Cement has been selected for wastes immobilization as a simple, low temperature and low cost process for decades. The mechanical and immobilization properties of cement are mainly decided by cement hydration process, especially in the first 24 hours. Previous methods for studying the cement hydration are those include isothermal calorimetry, continuous monitoring of chemical shrinkage, in situ quantitative X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Few available in-situ imaging methods were successfully used for net rate study of cement hydration. In this Ph.D. research, innovative imaging techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (XCT) combined with 2D SEM-BSD analysis were combined to study the microstructure and phase change of cement or cement & SrCl2 mixture during hydration. Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) were applied to study the chemical volume shrinkageand drying shrinkage of cement samples during hydration. The effects of SrCl2 simulating the radioactive nuclide from nuclear waste on cement hydration were studied by XRD and ICP-AES techniques. These studies verified that the hydration net rate could be characterised by XCT imaging techniques and the volume shrinkage of cement or cement& SrCl2 mixture during hydration could be characterised by the DVC and DIC techniques.

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Unter diesem Motto wurde am 23. Oktober 2009 die Campus-Bibliothek der Universität Leipzig als 24-Stunden-Bibliothek am Augustusplatz feierlich eröffnet. Nach vierjähriger Bauzeit und noch längerer Planung hatte die Bibliothek am 28. September ihren Betrieb aufgenommen. Sie bietet auf 5.000 m2 Platz für 500.000 Bände, vorerst sind wir mit knapp 300.000 Bänden eingezogen. Die Campus-Bibliothek ist Teil des neu rekonstruierten Hörsaalgebäudes und bildet einen wichtigen Meilenstein bei der Errichtung des neuen Universitätscampus im Herzen von Leipzig.

A Clinic for the study of Sleep Disorders The proposal for a clinic for sleep disorders sited on the edge of Dupont Circle within the District of Columbia. This thesis is a reference to time and movement as it relates to our individual perception. We each experience our environments differently and architecture should be prescribed to the fit the needs of the individual. It is the study of design evolution along a time-line. The science of effect. As we move along a line how does our environment and influence shape the final outcome? In architecture, process is the task of understanding. The following documentation is my personal time-line along that undefined path. / Master of Architecture

Unter diesem Motto wurde am 23. Oktober 2009 die Campus-Bibliothek der Universität Leipzig als 24-Stunden-Bibliothek am Augustusplatz feierlich eröffnet. Nach vierjähriger Bauzeit und noch längerer Planung hatte die Bibliothek am 28. September ihren Betrieb aufgenommen. Sie bietet auf 5.000 m2 Platz für 500.000 Bände, vorerst sind wir mit knapp 300.000 Bänden eingezogen. Die Campus-Bibliothek ist Teil des neu rekonstruierten Hörsaalgebäudes und bildet einen wichtigen Meilenstein bei der Errichtung des neuen Universitätscampus im Herzen von Leipzig.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

