3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are the most commonly occurring group of thermal process contaminants which are considered as “possible human carcinogen” and “probably carcinogenic to humans”, respectively. Potato strips prepared from three different potatoes cultivars (Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, and Umatilla Russet) grown in North Dakota from the crop year 2018 were fried with vegetable oil at 190 ºC, respectively, for five consecutive days (8 h/day). The dynamic changes of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents were investigated during deep-fat frying. 3-MCPD equivalent in oil and potato strips decreased with increased frying time. Meanwhile, the content of glycidol equivalent increased with increased frying time. The major 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents that were detected in the fried potato strips were those that migrated from the oils during frying. The application of absorbents, i.e., Magnesol and Celite, achieved the mitigation of 3-MCPD and glycidol in frying oil.

There are conflicting results from previous research evaluating the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on IgG concentration of colostrum, milk and foal blood. No research has been done on the effect of omega-3 fat supplementation on the placental efficiency of horses or the nitrite concentrations of the placenta as an indicator of vascularization. This study examined the effect of dietary omega-3 supplementation on composition of milk, mare and foal serum and if it will result in transfer of fatty acid in utero as well as providing the foal with adequate IgG concentrations in the milk and colostrum. Omega-3 supplementation’s effect on concentration of glucose and insulin in blood of the mares and foal will also be determined. This study will determine if omega-3 supplementation has an effect on the placental efficiency or nitrite concentrations in the placenta.

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Thorium is shown to react with 3-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline in the molar ratio 1:5, but isolation of the pure anhydrous compound requires special precautions. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis of the compound indicate, amongst other things, the existence of a thorium 3-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolate of 1:4 stoichiometry. The pH dependence of the precipitation of thorium 3-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolate is determined, and correlated theoretically, with data for thorium 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolate. Thermal and other studies on thorium 8-hydroxyquinolate emphasize its anticipated similarity to the 3-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolate, and its differences from the 2-methyl compound. The precipitation of at least two compounds of thorium and 8-hydroxyquinoline is demonstrated. 3-Methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline is established as a sensitive reagent for determining thorium by both bromometric and polarographic methods with good precision and accuracy. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Yes / The interplay between long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) is thought to be involved in learning and memory formation. One form of LTD expressed in the hippocampus is initiated by the activation of the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Importantly, mGluRs have been shown to be critical for acquisition of new memories and for reversal learning, processes that are thought to be crucial for cognitive flexibility. Here we provide evidence that MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 and 3 (​MK2/3) regulate neuronal spine morphology, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, mGluR-LTD is impaired in the hippocampus of ​MK2/3 double knockout (DKO) mice, an observation that is mirrored by deficits in endocytosis of ​GluA1 subunits. Consistent with compromised mGluR-LTD, ​MK2/3 DKO mice have distinctive deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial reversal learning. These novel findings demonstrate that the ​MK2/3 cascade plays a strategic role in controlling synaptic plasticity and cognition. / BBSRC

Skim, butter-derived aqueous phase, anhydrous milk fat, and fish oil were used to formulate ultra high temperature (UHT) processed extended shelf-life omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages with fat contents mimicking whole milk (3.25%). Oxidation of the lipids in the formulated beverages was investigated during storage for 35 days at 4 °C using GC/MS analysis, conjugated diene analysis, and headspace solid phase micro-extraction GC/MS (SPME-GC/MS) analysis of headspace. Omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages were produced that mimicked the physical properties of 3.25% fat whole milk. Oxidation resulted in only small changes in omega-3 lipid content and sensory analysis by an untrained panel indicated that the overall aroma was no different than that of commercially available UHT processed milk. An omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverage was produced that delivered 440mg of omega-3 fatty acid per 8oz serving. When consumed daily, the beverage could provide the equivalent amount of omega-3 fatty acids recommended by the American Heart Association, and the equivalent amount of omega-3 fatty acids found in two fatty fish meals over the period of one week. Antioxidants were added to the lipid phase, immediately prior to processing, of additionally produced formulations to determine if a reduction in omega-3 lipid oxidation was observed. No overall reduction in oxidation was observed, as indicated by GC/MS and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Sensory analysis indicated that oxidative aromas increased during storage for the antioxidant and omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverage. Ascorbyl palmitate was determined to have a pro-oxidative effect on the formulated omega-3 fortified dairy-based beverages. Antioxidants present in the commercial grade fish oil used for fortification were effective in controlling oxidation in the formulated omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages. / Master of Science

