Change particularities of the blood serum levels of vitamin D, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone were analysed in healthy cows of different feeding, age and productivity and in sick cows with metabolic diseases. It was investigated how biochemical indicators vary in cows with metabolic diseases (parturient paresis, osteomalacia and mastitis) and the most informative indicators for diagnostics of these diseases (for levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) were determined. Obtained findings were processed statistically. The method of electrochemiluminescence analysis used for analysis of the blood serum levels of PTH in humans was applied. Compared with radioimmunic method, this method is not expensive and quite fast; in addition, this method is sensitive and reliable, because it permits to detect low levels of PTH in the blood serum (up to 0.127 pmol/l). The method of chemiluminescence immunometric analysis used to find the level of CT in humans was tested. Also the method of immunoferment analysis (ELISA) was tested to measure the blood serum level of 25-OH vitamin D in cattle using human antibodies.

The report aims to describe the austenitic stainless steel Sanicro 25 from a thermomechanical point of view. The thermal and mechanical properties of the material make it suitable for use in coal – and thermal power plants. By the use of Sanicro 25 it would be possible to bring the efficiency of these plants up while bringing the carbon emissions down.A material model is created from material testing and validated through simulation in the finite element software Abaqus. The model that has been derived describes the material behavior during loading and stress relaxation for the first cycle in a thermomechanical fatigue test well. The unloading part of the cycle however cannot be described correctly by the use of this model. / Rostfritt

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Durante a gestação, a interação entre os organismos materno e embrionário é mediada por diversas moléculas reguladoras produzidas no ambiente uterino que são fundamentais para o estabelecimento de um ambiente tolerante ao feto. A expressão de uma grande variedade de mediadores inflamatórios também participa deste processo influenciando o ambiente uterino e a própria placenta. As citocina, potentes mediadores celulares, regulam as respostas imunológicas, integrando a rede sinalizadora que controlam a gestação. Desbalanço nos perfis de citocinas, sistêmica ou localmente no ambiente placentário tem sido descrito em muitos distúrbios gestacionais que podem culminar com perdas fetais. Evidências recentes mostraram que a expressão de uma nova citocina, a Interleucina 25, está alterada em pacientes que apresentam abortos recorrentes, sugerindo um papel imuno-regulador da IL-25 nas funções reprodutivas. Neste contexto, torna-se bastante interessante avaliar a presença da IL-25 na interface materno-fetal durante toda a gestação. Neste estudo objetivamos caracterizar a expressão de IL-25 e seu receptor IL-17BR em células placentárias e no sangue materno ao longo da gestação em camundongos. A análise da expressão gênica de IL-25 e seu receptor IL-17BR por qRT-PCR, foi realizada em sítios de implantação e em porções fetais e materna de placentas nos dias 10,5, 13,5, 16,5 e 19,5 de gestação (dg). Células mononucleares do sangue (CMNs) e tecidos placentários dissecados foram utilizados para ensaios de Citometria de fluxo nos mesmos dias de gestação. A imunolocalização de citocina e receptor foi avaliada em cortes histológicos nos diversos dias gestacionais estudados. Nossos dados demonstraram que a expressão gênica de IL-25 se intensifica após o período implantacional, aumentando os níveis de mRNA gradativamente a partir de 10,5dg até 16,5dg. Citocina e receptor são expressos de forma diferenciada pelos compartimentos placentários. A análise da expressão proteica por citometria de fluxo confirmam os dados de expressão gênica e as marcações observadas nas reações de imunohistoquímica. IL-25 e IL-17BR são expressos em toda a interface materno-fetal, sendo a citocina prevalente na placenta fetal, enquanto o receptor se expressa de forma intensa na porção materna. Entre as populações celulares que poderiam contribuir para os níveis de citocina na placenta fetal, observa-se a presença de células trofoblásticas, fenotípicamente caracterizadas, produtoras de IL-25 e células leucocitárias (CD45+) expressando o receptor IL-17BR na região da decídua materna. Entre o período gestacional estudado, a expressão de IL-25 e IL-17BR ocorreu principalmente nos dias 13,5 e 16,5 dg. O significado funcional destes achados, no entanto, merece investigações mais