The purpose of this study is to use multi-functional optical fiber processing platform produce 2X2 single-mode fiber coupler, and use theory and simulation to analyze, as the basis of the starting, development of novel fused coupler device. The characteristics of this coupler is a 2x2 single-mode fiber coupler in which a single-mode fiber replaced by our laboratory to manufacture the capillary fiber. The use of this coupler is similar to the use of single-mode fiber refractive index of the solution pumped capillary fiber to a liquid switch fiber coupler. We know that the refractive index decreases as the wavelength increases, the slope of the different materials for this change is different, and due to the different materials, the thermal coefficient of refractive index is different, so we can be found in the case of different temperatures, the refractive index of the two materials are equal, and other wavelength is different, therefore, only when the same refractive index of the wavelength in order to fully coupled. The advantages of this coupling is temperature control of its maximum coupling wavelength range, and the capillary fiber core is liquid, we can use this measurement technique for the development of liquid, if the later then the single-mode fiber to replace the other refractive index different fiber, you can use this method to measure the other liquid. Next, use simulation software to simulate this coupler, the coupling wavelength and coupling efficiency values of the change in refractive index different cases, in order to facilitate the produce this novel fused coupler device.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1325938 bytes, checksum: ba2b1ba5155f96ded4e4a609c269689f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work is to give a more geometric approach in the introduction of complex numbers in order to make them more compreenssíveis and eliminating the idea of strange numbers and difficult to understand. To achieve this far will be a study of the properties of matrices 2x2 operative type [ a −b b a ] ,with a, b ϵR, reaching the result that these matrices form one body. Then associated with such matrices to points on the plane R2. From the result of this association gets to multiply a vector by a matrix of this type corresponds to a spin efeturar and multiply it by a scalar. From then makes two-way matching between the matrices and complex numbers so that all properties studied in the previous section remain true. As a result of this correspondence we obtain that multiplying by i2 corresponds to a spin 180o , I.e., keep the direction and reverse direction which corresponds to multiplying by (−1), I.e., i2 = −1 . Thus one arrives at a result which is usually presented to students in the introduction of complex numbers but with a meaning that once lacked. Then did a study of compliance and deformation of transformations of variables through functions complexas.Com this approach is facilitated understanding by students of their same concepts and the same function, to conclude we present a practical situation in which it uses the complexs numbers. / O objetivo deste trabalho é dar um enfoque mais geométrico na introdução dos números complexos, de forma a torná-los mais compreensíveis e eliminando a ideia de números estranhos e de difícil compreensão.Para alcançar tal objetivo far-se-á um estudo das propriedades operatórias das matrizes 2x2 do tipo [ a −b b a ] , com a, b ϵR, chegando ao resultado de que tais matrizes formam um corpo. Em seguida associa-se tais matrizes a pontos do plano R2. A partir desta associação obtém o resultado que multiplicar um vetor por uma matriz deste tipo corresponde a efeturar um giro e multiplicá-lo por um escalar. A partir daí faz a correspondência biunívoca entre as matrizes e os números complexos de forma que todas as propriedades estudadas no item anterior permanecem verdadeiras. Como resultado desta correspondência obtemos que multiplicar por i2 corresponde a um giro de 180o , isto é, manter a direção e inverter o sentido o que corresponde a multiplicar por (−1), ou seja que i2 = −1. Desta forma chega-se ao resultado que normalmente é apresentado aos alunos na introdução dos números complexos porém com um significado que outrora não possuía. A seguir fez um estudo da conformidade e deformação das transformações através de funçõeoes de variáveis complexas.Com esta abordagem fica facilitada a compreensão por parte dos alunos dos seus conceitos e mesmo a função dos mesmos, para concluir apresentamos uma situação prática em que se utiliza os números complexos.

Game theory is the study of strategic interaction between rational agents. The need for understanding interaction arises in many different fields, such as: economics, psychology, philosophy, computer science and biology. The purpose of game theory is to analyse the outcomes and strategies of these interactions, in mathematical models called games. Some of these games have stood out from the rest, e.g. Prisoner's Dilemma, Chicken and Stag Hunt. These games, commonly referred to as the standard games, have attracted interest from many fields of research. In order to understand why these games are interesting and how they differ from each other and other games, many have attempted to sort games into interestingly different classes. In this thesis some already existing classifications are reviewed based on their mathematical structure and how well justified they are. Emphasis is put on mathematical simplicity because it makes the classification more generalisable to larger game spaces. From this review we conclude that none of the classifications captures both of these aspects. We therefore propose a classification of symmetric 2x2 games based on decomposition. We show that our proposed method captures everything that the previous classifications caputure. Our method arguably explains the interesting differences between the games, and we justify this claim by computer experiments. Moreover it has a simple mathematical structure. We also provide some results concerning the size of different game spaces.

