In indoor environment, the multi-sensor system can be used as an efficient solution for target location process, in terms of lower estimation cost, due to the factor that sensors have the advantages of low power, simple, cheap, and low operation complexity. However, the location methods and the placements of designed multisensor have great impact on the location performance. Based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA), the present research utilizes linear-correction spherical-interpolation (LCSI) method to estimate the location of its targets. The method is a combination of the linear-correction least-squares method and the spherical-interpolation method. Apart from the usual process of iterative, nonlinear minimization, and consequently, under the influence of noise interference and target-sensor geometry, the spherical-interpolation method will produce better results; therefore, SI method is used in place of the LS part of the LCLS method and named as the LCSI method. The objective is to correct the SI method to generate a better estimate performance. In addition to the performance issues, the limitation of the methods will also be examined. The geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) of the TDOA location method in the 3-D scenario is demonstrated with the effects on location performance of both inside and outside of the multi-sensor formation. Programmed 3-D scenario are used in the simulations, where cases with three different multiple sensor formations and two different target heights are investigated. From the simulation results of various location methods, it can be seen that LCSI has has its advantages over other methods in the wireless TDOA location.

The study area, which will be open to tourism in Kusadasi (Aydin), has steep and high cliffs near the Aegean coast. In the area where some slidings and rockfall problems occurred in the past the geological hazards should be investigated and nature-friendly remedial measures should be taken. The aim of this study is to perform engineering geological studies to:(i) search geological hazards, (ii) reveal the slope stability problems, (iii) recommend nature-friendly solutions in order to prevent/minimize the hazards and (iv)compare the results obtained from 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses. To accomplish these tasks, the geological survey was performed, the information about the discontinuities was collected by means of scanline surveys, the rock samples were collected, the in-situ and laboratory tests were carried out, the slope stability and rockfall analyses were performed for different slope conditions, remedial measures were offered for the problematical areas considering the data obtained and the results of 2-D and 3-D analysis were compared. Under the light of these studies, rock removal, drainage, greening (vegetation), filling the caverns, wall building and erosion prevention were offered as remedial measures. The comparison of the 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses shows that the end points and bounce height values are different for each method. The differences between the 2-D and 3-D model originate from the slope geometry, the algorithm used in the software and the different input parameters. According to the field observations, the 2-D model is more realistic than 3-D model.

Along with rapid development of information technology, all kinds of algorithms have been presented, to achieve significant progress in image tracking. Most methods tend to identify features of moving objects, and filter out background components which do not meet these features. This thesis uses a spatio-temporal planar-resonant filter to accomplish moving object tracking tasks. Under the condition without prior knowledge about features of moving objects, choosing appropriate filter¡¦s parameters is able to enhance the object with a certain moving speed and reduce intensity of objects with different velocities. Nevertheless, this filter cannot solve the problem background filtering. Therefore, a homomorphic filtering with fast optical flow estimation is implemented to identify and separate the background and moving components in dynamic images. This thesis also considers different 3-D bandwidth parameters. To develop a systematic approach to design filter¡¦s parameters for actual implementations.

With the changing perceptions in coastal engineering in recent time, creation of bay beach for recreation by combining artificial headlands with nourishment has become one of the favorable options for mitigating erosion and shore protection in several foreign countries advanced in coastal engineering. To achieve this goal, hydraulic model tests and numerical simulations have been applied for the planning and design of stable bay beaches. While using the latter approach, numerical computation includes four major components, these being the waves, topography changes, flow field and sediment transport. This study utilizes the so-called Modified Hsu3D model developed by Serizawa et al. (1996) and Kumada et al. (2002) in Japan for the bathymetry within a static equilibrium bay beach defined by Hsu and Evans (1989). This model enables the direct calculation of bottom bathymetry within a static bay without using not only iterative numerical steps for wave transformation and current distribution, but also the continuity equation for total sediment transport. The results of this simplified approach can be used to estimate the distribution of erosion and accretion within a static bay, hence, suitable for pre-assessment of an artificial beach nourishment project. Prior to applying the Modified Hsu3D model to a bay beach undertaken in this study, sensitivity tests are performed on the setting of several key parameters associated with this model, such as limiting slope on land , limiting slope in the water , height of the berm , alignment angle at downdrift of the bay beach, and wave incident angle . The verification results are then adopted to compare with that reported in Serizawa et al. (2000), as well as to investigate the effects of each parameters on the accuracy of the modeling, in order to enhance the reliability of this model and the setting of the parameters. Finally, the Modified Hsu3D model is applied to simulate the changes in the shoreline and bathymetry for the Sizihwan Bay in Kaohsiung, under the action of normal incident waves during summer monsoon. This study also takes the advantage of the Modified Hsu3D model to explore the effect of oblique wave incidence on the deviation of downdrift control point of a static bay, in order to assist the prediction of downdrift control point for beach changes on an artificially nourished bay beach. The results reveal that the downdrift control point does not shift, under normal incident waves with different for the breaker. On the other hand, under oblique wave action within from the external boundary line of 20 m depth offshore of a bay beach comprising sediment 0.2~0.5 mm, the offset of point (i.e., and coordinates from the original origin) versus wave incident angle can be established. By establishing a regression equation between and versus , the result can be used to assist the determination, more precisely without guess work, on locating the downdrift control point of a bay beach, while working on the MEPBAY (Klein, et al., 2003) on computer screen to assess its stability.

