In unpacking the concept of teaching as a vocation in Chrisrian tradition, the research aims to articulate the essential interconnectedness between four elements: * Christ as the foundation of Christian vocation - biblical perspectives, focusing particularly on the concepts of discipleship, emulation and charism * The way in which that vocation has developed within Christian tradition - historical perspectives focusing on two Religious Orders, the Salesians of Don Bosco and the Sisters of Mercy. * Current conversations in the academy concerning teaching as a vocation - contemporary perspectives including the notion of spiritual capital, the sacramental perspective, a renewed focus on interiority, vocation as a convergence between self and service and current challenges to the concept of teaching as a vocation. * Vocation demonstrated in the perceptions and motivations of practitioners - quantitative and qualitative research. The former involved in-depth interviews with twelve practitioners encompassing a wide range of ages and stages of career progression. The interviews were patterned in three stages: personal religious commitment. Quantitative research was introduced in an attempt to corroborate the findings emergent from both the critical retireval of literature and the in-depth interviews. The research findings were then analysed in the light of the literature review and this was followed by a chapter in which conclusions were reached, structured around the principal elements of both the literature review and the empirical research. Based on these conclusions, a series of recommendations are put forward, focusing primarily on the maintenance of formation programmes both at Diocesan and Relitious Order level, the challenge to address the complementary aspects of Chrsitain vocation such as family commitments in the context of teaching, then explore futher what might be meant by 'integrity of life'. The thesis concludes strongly that the notion of commitment permeates the empirical evidence to the extent that it echoes that of the first disciples of Jesus and the pioneers within Religious Orders who constituted "an example of the unreserved and gratuitous "gift" of self to the service of others in the spirit of their religious consecration." (Congregation for Catholic Education: 1997).

Mehr als 50.000 Besucher kamen 2014 zum Deutschen Katholikentag in Regensburg. Die Großveranstaltung ist dabei nicht nur eine religiöse Veranstaltung für Katholiken, sie hat auch einen starken gesellschaftspolitischen Bezug und ist offen für Andersgläubige und Nichtgläubige. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, was dessen Attraktivität ausmacht. Welche sozialen Gruppen zieht der Katholikentag an? Aus welchen Gründen besuchen die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer ihn? Sind die Besucher religiös, eher politisch motiviert oder beides? Ist der Katholikentag insbesondere für junge und vielleicht gar nicht so besonders religiöse Menschen ein Spaßevent? Verliert der Katholikentag deshalb seinen traditionellen Charakter? Auf Grundlage einer religionssoziologischen Befragung zum 99. Deutschen Katholikentag in Regensburg werden Aussagen über die Besuchsmotive, die Wünsche bezüglich der Ausgestaltung des Katholikentags, die religiöse Praxis seiner Teilnehmer, deren freiwilliges kirchliches und außerkirchliches Engagement sowie über die soziale Herkunft der Besucher gemacht. Damit liegt ein einmaliges empirisches Material vor, welches die Debatten um religiöse Pluralisierung, Säkularisierung und Individualisierung anreichert.

Shear spinning of Haynes 282, Alloy 718, Alloy 600 and AISI 316L was done using several tool feeds and mandrel clearances. Multi passing of the materials was limited due to strain hardening and circumferential cracking except for AISI 316L. The effect of the tool feed and the mandrel clearance on the successful forming of the materials was established. The successfully spun samples were solution heat treated at varying temperatures and holding times to establish a range of grain sizes and hardness levels. An aging heat treatment process was performed for Haynes 282 and Alloy 718 to achieve precipitation strengthening. The micro hardness measurements were conducted for the materials prior to spinning and after spinning. The same was also done after the various heat treatment processes. Grain size mapping was conducted by the use of lineal intercept methods. Comparison of the results in terms of grain sizes and hardness values was done. The temperature ranges suitable for full recrystallization of the materials after the shear spinning were identified and the effect of the holding times on the grain growth established. Comparison with unspun samples showed that the heat treatment times required to achieve comparative hardness and grain sizes were distinctively different.