detalhadas, entretanto, devido ao caráter imunoregulatório atribuído a citocina IL-25, está parece estar associada ao controle das funções placentárias contribuindo para a formação de um ambiente imunológicamente tolerante ao desenvolvimento fetal. / During pregnancy, embryo and maternal organisms interaction is mediated by different regulatory molecules produced in the uterine environment that are essential to the establishment of a tolerant environment to fetus development. The expression of a variety of inflammatory mediators influence the uterine and placenta environment. Cytokine are potent cellular mediators, regulating the immune responses by signaling and controlling pregnancy. Cytokine imbalance systemic or locally in the placental environment has been described in many pregnancy disorders, leading to fetal loss. Recent evidence showed that the expression of a novel cytokine, Interleukin 25 is decreased in patients with recurrent abortions, suggesting for IL-25 a immunoregulatory role in reproductive function. In this context, it is interesting to evaluate the presence of IL-25 in the maternal-fetal interface throughout pregnancy. This study aimed to characterize the IL-25 expression and its receptor IL-17BR in placental cells and maternal blood during pregnancy in mice. The analysis of gene expression of IL-25 and its receptor IL-17BR by qRT-PCR was performed on implantation sites and fetal and maternal portions of placentas in the days 10.5, 13.5, 16.5 and 19, 5 of gestation (dg). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) and placental dissected tissues were used for flow cytometry analyses on the same days of gestation. The immunolocalization for cytokine and receptor was evaluated in histological sections for different gestational days. These data shows that IL-25 gene expression is intensified after the implantation period, increasing mRNA levels gradually from 10,5dg to 16,5dg. Cytokine and receptor are expressed differently by placental compartments. Analysis of protein expression by flow cytometry confirm the gene expression data and reactivity observed in the immunohistochemistry reactions. IL-25 and IL-17BR are expressed throughout the maternal-fetal interface, and the cytokine prevalent in the fetal placenta, while the receptor is major expressed in the maternal portion. Among the cell populations could contribute to the cytokine levels in fetal placenta is observed the presence of trophoblast cells phenotypically characterized producing IL-25 and leukocytes (CD45 +) expressing the IL-17BR in the maternal decidua. Among the period studied, IL-25 and IL-17BR expression mainly occurred on days 13.5 and 16.5 dg. The functional significance of these findings needs further investigation, however, due to immunoregulatory character attributed to IL-25 cytokine, it is seems to be associated with the control of placental functions contributing to the formation of an immunologically tolerant environment for fetal development.

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) e a demência vascular (DV), especialmente a sua forma subcortical, são responsáveis pela maioria dos quadros de demência em idosos, nem sempre facilmente diferenciadas do ponto de vista clínico. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o desempenho de pacientes com DA e com DV em uma bateria breve de testes cognitivos (Mini-exame do estado mental e bateria Neuropsi para confirmar o diagnóstico de demência; CLOX 1 e 2, fluência verbal categoria animal e fonêmica, EXIT 25 e teste de memória tardia da bateria breve de rastreio cognitivo), e verificar seu valor no diagnóstico diferencial entre elas. O desempenho do grupo DV foi inferior ao DA nos testes: CLOX 2, fluência verbal animal e fonêmica. O grupo DA obteve desempenho inferior a DV no subitem evocação do teste de memória tardia. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), especially its subcortical form, are responsible for the majority of dementia cases in the elderly and are not always easily differentiated from a clinical point of view. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of mild VaD and AD patients in a series of brief cognitive tests (Mini-mental State Examination and Neuropsi battery, in order to confirm the diagnosis of dementia; CLOX 1 and 2, category and letter fluency, a delayed recall test of 10 simple figures and the EXIT 25), and to evaluate the potential use of these tests for the differential diagnosis between them. The performance of the VaD group was significantly impaired, in relation to the AD group, in the tests CLOX 2, category verbal fluency and letter verbal fluency, while the AD patients performed significantly worst in the delayed recall test.