This thesis develops a GIS-based Bayesian approach for area-wide traffic crash analysis. Five years of crash data from Houston, Texas, are analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS), and spatial-temporal patterns of relative crash risk are identified based on a hierarchical Bayesian approach. This Bayesian approach is used to filter the uncertainty in the data and identify and rank roadway segments with potentially high relative risks for crashes. The results provide a sound basis to take preventive actions to reduce the risks in these segments. To capture the real safety indications better, this thesis differentiates the risks in different directions of the roadways, disaggregates different road types, and utilizes GIS to analyze and visualize the spatial relative crash risks in 3-D views according to different temporal scales. Results demonstrate that the approach is effective in spatially smoothing the relative crash risks, eliminating the instability of estimates while maintaining real safety trends. The posterior risk maps show high-risk roadway segments in 3-D views, which is more reader friendly than the conventional 2-D views. The results are also useful for travelers to choose relatively safer routes.

Because of the fast growing in communications, the quality of signal transmission in optical fiber becomes very important. Concurrently, photonic crystal fiber (PCF) consisting of a central defect region surrounded by multiple air holes is attracting much attention in recent years because of its unique properties, such as full photonic bandgaps, wideband, dispersion, endlessly single mode and birefringence, etc. This thesis is mainly focused on the development of the photonic band structures and propagation properties of PCF. And we propose a novel ideal about 3-D PCF, which can be fabricated using the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method. In the thesis, we study the optical properties of 2-D and 3-D PCFs made by Pyrex using the software RSoft. From the result of simulation, the 2-D out-of-plane bandgaps for a hexagonal close packed structure appear between the air filling fraction range from 0.30 to 0.88 for the incident light of wavelength range from 0.7 to 1

In indoor environment, the multi-sensor system has been proved to be an efficient solution for target locating process in terms of lower estimation cost. However, the placement of designed multi-sensor has great impact on the location performance in an indoor environment. Based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA), closed-form least-square location methods, including the spherical-interpolation (SI) and the spherical-intersection (SX) methods, are used in the estimation of target locations. The two methods are apart from the usual process of iterative and nonlinear minimization. Consequently, under the influence of noise interference, the performance of the two methods also produce different results. In addition to the above issues, the limitation of these methods will also be examined. The geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) effects of TDOA location on location performance of both inside and outside of the multi-sensor environment in the 2-D scenario have been studied in the past. This thesis aims to further advance the performance of GDOP in 3-D scenarios, analyze the differences, and propose the suitable needs. Programmed 3-D scenario simulations are used in this research, designed according to multiple sensor arrays and the moving latitude of a target. The Setup interprets the degree of multi-sensor separation, and distances from targets to the sensor array. A suitable location algorithm and optimal multi-sensor deployments in an indoor environment were proposed according to the simulation results.

The fabrication characteristic of focused ion beam (FIB) for Pyrex glass was investigated. FIB has several advantages such as high sensitivity, high material removal rates, low forward scattering, and direct fabrication in selective area without any etching mask, etc. In this study, FIB etched Pyrex glass was used for fast fabrication of 3-D submicron structures. A high-aspect-ratio (HRA) glass structure of 5 (1.97µm depth/0.39µm width) was fabricated. The experimental results in terms of limiting beam size, ion dose¡]ion/cm2¡^, beam current, etc was discussed. Xenon difluoride (XeF2) was applied to enhance the FIB process. Its influence on glass fabrication is studied and characterized.

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) has several advantages such as high sensitivity, high material removal rates, low forward scattering and directing fabrication. Without any etched mask, processing time can be reduced. Pyrex glass etched by FIB is used for fast fabrication of 3-D submicron structure mold. In this study, glass is used as substrate. The UV-cured resin that spin-coated onto a mold has 3-D structure patterns. 3-D structure patterns are transferred on the plate to investigate the effects of parameters of UV cured, pressure and exposure time on the occurrence of defects. The relationship of these processing parameters for the imprinting process is also realized. Besides, the material property of UV-cured resin is investigated. UV-Cured resin is investigated by thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to measure the degradation temperature (Td). The hardness and modulus of UV-Cured resin was measured by nanoindentation to realize deformed ability of material for the imprinting process. Moreover, the contact angle of Pyrex glass is measured to investigate its surface quality for the imprint process.

In this thesis, a visual 3-D eye gaze tracker is designed and implemented to tested via computer simulations and on an experimental setup. Proposed tracker is designed to examine human perception on autostereoscopic displays when the viewer is 3m away from such displays. Two different methods are proposed for calibrating personal parameters and gaze estimation, namely line of gaze (LoG) and line of sight (LoS) solutions. 2-D and 3-D estimation performances of the proposed system are observed both using computer simulations and the experimental setup. In terms of 2-D and 3-D performance criteria, LoS solution generates slightly better results compared to that of LoG on experimental setup and their performances are found to be comparable in simulations. 2-D estimation inaccuracy of the system is obtained as smaller than 0.5&deg / during simulations and approximately 1&deg / for the experimental setup. 3-D estimation inaccuracy of the system along x- and y-axis is obtained as smaller than 2&deg / during the simulations and the experiments. However, estimation accuracy along z-direction is significantly sensitive to pupil detection and head pose estimation errors. For typical error levels, 20cm inaccuracy along z-direction is observed during simulations, whereas this inaccuracy reaches 80cm in the experimental setup.