This project aims to investigate the effect of varying different laser cutting parameters on the laser cut surface. The parameters that were varied were cutting speed, beam effect, gas pressure and focal point. The statistical method Design of Experiment was used to plan the experiments and two full factorial test plans were set up, one with argon as cooling and protective gas and one with nitrogen. Sheet metal consisting of the superalloy HAYNES ® 282 with a thickness of 2,54 mm was investigated. Samples from the material were cut with different laser cutting parameters according to the test plans. The samples were evaluated by measuring cracks, recast layer thickness, surface irregularity, burr height and distance to beam deflection point on the cut surface. The resulting data was inserted as responses into the statistical program Modde 10.1 for analysis. Modde 10.1 provided models of high significance for the responses of Recast layer, Tav; Recast layer, Tmax; Burrheight, max and Distance to deflection point for the argon series and Recast layer, Tav and Recast layer, Tmax for the nitrogen series. The results showed that both recast layer thickness and burr height decreases with increased values of cutting speed, gas pressure and focal point as well as decreased values of beam effect within the parameter window investigated. They also showed that distance to deflection point increased with increasing values of gas pressure and focal point and with decreased values of cutting speed and beam effect within the parameter window. The results also showed that for the samples cut with argon as cooling and assistant gas the parameters that affects the recast layer thickness the most are focal point and gas pressure, whereas for the nitrogen series it is gas pressure and beam effect. The parameter with greatest effect on burr height is the cutting speed and for the distance to deflection point it is focal point and gas pressure that have the greatest effect. When comparing the argon and the nitrogen series to each other it can be seen that the argon series generate less recast layer from the entry of the cut until between 60 – 80 % into the cut, after which the argon series bypasses the nitrogen series in amount of recast layer produced in the cutting process in the majority of the places measured. / Projektet syftar till att undersöka effekten på den laserskurna ytan då laserskärningsparametrar varieras. Parametrarna som varierades var skärhastighet, lasereffekt, gastryck och fokalpunkt. Den statistiska metoden Design of Experiments användes för att planera experimenten. Två stycken fullskaligt faktoriella försöksplaner skapades, en med argon som skärgas och en med kväve som skärgas. Undersökningen gjordes på plåt bestående av superlegeringen HAYNES ® 282 med en tjocklek på 2,54 mm. Provbitar från materialet skars ut utifrån försöksplanerna med olika laserinställningar under skärprocessen. Provbitarna utvärderades genom att mäta sprickor, tjockleken på det omsmälta materialet, ytojämnheten, gradhöjden och avståndet till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan. Resultaten användes för analys i det statistiska programmet Modde 10.1. Modde 10.1 bidrog med modeller av hög signifikans för responserna Recast layer, Tav; Recast layer, Tmax; Burrheight, max and Distance to deflection point för argonserien och Recast layer, Tav och Recast layer, Tmax för kväveserien. Resultaten visar att både tjockleken på omsmält material och gradhöjden avtar med ökande värden på skärhastighet, gastryck och fokalpunkt samt minskande värden på lasereffekt inom det undersökta parameterfönstret. De visade också att till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan ökade med ökande värden på gastryck och fokalpunkt och med minskande värden på skärhastighet och lasereffekt inom parameterfönstret. Resultaten visade också att de parametrar som i störst utsträckning påverkar tjockleken på det omsmälta materialet för provbitarna i argonserien är fokalpunkt och gastryck, medan det för kväveserien är gastryck och lasereffekt. Parametern som har högst inverkar på gradhöjden är skärhastigheten, medan fokalpunkt och gastryck har störst effekt på avståndet till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan. Om kväveserien och argonserien jämförs med varandra kan det observeras att argonserien generellt genererar mindre omsmält material än kväveserien från det att laserstrålen träder in i materialet till dess att den är mellan 60 och 80 % in i snittet, vartefter argonserien går förbi kväveserien i mängd omsmält material på majoriteten av mätställen.

During the course of the Parliamentary debates about Catholic emancipation in 1829, around 120 original, single sheet prints were published in London on the topic of Catholic Relief, at which point it was almost the sole subject of visual satire. This was the first time in living memory that a debate around toleration and the relationship between temporal and spiritual authority had been conducted on such a wide reaching scale. On 3 February 1829 the King, George IV, the head of the Anglican Church, had introduced Roman Catholic Relief in his speech for the opening of the 1829 Parliamentary session. By 13 April 1829 an Act to grant Roman Catholics civil liberty was given Royal Assent, revoking laws that prevented non-Anglicans from holding public office. This had followed four failed attempts to introduce Catholic Relief in the 1820s which had also prompted satirical image making, but never on the same scale. This thesis analyses for the first time the extensive body of prints produced in 1821-9 that relate to debates around Relief and addresses the questions: why were images produced, why were they predominately single sheet etchings, and who was so interested in Catholic emancipation as to be buying them in such quantities?