Orientadores: Andrei Carvalho Sposito, Eliana Cotta de Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T15:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virginio_VitorWilsondeMoura_M.pdf: 2355466 bytes, checksum: 77d04b1ff5936c26cd64f6d516447ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Atualmente aproximadamente 17 milhões de pessoas morrem por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). No Brasil durante 2011 ocorreram cerca de 200 mil óbitos por DCV principalmente em decorrência da aterosclerose, classificada como uma doença imuno-inflamatória crônica que causa estreitamento luminal e gera diversas fatalidades como infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), doença arterial periférica (DAP), entre outras. A DAP prediz outras DCV e é a principal causa de amputação devido a obstrução das artérias de membros inferiores. Análises histológicas indicam que a ruptura da placa, capa fibrosa do ateroma, erosão da placa e nódulo calcificado geram as principais fatalidades nas DCV. Até o momento não há biomarcadores plasmáticos para uso clínico afim de avaliar a estabilidade e a gravidade das placas ateroscleróticas, esse fato motiva a exploração de componentes envolvidos em doenças imuno-inflamatórias e no metabolismo lipídico tais como oxisteróis e marcadores da síntese e absorção do colesterol (MSAC). Os oxisteróis, principalmente 27-hidroxicolesterol (27-HDC) e 7-ketocolesterol estão envolvidos em mecanismos fisiopatológicos da aterosclerose e desempenham um papel na inflamação, citotoxicidade e necrose, além de funções no metabolismo lipídico. É relatado que os oxisteróis 24S- e 25-hidroxicolesterol (24S- e 25-HDC) estão envolvidos em doenças neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer. Estudos apontam uma causa em comum entre Alzheimer e aterosclerose, ambas são doenças inflamatórias crônicas, assim são necessárias mais investigações desses oxisteróis na doença aterosclerótica. A proteína de transferência de éster de colesterol (CETP) e proteína de transferência de fosfolípides (PLTP), assim como as lipoproteínas, podem mediar a transferência desses lípides. O objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar concentrações de oxisteróis (24S-, 25-, 27-HDC e 7-ketocolesterol) e marcadores de síntese (desmosterol e latosterol) e absorção (?-sitosterol e campesterol) do colesterol em ateromas e plasma de 10 indivíduos com DAP (grupo DAP) e comparar com artérias sem ateroma de 13 voluntários (grupo CTL). Também relacionar esses esteróis com outros parâmetros como histórico clínico e proteínas de transferência de lípides. Foram realizadas análises clínicas e bioquímicas, classificações histológicas dos ateromas e quantificações de esteróis em artérias e plasma. Para interpretação dos dados obtidos foram usados testes estatísticos de comparação e correlação. Os dois grupos apresentaram uma similaridade nos dados clínicos e bioquímicos, diferenciando apenas em pressão arterial sistólica, atividade da PLTP, glicose e proteína C reativa (PCR), maiores no grupo DAP. A PCR se correlacionou positivamente com 24S-HDC, 25-HDC e 27-HDC plasmáticos. Comparação entre os grupos em relação a concentração de oxisteróis em artérias mostraram o 24S-HDC e o 27-HDC maiores no ateroma do grupo DAP, curiosamente o 25-HDC esteve maior em CTL. Quantificações de oxisteróis em plasma do grupo DAP mostrou um aumento do 25-HDC em relação ao grupo CTL. Não houve diferença significante para os MSAC. Os ateromas classificaram-se em 50% ruptura da placa, 20 % capa fibrosa do ateroma, 10% nódulo calcificado e 10% lesão fibrocálcica. Em conclusão mostramos o acumulo do 24S-HDC em placas de aterosclerose. O 27-HDC assim como outros estudos esteve em maior concentração nos ateromas indicando fortemente sua ação na patogênese dessa doença. Todos os oxisteróis sintetizados enzimaticamente dosados em plasma se correlacionaram positivamente com atividade inflamatória sistêmica, assim como 24S-HDC e 27-HDC em ateromas. Finalmente a atividade da PLTP esteve maior no grupo DAP / Abstract: Currently around 17 million people die from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Brazil, durant 2011 nearly 200.000 deaths occur mainly due atherosclerosis, classified as a chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that causes luminal narrowing and generates several outcomes as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and others. DAP predict other CVDs and is the leading cause of amputation due the clogged arteries in inferior members. Histological analysis indicates that plaque rupture, fibrous cap atheroma, plaque erosion and calcified nodules generate major CVD fatalities. So far, no plasma biomarkers for clinical use are available in order to evaluate the stability and extend of atherosclerotic plaques, therefore is necessary the investigation of the components involved in immune-inflammatory diseases and lipids metabolism such as oxysterols and cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers (CSAM). Oxidized sterols or oxysterols, manly 27-hidroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and play a role in inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis and cytotoxicity, in addiction to lipid metabolism. Oxysterols 24S- and 25-hidroxycholesterol are involved with neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer¿s and resemble with atherosclerosis development since are chronical inflammatory diseases, for this reason is necessary an investigation of these oxysterols in atherosclerosis is needed. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) as well as lipoproteins, could mediate the transfer of the oxysterols. The aim of this work was quantified the levels of oxysterols (24S- 25-, 27- hidroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol) and cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol and lathosterol) and absorption markers (?-sitosterol and campesterol) in atheroma and plaques from 10 individuals with PAD (PAD group) and compare with arteries without atheroma of 13 volunteers (CTL group). Also, relate these sterols with other parameters as clinical history, lipid transfer proteins and histological scores. Clinical and biochemical data were collected and sterols were quantified in arteries and plasma by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophotometer (GCMS) and histological atheroma classification were determined. Comparison anlysis were performed using Mann-Whitney and correlations by Spearman¿s test. Both groups were not different regarding clinical and biochemical data, differencing only for systolic blood pressure, alcohol intake, PLTP activity, glucose and CRP, increased in PAD group. CRP was positively correlated with 24S-HDC, 25-HDC e 27-HDC from plasma. The comparisons of oxysterols levels in atheroma showed that 24-HDC and 27-HDC were increased in PAD group; interestingly, the 25-HDC was higher in CTL group. No significant differences were observed for CSAM between groups. The atheroma were classified as 50% plaque rupture, 20% fibrous cap, 10% calcified nodules and 10% of fibrocalcific injury. From the oxysterols from plasma of PAD group, only 25-HDC was increased compared to the CTL group. In conclusion, we demonstrated the accumulation of 24S-HDC in atherosclerotic plaques. The 27-HDC, as well as other studies, present higher levels in atheroma¿s, strongly indicating is role in the disease pathogenesis. All oxysterols measured in plasma were positively correlated with the systemic inflammatory activity. Finally, all atherosclerotic plaques were classified as lesions of advanced extension, according to the histological analysis / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Sterols play many important roles in physiology, including maintaining cell membrane integrity, and producing vitamin D and steroid hormones. Recent studies implicate sterol metabolism in the host innate immune response. Previous work, based on transcriptional profiling studies of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM, MΦ), uncovered a previously uncharacterized role of interferon in regulating the cholesterol pathway. Notably, Toll-like receptor (TLR) induced interferon modulates the suppression of SREBP2 (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 2) activation, the master transcription factor for sterol biosynthesis. This finding resulted in the downregulation of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. However, how interferon is molecularly linked to sterol metabolism, and what part of the pathway mediates the antiviral effect remains unknown. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the antiviral effect of interferon is in part mediated by secondary sterol metabolites and the dependency of viral replication on the host mevalonate branch of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. To test this hypothesis, my studies have examined the components of the host sterol pathway and their respective roles in influencing viral replication. Paradigmatically, I used MCMV and BMDM to explore the host- metabolic-virus interactions. Specifically, my findings address the question of how MCMV replication depends on the sterol biosynthesis pathway, and how the pathway is modulated by interferon as an antiviral response. In Chapter 2, the importance of the sterol biosynthesis pathway for viral replication was investigated using a combination of gene silencing and pharmacological inhibitors. These studies demonstrated that resistance to viral infection through suppressing the cholesterol pathway is not due to a requirement of the virus for cholesterol itself, but instead involves the mevalonate-isoprenoid arm of the pathway. This branch of the pathway chemically links lipids to specific host proteins (protein prenylation). These results suggest a new role for the mevalonate arm during viral infection. In Chapter 3, I examined what part of the sterol pathway mediates the antiviral effects. Oxysterols are natural modulators of sterol biosynthesis, and are produced by the oxidation of cholesterol by the enzyme cholesterol hydroxylase. Oxysterol suppression of SREBP2 activation leads to transcriptional repression of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, oxysterols also modulate cholesterol homeostasis through cholesterol efflux. My studies led to identifing cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). CH25H oxidizes cholesterol to produce a soluble oxysterol metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). Treatment of cells with 25-HC resulted in antiviral effects against MCMV and MHV-68. 