Le psoriasis est une dermatose chronique et inflammatoire à forte médiation immunitaire causant une importante perturbation du fonctionnement des cellules épithéliales de la peau. En particulier, les lymphocytes T jouent un rôle crucial dans la pathogenèse, en sécrétant diverses cytokines et chimiokines favorisant l'inflammation. Les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) de types oméga-3 (n-3) et oméga-6 (n-6) sont essentiels au développement optimal d'une fonction barrière cutanée efficace. D'ailleurs, le métabolisme de ces AGPI s'avère être fortement débalancé dans le psoriasis, avec une prépondérance des métabolites inflammatoires dérivés des AGPI n-6. Malgré le fait que différentes études semblent démontrer des effets favorables des AGPI n-3 pour contrer certains symptômes de la maladie, les mécanismes d'action précis de ces molécules dans le psoriasis ne sont toujours pas convenablement détaillés. Il s'avère donc essentiel de mettre en lumière les réels impacts des AGPI n-3 dans le psoriasis afin d'augmenter la crédibilité de ce traitement et la potentielle découverte de cibles thérapeutiques intéressantes. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, plusieurs objectifs spécifiques ont été établis. Le premier objectif visait à évaluer le potentiel anti-psoriasique de l'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) dans notre modèle de substituts psoriasiques produit à partir de fibroblastes et de kératinocytes pathologiques. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que l'ajout de cet acide gras (AG) à longues chaînes menait à une diminution considérable de l'acanthose épidermique, caractéristique cruciale de la maladie. Cependant, l'absence de la composante immunitaire ne permettait pas de dépeindre totalement l'incidence complète des AGPI n-3 sur les altérations inflammatoires du psoriasis. Le second objectif de cette thèse a donc permis de mettre en évidence l'impact favorable de l'acide alpha-linolénique (ALA) sur les dérégulations psoriasiques qui sont médiées par les lymphocytes T. Les résultats issus de cette étude ont montré que l'ALA ralentissait l'infiltration des lymphocytes T dans les substituts psoriasiques ainsi que leur sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires. Par ailleurs, les études des objectifs 1 et 2 ont dévoilé qu'autant la supplémentation des conditions de culture en DHA, que celle en ALA, convertissaient fortement ces AG respectifs en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) dans les phospholipides épidermiques des substituts psoriasiques. Le troisième objectif de cette thèse visait donc à évaluer de manière plus approfondie les effets de l'EPA sur la polarisation des lymphocytes T dans un modèle de substituts psoriasiques immunocompétent. Cette étude a mis de l'avant la capacité de l'EPA à balancer la polarisation des lymphocytes T vers un profil caractéristique des lymphocytes T régulateurs, donc ultimement un profil anti-inflammatoire. Finalement, le dernier objectif spécifique consistait à étudier le portrait lipidique des substituts psoriasiques immunocompétents suite à la supplémentation des conditions de culture en EPA. Cette étude a permis de confirmer que l'EPA influençait la composition lipidique des phospholipides des substituts psoriasiques, ainsi que la production de médiateurs lipidiques, en réduisant la production de métabolites pro-inflammatoires dérivés des AGPI n-6. En conclusion, nos travaux confirment le potentiel thérapeutique des AGPI n-3 dans le traitement du psoriasis et apportent de nouvelles preuves fiables quant à l'importance du métabolisme des AGPI n-3 et n-6 dans la maladie. Les recherches présentées dans cette thèse font état de la capacité des AGPI n-3 à diminuer l'inflammation du psoriasis, laquelle est amplifiée par l'ajout de lymphocytes T. Ainsi, cette thèse ajoute à la crédibilité des AGPI n-3 pour traiter les patients atteints du psoriasis et démontre la pertinence de perpétuer les études dans ce domaine de recherche, d'autant plus que ce type de traitement alternatif pourrait grandement améliorer la qualité de vie et l'observance des patients. / Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory dermatosis with strong immune mediation, causing a significant disturbance of the functioning of skin epithelial cells. In particular, T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, by secreting various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Omega-3 (n-3) and omega--6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for the optimal development of an effective skin barrier function. Besides, their metabolism appears to be strongly unbalanced in psoriasis, with a preponderance of inflammatory metabolites derived from n-6 PUFAs. Even though some studies demonstrated the favorable effects of n-3 PUFAs in countering certain symptoms of the disease, the precise mechanisms of action of these molecules in psoriasis are still not properly established. It is therefore essential to shed light on the real impacts of n-3 PUFAs in psoriasis in order to increase the credibility of this treatment and the potential discovery of an interesting therapeutic target. During this thesis, several specific objectives have been established. The first objective was to assess the anti-psoriatic potential of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in our model of psoriatic skin substitutes produced with pathological fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The results of this study demonstrated that the addition of this long-chain fatty acid led to a considerable reduction in epidermal acanthosis, a crucial characteristic of the disease. However, the absence of the immune component did not fully depict the full impact of n-3 PUFAs on inflammatory alterations in psoriasis. The second objective of this thesis has therefore made it possible to highlight the positive impact of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on psoriatic dysregulations which are mediated by T cells. The results from this study have shown that ALA slowed the infiltration of T cells into psoriatic skin substitutes as well as their secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, objectives 1 and 2 studies revealed that both DHA and ALA supplementation strongly converted these respective fatty acids into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the epidermal phospholipids of psoriatic substitutes. The third objective of this thesis therefore aimed to further evaluate the effects of EPA on T cell polarization in an immunocompetent psoriatic skin model. This study highlighted the ability of EPA to balance the polarization of T cells towards a characteristic profile of regulatory T cells, thus ultimately an anti-inflammatory profile. Finally, the last specific objective was to study the lipid portrait of the immunocompetent psoriatic skin substitutes following the supplementation of the culture conditions with EPA. This study confirmed that EPA influences the lipid composition of psoriatic skin substitute phospholipids as well as the production of lipid mediators, by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory metabolites derived from n-6 PUFAs. In conclusion, our work confirms the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFAs in the treatment of psoriasis and provides new plausible evidence regarding the importance of the metabolism of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the disease. The research presented in this thesis reports the ability of n-3 PUFAs to decrease the inflammation of psoriasis, which is amplified by the addition of T cells. Thus, this thesis adds to the credibility of n-3 PUFAs for treating patients with psoriasis and demonstrates the relevance of perpetuating studies in this area of research, especially since this type of alternative treatment could greatly improve the quality of life, as well as patient compliance.