Liturgical interpretation is the application of the methods of patristic and medieval biblical exegesis to public worship. This thesis examines for the first time its importance in the religious culture of Scotland during a period of renaissance and reformation. The first section defines the genres and method involved with reference to the most popular liturgical commentary of that time, the Rationale divinorum officiorum of William Durandus of Mende (c.1230-1296). The reasons for the decline of this genre and its neglect by modern scholarship are then explored. The central section of the thesis employs a wide variety of evidence, including material culture, to argue, firstly, that liturgical interpretation was a fundamental part of the culture of Catholic Scotland; secondly, that interest in it was a sign of commitment to Catholic reform. It is also argued that it had an important place in the education system and influenced the design and understanding of churches and their furnishings. Drawing upon inscriptions in liturgical commentaries, networks of clergy in Scotland committed to Catholic reform and the liturgy are identified. The ‘Aberdeen liturgists’ were the most significant group. Formed by Bishop Elphinstone of Aberdeen who was consecrated in 1488, it is shown that their influence lasted beyond 1560 and created a distinctive religious culture in the North-East. The final section examines what happened to this intellectual tradition during the period of the Scottish reformations, both the Catholic reform associated with Archbishop Hamilton in the 1550s and the Protestant reform which triumphed in 1559-60. While interest in liturgical interpretation survived in Aberdeen after 1560, its use by Catholic writers declined in the later sixteenth century. A Reformed version of liturgical interpretation did, however, emerge combining an anti-commentary on the Catholic liturgy with the use of aspects of the medieval method to interpret the liturgy of the Reformed church. This can be found in official Protestant texts and, in its fullest form, in the 1590 sermons on the Lord’s Supper by Robert Bruce. This hitherto unnoticed genre demonstrates an important continuity across the Reformation divide. It suggests that ‘the Scottish Reformation’ is best seen as a phenomenon which was both Catholic and Protestant and that the reformers on both sides had more in common than they or subsequent historians allow.

The field study based on a questionnaire, classroom observation and a range of interviews with government officials and teachers confirmed a deeply negative attitude towards the way SiSwati is being taught, resulting in negative attitudes towards the language itself. Other findings pointed to a resistance to the cultural content of the curriculum as dictated by the power elite in Swaziland, the outdated emphasis on linguistics rather than sociolinguistics as an informing discipline and the absence of social and negative literacy skills embedded in subject content. The field study reflects an overall climate of despondency governing the teaching and learning context.

Laser-material interaction of Nickel based superalloy Haynes 282 melt pools were studied for laser parameters similar to laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) without powder. The effect of power, speed, hatch distance and laser focus offset were analysed by characterizing different types of melt pool behaviour, including conduction, transition to keyhole, and keyhole mode. Focus offset parameter was found to modify the melting mode from keyhole to conduction type in experiments with and without powder. This change in melting mode is attributed to the variation in laser beam spot size for the same line energy. Such manipulation of type of melting with control of focus offset can be utilized as a method to optimize process parameters for novel materials in the PBF-LB process at high layer thickness. Based on the above study, cubes were built with refined process parameters utilizing powder layer thicknesses of 60- and 90-microns for improved productivity, using partial factorial design of experiment. The conduction mode of melting helped reducing defects, minimizing lack of fusion and keyhole porosity in specimens built with powder at 60- and 90-microns layer thickness. Effect of process parameters and indirect measure like area energy, on the melt pool overlap, defect level and dominant shape of the defects are presented. Optimizing the process parameters to identify the boundaries for building cubes with reduced porosity is also discussed. / Den Ni-baserade superlegeringen, Haynes 282, skannades med laserparametrar liknande de som används i laserpulverbäddfusion (PBF-LB), men utan pulver.Studien undersökte inverkan av effekt, hastighet, avstånd mellan två intilliggandeskanningspass och laserfokusförskjutning, vilket karakteriserades genom olikatyper av beteenden hos smältbadet, inklusive värmeledning, övergång frånvärmeledning till nyckelhål, och nyckelhål. Fokusförskjutningen visade sig ändrasmältbadets läge från nyckelhål till värmeledning. Denna förändring observeradesbåde i experiment utan pulver och i de med pulver. Förändringen beror påbreddningen av laserstrålens punktstorlek samtidigt som samma linjeenergibibehålls. Denna förändring i smältningstyp genom fokusförskjutning kananvändas som en metod för att optimera utforskningen av nya material i PBFLB-processen. Baserat på detta byggdes kuber med pulver med lagertjocklekar på 60 och 90mikrometer, användande olika processparametrar enligt en experimentell designbaserad på en central sammansatt design. Smältning genom värmeledning bidrogtill att minska defekter, minimera bindningsfel och nyckelhålsporositet i proversom byggts med pulver med lagertjocklekar på 60 och 90 mikrometer. Inverkanav processparametrarna och indirekta mått såsom areaenergi på smältbadetsöverlappning, defektnivå och den dominerande formen på defekter presenteras.Optimering av processparametrarna samt identifiering av parameterrymden föratt bygga kuber med minskad porositet undersöks också. / <p>Paper A is to be submitted, and paper C is acceptet and are not included in this licentiate thesis. We do  not have permission to publish paper B in the digital version.</p>

