京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第21196号 / エネ博第370号 / 新制||エネ||72(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 晃彦, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 今谷 勝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Over time science has provided us with new materials and fabrication techniques making it possible to design and create more complex engineering components for service. If we are to include these materials in damage tolerant design efforts, engineers need to understand when/where degradation will occur in the engineering component. To do so it is imperative that micromechanical studies be conducted to understand the material behavior of the microstructural features including phases, build pattern features, and microstructural imperfections including cracks of new materials to validate any future modeling efforts. This dissertation will discuss the experimental and computational micromechanics of extruded and cast aluminum cerium alloys and selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. In Chapters 2 and 3, micromechanical experiments and computational efforts are carried out on extruded 52:1 Al-8Ce-10Mg alloy. Using in-situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing microcracking is observed in Al11Ce3 intermetallic after yield in the bulk alloy. In-situ digital image correlation tests observe the load sharing characteristics between the Al(Mg) matrix and the Al11Ce3 intermetallic before and after microcracking. Finally, that failure process is determined to be coalesce of microvoids leading to ductile damage failure. These results are used to create an experimental-computational framework to develop a crystal plasticity finite element model for extruded Al-8Ce-10Mg alloys. The calibrated model is used to perform multiple simulations evaluate the possible effect changes intermetallic content and grain orientation texture have on the mechanical strength of the alloy. The experimental and computational framework are expandable to other material systems not just Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 4, in-situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing is used to investigate how the matrix and intermetallic phases contribute to the failure behavior alloy of cast Al-11Ce- 0.4Mg alloy. The in-situ tests shows that after multiple points of crack nucleation, crack coalescence causes the subsequent failure to occur in the Al(Mg) matrix phase of the alloy, as seen by tortuous behavior. The cause of this crack behavior is determined to be due to the high strength match between the matrix and intermetallic phase, strong metallurgical bond between the two phases, and the size effect created by large eutectic colonies created during casting. The results of the experimental work are used to propose a 3D multiscale computational model of cast Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 5, micromechanical experiments are carried out on SLM 316L Stainless Steel with four different sets of varied processing parameters. Discontinuous yielding is observed in the lowest energy density sample caused by the strong [110] texture, optimal for dislocation slip, in the loading direction. The in-situ loading experiments are also able to capture the melt pool track deformation and crack formation that leads to the failure of these samples. This highlights the importance of micromechanical experiments for additive manufactured materials. / Doctor of Philosophy / As time has progressed new materials have been discovered that make it possible to design more complex parts for engineering design. To ensure the safety and reliability of these materials, engineers need to understand when/where damage will occur in a design. Micromechanical studies conducted at magnifications higher than human visible range allow engineers to explore where damage in materials initiates which would otherwise not be detected until after failure. The results of these studies can be used to build and test models of these materials. This dissertation will discuss the micromechanical studies of extruded and cast aluminum cerium alloys and selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. In Chapters 2 and 3, micromechanical experiments and computational techniques are performed on extruded Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 4, the failure behavior of cast Al-Ce alloys is examined in active tension using scanning electron microscopy. Finally, in Chapter 5, selective laser melted 316L stainless steel is studied and the results highlight the importance of micromechanical experiments for the new age of metal 3D printing.

No / Alpha phase sintering, sinter hardening, and mechanical properties of prealloyed Fe-1·5Mo base powder with and without additions of elemental Si, ferrosilicon, and carbon under various process conditions have been investigated. Liquid paraffin, as a new lubricating agent, was found to be useful in reducing segregation, interparticle and die wall frictions, as well as reducing ejection forces and die and tool wear. It was found that addition of Si to the base powder enhanced the sintering process by stabilisation of the alpha-phase and formation of two kinds of liquid phase at ~1045 and ~1180°C, corresponding to the solidus and liquidus temperatures, respectively. This addition increased the tensile strength of the as sintered Fe-1·5Mo from 174 to 445MPa owing to massive solid solution strengthening effect of Si. An optimum sinter hardenable alloy, of composition Fe-1·5Mo + 3Si + 1·2C, provided a high sintered density of 7·55g cm-3, tensile and bend strengths of7 64 and 1405MPa, respectively, with 2·5% elongation, after sintering at 1250°C for 1h under hydrogen or vacuum using moderate cooling rates of le20K min-1. Faster cooling rates caused brittleness and very low UTS for the high carbon steel. Full heat treatment improved the UTS by ~200MPa which was useful only for the high carbon steel with high cooling rates ge30K min-1. Depending on the cooling rate, the as sintered microstructures consisted of mainly fine or coarse pearlite, bainite, martensite, and some retained austenite with hardness in the range 250-720HV10. Some proeutectoid grain boundary cementites were also present in the as sintered high carbon steel. This work, therefore, has shown that high densities with acceptable microstructures and good mechanical properties are achievable with single stage compaction and single sintering operations by using the optimum process conditions and alloying composition without the need for a post-sintering heat treatment.