Reaction of 3-sulfonyl acetamides with various substituted methyl acrylate derivatives furnished pyroglutamate and glutarimidess via [3+2] and [3+3] cycloaddition respectively. The results were applied to the synthesis of pyrrolizidine skeleton, tylophorine, cryptopleurine and fused bicyclic glutarimides.

The study of human evolution centres, to a large extent, around the study of fossil morphology, including the comparison and interpretation of these remains within the context of what is known about morphological variation within living species. However, many fossils suffer from environmentally caused damage (taphonomic distortion) which hinders any such interpretation: fossil material may be broken and fragmented while the weight and motion of overlaying sediments can cause their plastic distortion. To date, a number of studies have focused on the reconstruction of such taphonomically damaged specimens. These studies have used myriad approaches to reconstruction, including thin plate spline methods, mirroring, and regression-based approaches. The efficacy of these techniques remains to be demonstrated, and it is not clear how different parameters (e.g., sample sizes, landmark density, etc.) might effect their accuracy. In order to partly address this issue, this thesis examines three techniques used in the virtual reconstruction of fossil remains by statistical or geometrical means: mean substitution, thin plate spline warping (TPS), and multiple linear regression. These methods are compared by reconstructing the same sample of individuals using each technique. Samples drawn from Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and various hominin fossils are reconstructed by iteratively removing then estimating the landmarks. The testing determines the methods' behaviour in relation to the extant of landmark loss (i.e., amount of damage), reference sample sizes (this being the data used to guide the reconstructions), and the species of the population from which the reference samples are drawn (which may be different to the species of the damaged fossil). Given a large enough reference sample, the regression-based method is shown to produce the most accurate reconstructions. Various parameters effect this: when using small reference samples drawn from a population of the same species as the damaged specimen, thin plate splines is the better method, but only as long as there is little damage. As the damage becomes severe (missing 30% of the landmarks, or more), mean substitution should be used instead: thin plate splines are shown to have a rapid error growth in relation to the amount of damage. When the species of the damaged specimen is unknown, or it is the only known individual of its species, the smallest reconstruction errors are obtained with a regression-based approach using a large reference sample drawn from a living species. Testing shows that reference sample size (combined with the use of multiple linear regression) is more important than morphological similarity between the reference individuals and the damaged specimen. The main contribution of this work are recommendations to the researcher on which of the three methods to use, based on the amount of damage, number of reference individuals, and species of the reference individuals.