekniker har testats, både tekniker som slår ihop LIDAR data till en karta och regressionstekniker baserade på Gauss Processer. I avsaknad av data inspelad med riktig helikopter har ett experiment med en industri robot genomförts för att samla in data. Resultaten av volymmätningarnavar goda i förhållande till LIDAR-sensorns upplösning. För att få bättre volymmätningaroch bättre utvärderingar av de olika algoritmerna är en bättre LIDAR-sensor nödvändig.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMP_DISSERT.pdf: 5043225 bytes, checksum: 466790818b8e78fed04763a84b2aeda0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Since 2005, geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Precambri-an Borborema Province, along two transects with 800 km long each one. A pool of Brazilian public universities and institutions has been acquired deep refrac-tion seismic, gravity and magnetotelluric, with the purpose to model the conti-nental lithosphere of the region. This paper present the gravity survey of the second transect, that crosses the Borborema Province from SW to NE, passing through the S?o Francisco Craton, Transversal and Meridional zones and Rio Grande do Norte Domain, in the Setentrional Zone. In this way, it cuts some important geologic structures, like the limit of the S?o Francis Craton and the Borborema Province, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basins of Tucano, Jatob? and Potiguar and the extensive Pernambuco and Patos shear zones. Recognition techniques gravity sources in the subsurface, such as spectral analysis and Euler Deconvolution, were applied to the Bouguer anomalies, as well as their regional and residual components. These techniques provided in-formation on possible anomalous bodies, which correlated with pre-existing geological and geophysical data, subsidized a 2.5 D gravity modeling of the lithosphere beneath the Borborema Province and its southern limit with the S?o Francisco Craton. / Desde 2005, est?o sendo efetuados estudos geof?sicos nos terrenos Pr?-Cambrianos da Prov?ncia Borborema, ao longo de duas transectas com cerca de 800 km cada. Algumas universidades e institui??es p?blicas t?m realizado em conjunto levantamentos s?smicos, gravim?tricos e magnetotel?ricos, com o objetivo de modelar a litosfera continental da regi?o. Esse trabalho apresenta o levantamento gravim?trico da segunda transecta, que secciona a Prov?ncia Borborema de SW para NE, passando pelo Cr?ton S?o Francisco, pelas zonas Tranversal e Meriodional e pelo Dom?nio Rio Grande do Norte, na Zona Seten-trional. A Transecta Ang?era Macau corta algumas importantes estruturas geol?gicas, como o limite entre o Cr?ton S?o Francisco e a Prov?ncia Borbore-ma, as bacias Mesoz?icas e Cenoz?icas de Tucano, Jatob? e Potiguar, e as extensas zonas de cisalhamento Brasilianas de Pernambuco e Patos. T?cnicas de reconhecimento de fontes gravim?tricas na sub-superf?cie, como An?lise Espectral e Deconvolu??o de Euler, foram aplicadas ?s anomalias Bouguer, bem como suas componentes regional e residual. Essas t?cnicas forneceram informa??es sobre poss?veis corpos an?malos, que, correlacionados a dados geol?gicos e geof?sicos pr?-existentes, subsidiaram uma modelagem gravim?-trica 2,5D da litosfera da Prov?ncia Borborema e seu contanto sul com o Cr?ton S?o Francisco.

It is difficult to navigate throughout todays existing sculpting and modeling software. Industry drives the development in this area by “time versus quality.” It is difficult to know which software is the most suitable to learn for sculpting details, as well as which one is the most efficient for beginners. There are two software programs, Autodesk Mudbox and Pixologic ZBrush, which will be examined and reviewed for sculpting details, learning curve for beginners, and time efficiency in this research. The overall results displayed that ZBrush seems to be the better choice for more advanced modellers and artists, while Mudbox is a better choice for beginners and more technical modellers.