Background Although clinical peer review is a well-established instrument for improving quality of care, clinical effectiveness is unclear. Methods In a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial, we randomly assigned 60 German Initiative Qualitätsmedizin member hospitals with the highest mortality rates in ventilated patients in 2016 to intervention and control groups. The primary outcome was hospital mortality rate in patients ventilated fore more than 24 hours. Clinical peer review was conducted in intervention group hospitals only. We assessed the impact of clinical peer review on mortality using a difference-in-difference approach by applying weighted least squares (WLS) regression to changes in age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) 1 year before and 1 year after treatment. Recommendations for improvement from clinical peer review and hospital survey data were used for impact and process analysis. Results We analysed 12 058 and 13 016 patients ventilated fore more than 24 hours in the intervention and control hospitals within the 1-year observation period. In-hospital mortality rates and SMRs were 40.6% and 1.23 in intervention group and 41.9% and 1.28 in control group hospitals in the preintervention period, respectively. The groups showed similar hospital (bed size, ownership) and patient (age, sex, mortality, main indications) characteristics. WLS regression did not yield a significant difference between intervention and control groups regarding changes in SMRs (estimate=0.04, 95% CI= −0.05 to 0.13, p=0.38). Mortality remained high in both groups (intervention: 41.8%, control: 42.1%). Impact and process analysis indicated few perceived outcome improvements or implemented process improvements following the introduction of clinical peer review. Conclusions This study did not provide evidence for reductions in mortality in patients ventilated for more than 24 hours due to clinical peer review. A stronger focus on identification of structures and care processes related to mortality is required to improve the effectiveness of clinical peer review.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Cesar de Pinho Costa.pdf: 15011533 bytes, checksum: 6a0668f6c2811d663f8e595649716502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / This work consists of three chapters. In the firt chapter, the reader will be introduced to the experimental condition where the following described experiments were performed. This condition consists of the following equipment/tools: (a) a box where multiple operant responses can be recorded continuously and completely over 24 hr per day (b) the ability to monitor and control experiments remotely and (c ) a device capable of recording in Excel spreadsheet data about the temperature and the relative humidity of the air. The chapter concludes with some suggestions for areas of research in this experimental condition could be used. In Chapter 2 describes an experiment in which a set of daily activities of the expeirmental subject was recorded 24 hr per day while it lived in the experimental conditions described in Chapter 1. The activities recorded in this experiment were: (a) number of pressures to water and food bars, (b) the number of times that the subject entered the nest, (c) number of interactions with the wooden disc and (d) number of turns in the activity wheel. The pressure responses to the bars were reinforced according to a continuous schedule of reinforcement. This experiment was approximately 91 days long. The effects from an accidental deprivation of food, the effects of the light-dark cycle, the temerature and air humidity on the activities of the subject where analysed. Furthermore, peroxides greater stability in daily activities were also discussed. Chapter 3 will describe two experiments in order to verify that sound stimuli could acquire the functions of a substitute conditioned motivating operation (OMC-S). The rat lived 24 hr a day in the experimental condition described in Chapter 1. It was believed that conducting the experiments in these conditions it would be possible to evaluate any additional effects of S-CMO, not only on pressure responses to water bar, but also on other registered activities (the same of Chapter 2). However, these additional effects could not be investigated because the sound stimuli did not acquired the functions of an S-CMO in the two experiments / Este trabalho é composto por três capítulos. No primero capítulo, o leitor será apresentado à condição experimental em que os experimentos descritos a seguir foram realizados. Esta condição é composta pelos seguintes equipamentos/ferramentas: (a) uma caixa onde múltiplas respostas operantes podem ser registradas de forma contínua e completa ao longo de 24 hr por dia, (b) a possibilidade de monitorar e controlar os experimentos remotamente e (c) um dispositivo capaz de registrar em planilhas de Excel os dados referentes à temperatura e à umidade relativa do ar do ambiente. O capítulo é encerrado com algumas sugestões de áreas de pesquisa em que esta condição experimental poderia ser utilizada. No Capítulo 2, é descrito um experimento no qual um conjunto de atividades diárias do sujeito expeirmental foi registrada 24 hr por dia enquanto o sujeito vivia nas condições experimentais descritas no Capítulo 1. As atividades registradas neste experimento foram: (a) número de respostas de pressão às barras de água e alimento, (b) número de vezes em que o sujeito entrava no ninho, (c) número de interações com o disco de madeira e (d) número de voltas na roda de atividades. As respostas de pressão às barras eram reforçadas de acordo com um esquema de reforçamento contínuo. Este experimento teve aproximadamente 91 dias de duração. Foram analisados os efeitos de uma privação acidental de alimento, do ciclo de claroescuro, da temeratura e da humidade relativa do ar sobre as atividades do sujeito. Além disso, os perídos de maior estabilidade nas atividades diárias também foram discutidos. No Capítulo 3 serão descritos dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar se estímulos sonoros poderiam adquirir as funções de uma operação motivadora condicionada substituta (OMC-S). O sujeito vivia 24 hr por dia na condição experimental descrita no Capítulo 1. Acreditava-se que realizando os experimentos nessas condições seria possível avaliar eventuais efeitos adicionais da OMC-S, não apenas sobre as respostas de pressão à barra de água, mas também sobre as demais atividades registradas (as mesmas do Capítulo 2). Entretanto, esses efeitos adicionais não puderam ser investigados, tendo em vista que os estímulos sonoros não adquiriram as funções de uma OMC-S nos dois experimentos realizados