25-HC was found to have no effects on MCMV entry into the host cell, but rather mediated inhibition of viral gene transcription. In addition, 25-HC-specific antiviral effect partially involved the suppression of the isoprenoid pathway, rather than cholesterol efflux. This work uncovered a physiological role for 25-HC as a sterol-lipid effector of an innate immune pathway. The antiviral activity of 25-HC in a lipid replete condition was found to occur at a concentration higher than the concentration required to inhibit SREBP2 activation. This implies that the antiviral effects of 25-HC is independent of SREBP2 in sterol replete conditions. Conversely, the antiviral action of 25-HC was signifi enhanced in cells under sterol-depleted conditions, suggesting that the antiviral effect of 25- HC is likely mediated through multiple processes involving SREBP2 dependent and independent mechanisms. These sterol dependent and independent mechanisms are examined in Chapter 4, using pathway expression profiling and pharmacological synergy studies. These studies showed that 25-HC suppression of the isoprenoid synthetic pathway is crucial in controlling infection, but also highlighted that other 25-HC dependent antiviral mechanisms are likely to exist. The inhibition of the mevalonate-isoprenoid arm by statins and 25-HC clearly demonstrated that MCMV replication dependents on protein prenylation. Chapter 5 investigation showed that either chemical inhibition of geranylgeranylation of host proteins or limiting mevalonate production led to restriction of MCMV replication. Importantly, through a series of systematic loss of function siRNA screenings demonstrated that specific host RabGTPases mediating vesicular transport pathways play vital roles in the replication and the assembly of the virus. This finding provides new mechanistic insights in to the dependency of cytomegalovirus replication on the host cell trafficking pathways and lays the groundwork for further definition of this important aspect of host-viral interactions. In summary, the overall findings of this research support the original hypothesis, by highlighting the importance of the host mevalonate-isoprenoid pathway, and provide further definition of the mechanisms and components linking sterol metabolism with interferon mediated antiviral effect.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In order to evaluate the performance and seminal characteristics of the White Plymouth Rock roosters, fed with diets containing canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), an experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Poultry Department of Animal Science at The Federal University of Santa Maria. 80 White Plymouth Rock roosters from 40 to 59 weeks of age were used in this study. Birds were submitted to four treatments: T1 = control diet, T2 = control diet + Canthaxanthin, T3 = control diet + 25-OH-D3, T4 = control diet + Canthaxanthin + 25-OH-D3. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments with 20 replications of one bird. The experimental phase (140 days) was divided into five periods of 28 days to evaluate the performance of birds. The parameters evaluated were: body weight and food intake (measured at the end of each period), motility, vigor, sperm concentration and morphological anomalies (two times per period, with an interval of 14 days). Data were transformed to adjustment the normality and after they were subjected to analysis of variance. The differences between treatments were compared by Tukey test at 10% significance level. The average feed intake during the experimental period was lower in birds fed 25-OH-D3 than males fed with canthaxanthin and 25-OH-D3 diet, but the body weight was similar. The supplementation of 25-OH-D3 and canthaxanthin in diets improved the sperm concentration significantly. Males fed with diets with 25-OH-D3 and, Canthaxanthin and 25-OH-D3 had the lowest level of morphological anomalies in the semen. Canthaxanthin, 25-OH-D3, and Canthaxanthin and 25-OH-D3 when added to the diet improves the sperm motility and vigor of roosters. / Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e as características seminais de galos da raça White Plymouth Rock, alimentados com dietas contendo Cantaxantina e 25-hidroxicolecalciferol, foi conduzido um experimento no Laboratório de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram utilizados 80 galos White Plymouth Rock de 40 a 59 semanas de idade. As aves foram submetidas a 4 tratamentos: T1 = dieta controle, T2 = dieta controle + Cantaxantina, T3 = dieta controle + 25-OH-D3, T4 = dieta controle + Cantaxantina + 25-OH-D3. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos com 20 repetições cada, onde cada ave foi considerada uma repetição. A fase experimental teve duração de 140 dias, a qual foi dividida em 5 períodos de 28 dias para avaliar o desempenho das aves. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corporal e consumo alimentar (mensurados no final de cada período), motilidade, vigor, alterações morfológicas (mensurados duas vezes por período, com intervalo de 14 dias) e concentração espermática. Os dados obtidos foram transformados para o ajuste da normalidade, após foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as diferenças entre tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 10% de significância. O consumo médio de ração durante a fase experimental foi menor em aves que consumiram 25-OH-D3 em relação as que consumiram cantaxantina e 25-OH-D3, mesmo assim não alterou o peso médio das aves nesta fase. A adição de 25-OH-D3 mais Cantaxantina na dieta melhora significativamente a concentração espermática. As alterações morfológicas do sêmen de galos são reduzidas com a utilização de 25-OH-D3, e Cantaxantina e 25-OH-D3. Cantaxantina, 25-OH-D3, e 25-OH-D3 mais Cantaxantina, quando adicionados à dieta melhoram a motilidade e o vigor espermático.