The Slovenian Public Opinion survey (SPOS), which carried out in 1990, was used by the government of Slovenia as a benchmark to prepare for an upcoming plebiscite, which asked the respondents whether they support independence from Yugoslavia. However, the sample size was large and it is quite likely that the respondents and nonrespondents had divergent viewpoints. We first develop an ignorable nonresponse model which is an extension of a bivariate binomial model. In order to accommodate the nonrespondents, we then develop a nonignorable nonresponse model which is an extension of the ignorable model. Our methodology uses an EM algorithm to fit both the ignorable and nonignorable nonresponse models, and estimation is carried out using the bootstrap mechanism. We also perform sensitivity analysis to study different degrees of departures of the nonignorable nonresponse model from the ignorable nonresponse model. We found that the nonignorable nonresponse model is mildly sensitive to departures from the ignorable nonresponse model. In fact, our finding based on the nonignorable model is better than an earlier conclusion about another nonignorable nonresponse model fitted to these data.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) raised from emerging markets (EM) have drawn enormous attention to the world in recent decades. These internationalization activities have not only signaled characterized features of globalization, but also foreseen the future of strengthened “latecomer” global position emerged from developing countries. However, current studies have shown sufficient lack on research towards motivation behind EM MNCs’ internationalization. Many current theories and models were followed by patterns applied within those more developed countries. Nevertheless, EM MNCs appeared to hold different motivations approaching to internationalization. Thus, this paper documents a series of reasons that triggered EM MNCs to internationalize. In particular, studies carried out from this paper have concluded into a 2x2 Model, which characterized that the EM MNCs’ internationalization motives are incorporated from two perspectives (institutional based and resource based) into two approaches (asset seeking and opportunity seeking). Four case studies of multinationals in technological industry from two emerging markets are included in this paper, in order to attest validity of the 2x2 Model; these multinationals are Lenovo (China), Haier (China), Arçelik (Turkey), and Vestel (Turkey). We believe that technological industry is one of the most significant industries from emerging markets that is intensively involved in international activities; the selected firms have shown devoted global strategies and created certain size of impact in the global market, which is genuinely representative towards our studies.

Tato diplomov prce se zabv anal­zou rznch napjec­ch struktur pro 2x2 fl­Äkov© antenn­ pole. Evaluace prob­h na stedn­ frekvenci 25.5GHz, kter spad do psma piazen©ho pt© generaci mobiln­ch komunikaÄn­ho standardu. Zvolen© napjec­ struktury byly napjen­ bl­zkm polem, napjen­ aperturou a napjen­ mikropskem.

This diploma thesis deals with comparsion of 2x2 and 3x3 couplers. There is also description of issue of the Michelson interferometer and its use as a sensor. This sensor is very good at detecting vibrations. Part of the work is description of simulation of Michelson interferometer with 3x3 coupler as vibration sensor and localization of vibration on optical fiber by Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

In this master´s thesis an issue of broadband planar antennas was analyzed. Firstly, the basic elements that affect bandwidth, such as the influence of the dieletric substrate, suitable shape or feeding network, were described. Furthermore technics that can be used to widen the band of the planar antennas were described. These technics were applied to a chosen type of a planar antenna. This antenna was modeled and simulated for desired dielectric substrate in CST STUDIO SUITE 2010 software. Feeding network with power dividers was designed for the antenna array. In order to obtain a higher gain, the antenna was implemented into the 2x2 element array. The results of the simulation are evaluated in the conclusion.

The strive for lower fuel consumption and downsizing in the automotive industry has led to the use of alternative high performance materials, such as fibre composites. Designing chassis components with composite materials require accurate simulation models in order to capture the behaviour in car crashes. By simplifying the development process of a B-pillar with a new dynamic test method, composite material products could reach the market faster. The setup has to predict a cars side impact crash performance by only testing the B-pillar in a component based environment. The new dynamic test method with more realistic behaviour gives a better estimation of how the B-pillar, and therefore the car, will perform in a full-scale car side impact test. With the new improved tool for the development process, the search for a lighter product with better crash worthiness is done by optimising a steel carbon fibre hybrid structure in the B-pillar. The optimisation includes different carbon fibre materials, composite laminate lay-up and stiffness analysis. By upgrading simulation models with new material and adhesive representation physical prototypes could be built to verify the results. Finally the manufactured steel carbon fibre hybrid B-pillar prototypes were tested in the developed dynamic test method for a comparison to the steel B-pillar. The hybrid B-pillars perform better than the reference steel B-pillar in the dynamic tests also being considerably lighter. As a final result a hybrid B-pillar is developed that will decrease fuel consumption and meet the requirements of any standardized side impact crash test. / Strävan efter lägre bränsleförbrukning och minimalistiskt tänkande inom bilindustrin har lett till användning av alternativa högpresterande material, såsom fiberkompositer. Vid design av chassi-komponenter utav kompositer krävs noggranna simuleringsmodeller för att fånga upp bilens beteende vid en krock. Genom att förenkla utvecklingsprocessen för en B-stolpe med en ny dynamisk testmetod kan produkter bestående av fiberkompositer nå marknaden snabbare. Provuppställningen skall förutse bilens prestanda vid ett sidokrocktest genom att endast testa B-stolpen i en komponentbaserad miljö. Den nya dynamiska testmetoden med ett mer realistiskt beteende skall ge en bättre uppskattning om hur B-stolpen, och därmed bilen, kommer att prestera i ett fullskaligt sidokrocktest. Med utvecklingsprocessens nya förbättrade verktyg kan strävan mot lättare produkter med bättre krocksäkerhet utvecklas genom optimering av en hybrid B-stolpe i stål och kolfiber. Optimeringen innefattar olika kolfibermaterial, laminatvarianter och styvhetsanalyser. Genom att uppgradera simuleringsmodeller med nya material och adhesiva metoder kunde fysiska prototyper tillverkas för att verifiera resultaten. Slutligen testades de tillverkade prototyperna utav stål och kolfiber i den nyutvecklade dynamiska testmetoden för jämförelse mot den ursprungliga stål B-stolpen. Hybrid B-stolparna presterade bättre än referensstolpen utav stål i de dynamiska provningarna och är samtidigt betydligt lättare. Det slutgiltigt resultatet är en utvecklad hybrid B-stolpe som både ger minskad bränsleförbrukningen och uppfyller kraven för ett standardiserat sidokrocktest.