This research has been conducted against the backdrop of the Second Vatican Council's "People of God" motif. The term "ecclesial" in the title embraces both lay faithful and clergy, although the lens through which their views are gauged is that of the deacon. The empirical findings of the research have been derived from fifty-three deacons of Southwark Province who completed narrative questionnaires about their collective six hundred years of experience in ordained ministry. The research methodology was mainly qualitative, using an adapted grounded theory approach to explore the themes which emerged from the respondents' own testimonies. These included discernment of their vocations, their formation programmes, what helped or hindered them in their early days of ministry and how they were received by their parish priests and their communities. As a theological consideration of the permanent diaconate, the project points to : * a richer scriptural interpretation of diakonia than a simplistic reading of Acts 6 * an understanding of the episcopate as the "fullness of order" from which are extended the two "arms" of the bishop's pastoral oversight - diaconate and presbyterate * a praxis which reflects the diaconate as a unique and full order The chief findings of the research are as follows: * Whilst formation for deacons has become theologically more robust over the past decade, there remain gaps in ongoing formation, both theologically and pastorally and an underdeveloped structure for the deacon to be properly supervised in his ministry. * The pastoral role of the deacon's wife remains unclear. Although, in the main, she is an animator of her husband's witness and compensates for his lack of time with the family, there is little evidence that the concept of "diaconal marriage", as a basis for joint ministry, is devloping. * The discipline of celibacy for widower deacons reflects a limited and sacerdotal understanding of what it means to be a sacred minister in Holy Orders. Although dispensations for remarriage are possible, these exceptional concessions may restrict the theological unfolding of the concept of diaconal marriage. * The continued exclusion of women from ordained ministry remains problematical for some. However, Pope Benedict's recent moto proprio "Omnium in Mentem" may signal future opportunities for a more diverse ordained diaconal ministry.

Mehr als 50.000 Besucher kamen 2014 zum Deutschen Katholikentag in Regensburg. Die Großveranstaltung ist dabei nicht nur eine religiöse Veranstaltung für Katholiken, sie hat auch einen starken gesellschaftspolitischen Bezug und ist offen für Andersgläubige und Nichtgläubige. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, was dessen Attraktivität ausmacht. Welche sozialen Gruppen zieht der Katholikentag an? Aus welchen Gründen besuchen die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer ihn? Sind die Besucher religiös, eher politisch motiviert oder beides? Ist der Katholikentag insbesondere für junge und vielleicht gar nicht so besonders religiöse Menschen ein Spaßevent? Verliert der Katholikentag deshalb seinen traditionellen Charakter? Auf Grundlage einer religionssoziologischen Befragung zum 99. Deutschen Katholikentag in Regensburg werden Aussagen über die Besuchsmotive, die Wünsche bezüglich der Ausgestaltung des Katholikentags, die religiöse Praxis seiner Teilnehmer, deren freiwilliges kirchliches und außerkirchliches Engagement sowie über die soziale Herkunft der Besucher gemacht. Damit liegt ein einmaliges empirisches Material vor, welches die Debatten um religiöse Pluralisierung, Säkularisierung und Individualisierung anreichert.