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The need to improve the reproductive performance of broiler breeders have been contributed to development of new concepts and products in animal nutrition. Carophyll Red® has in your composition canthaxantin. Has been accepted that canthaxantin has high antioxidant capacity.The 25-(OH)D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol), an intermediary between the vitamin D3 and the active form of this vitamin D. This is allied with the metabolism and transfer of calcium from the shell to the embryo. HY-D® is a form of vitamin D, his composition. Rovimix® Maxichick is the association of canthaxanthin and 25-(OH)D3. The experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the use of canthaxanthin and/or 25- hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)D3) on performance of broiler breeders. Its was used 264 females and 24 males COBB 500® broiler breeders with 25 to 52 weeks of age. The diets were composed basically of vegetable ingredients, based on corn and soybean meal. It was used four treatments: 1 - control diet, 2 - control diet with addition of 25-(OH)D3, 3 - control diet with addition of canthaxanthin (CX), 4 - control diet with a combination of these two active ingredients (25-(OH)D3 + CX). The parameters evaluated were body weight, laying rate, egg weight, specific gravity, weight of albumen, yolk and shell percentage, albumen, yolk and shell, yolk color and oxidation. To evaluate the laying rate were performed six daily collections during the experimental period. Eggs collect a day of week were used for all others analysis. The egg production rates were not affected by different treatments (P=0.5151).The egg, yolk and albumen weight s and specific gravity were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Broiler breeders fed canthaxanthin in diet had highest deposition of carotenoids in the yolk. / A necessidade de melhorar o desempenho reprodutivo de matrizes de corte contribuí para os conceitos de desenvolvimento e novos produtos na alimentação animal. Carophyll Red® tem na sua composição cantaxantina, a qual é estudada pela sua capacidade antioxidante 25 - (OH)D3 (25-hidroxicolecalciferol), um intermediário entre a vitamina D3 e da forma ativa da vitamina D. Esta, é aliada com o metabolismo e transferência de cálcio da casca para o embrião. HY-D® possui na sua composição 25 - (OH)D3. Rovimix Maxichick® é a associação de cantaxantina e 25 - (OH)D3. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o uso da cantaxantina e / ou 25 - (OH)D3 sobre o desempenho de matrizes de corte, Cobb® entre 25e 52 semanas de idade. As dietas foram compostas basicamente de ingredientes vegetais, tendo por base milho e farelo de soja. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos: 1 - dieta controle (sem aditivos em estudo), 2 - dieta controle com adição de 25 - (OH) D3, adicionando o produto HY-D®, 3 - dieta controle com adição de cantaxantina (CX) através da inclusão do produto Carophyll Red®, 4 - dieta com a associação dos princípios ativos (25 - (OH)D3 + CX) com o uso de Rovimix® MaxiChick. Foram avaliados o peso corporal, taxa de postura, peso dos ovos, densidade específica de ovos, peso do albúmen, gema e casca e porcentagem de albúmen, gema e casca, coloração da gema e a peroxidação de lipídios da gema. Para avaliar a taxa de postura foram realizadas seis coletas diárias durante todo o período experimental. Todos os ovos de uma coleta por semana foram utilizados para análise dos outros parâmetros. Os diferentes tratamentos não afetaram a taxa postura no período (P=0,5148). A gravidade específica, pesos de gema, albúmen e casca de ovo também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Matrizes pesadas que receberam cantaxantina na dieta, apresentaram maior deposição de carotenóides na gema.

This research effort will analyze the level of female political participation within the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) before and after the January 25 revolution, and whether it has changed with the transformation of Egypt’s political climate, governing system and ruling elite. An assessment of the level of female participation within the MB and its political party will occur to determine which significant factors - such as governing regime, cultural influences, security issues - have attributed to the magnitude and level of the Muslim Sisters’ political exposure and electoral activities. More specifically, this research aims to ascertain if the Muslim Sisters experience their full rights as citizens under the leadership of the MB, and whether the MB’s willingness to nominate women is a step towards achieving equality or ‘complementarity’ within its ranks, or the process of fielding female candidates is nothing more than a “democratic façade.” Or is the issue more deeply rooted within the Egyptian, and predominantly Muslim, state and society, and its social norms and existing political structures? The historical context of post-colonial politics and the crisis of authoritarian secular politics will be reviewed as well, as it has contributed to the phenomenon of reinventing the rigid influence of tradition and religion.