La dégradation par fretting-corrosion des prothèses de hanche cimentées est l’une des principales causes de réintervention chirurgicale. L’étude du fretting-corrosion est effectuée entre un acier inoxydable 316L, matériau utilisé pour les tiges fémorales, et un polymère PMMA, matériau modèle du ciment chirurgical, dans différentes solutions, plus ou moins proches du liquide physiologique.L’étude a d'abord été réalisée à potentiel libre (OCP) pour être proche des conditions in vivo. L’influence des chlorures et le rôle de l’albumine, principale protéine du liquide physiologique, sur la dégradation du 316L et de sa couche passive sont ainsi évalués.Pour pouvoir obtenir des informations sur le courant de corrosion, des essais sont effectués à potentiel imposé. Le potentiel choisi est proche de la valeur de potentiel pendant fretting : E = -400 mV(ECS). Ce potentiel permet d’observer la transition entre courant cathodique et courant anodique en fonction de la force ionique. Lors d’un essai de fretting-corrosion, l’albumine joue le rôle d’inhibiteur de corrosion.La dégradation du 316L par fretting-corrosion est une combinaison entre l’usure corrosive, due au milieu physiologique contenant des chlorures, et l’usure mécanique. Il existe un terme de synergie entre usures corrosive et mécanique. L’influence de la force ionique et de l’albumine sur ce terme de synergie est aussi quantifiée.La forme de la trace d’usure en “W”, caractéristique du fretting-corrosion, est due à un gradient de pH et à un mécanisme de corrosion proche de la corrosion caverneuse. Une étude à pH global imposé a permis d’estimer les valeurs probables de pH dans et à une courte distance de la zone d’usure. / In case of total hip joint cemented prosthesis, one of the most important causes of reintervention is the degradation induced by fretting-corrosion. The study of fretting-corrosion mechanism is conducted between a 316L stainless steel, the same material as the femoral stem, and a polymer PMMA, a model material for bone cement, in several solutions, more or less close to physiological liquid.First, the study was investigated at Open Circuit Potential (OCP), to be close to the in vivo conditions. The influence of chlorides and the role of albumin, the principal protein in the physiological liquid, on the 316L and its passive layer degradation are evaluated.To obtain some information on corrosion current, experiments are investigated at applied potential. The chosen potential is close to the value of the potential during fretting: E = -400 mV(SCE). Besides, this potential is a threshold potential for anodic and cathodic transition of current as a function of ionic strength. One of the key points is the role of albumin as a corrosion inhibitor in the degradation by fretting-corrosion.The 316L degradation by fretting-corrosion is a combination between corrosive wear, due to the physiological liquid which contains chlorides, and mechanical wear. There is a synergy term between corrosive and mechanical wears. The influence of ionic strength and albumin concentration on this synergy term is also quantified.The shape of the worn area in “W”, typical of fretting-corrosion, is due to a pH gradient and a corrosion mechanism close to crevice corrosion. A study where the global pH of the solution is fixed allows estimating values of pH in and at a short distance from the worn area.

Les premiers stades d'endommagement par fatigue au sein des matériaux métalliques polycristallins sont pilotés par les champs mécaniques locaux se développant à l'échelle des grains en surface. La formation de bandes de glissement persistantes est souvent à l'origine des fissures de fatigue. Cette localisation de la plasticité cyclique apparaît au sein de grains d'un polycristal dans lequel les champs de contraintes élastiques peuvent être fortement hétérogènes en fonction de la microstructure granulaire et de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline. La majeure partie de ce travail est consacrée à évaluer puis à analyser statistiquement les champs de contraintes au sein des grains de surface de polycristaux. Ce travail s'est concentré sur la réponse élastique des matériaux considérés afin d'étudier l'activation du glissement plastique et sa variabilité, puis, de façon un peu moins directe, ses conséquences vis-à-vis de la formation des fissures de fatigue. La méthodologie retenue est basée sur la simulation numérique en champs complets par éléments-finis de la réponse élastique d'un ensemble d'agrégats polycristallins dont les orientations cristallographiques sont tirées aléatoirement.Deux matériaux très différents du point de vue de l'élasticité cristalline et des systèmes de glissement ont été choisis comme support de l'étude. Le premier est l'acier inoxydable austénitique 316L à structure cubique à faces centrées et le second l'alliage de titane TA6V à structure hexagonale compacte. Les distributions de la cission résolue au sein d'ensembles de grains de surface, par classe d'orientation, sont analysées en relation avec les configurations cristallographiques locales afin d'identifier celles qui favorisent - ou au contraire inhibent - l'activation du glissement plastique. Les résultats obtenus, dans le cas du TA6V, suggèrent notamment une activation plus précoce et importante du glissement basal devant le glissement prismatique. De plus, la stratégie de simulation a été adaptée pour rendre compte de la présence de zones texturées appelées « macrozones » dont l'influence sur l'activation de plasticité peut être qualitativement prédite. L'activation du glissement dans le TA6V est également étudiée expérimentalement par la réalisation d'un essai in situ sous MEB où la précocité du glissement basal est constatée.Cet essai a également permis de caractériser la cinétique d'activation des différents types de glissements. Ces données, couplées aux statistiques des cissions simulées, permettent une estimation de la cission résolue critique sur les 2 types de glissement. / The first stages of fatigue damage in metallic polycrystalline materials are governed by local mechanical field at the grain scale. Fatigue crack initiation is often related to the emergence of persistent slip band at surface.Localization of cyclic plasticity occurs within grains of polycristals in which elastic stress field can be highly heterogeneous due to the granular microstructure and crystalline anisotropic elasticity. The main goal of this study is to evaluate and analyse statistically the stress fields in surface grains of polycristals. In this work, the elasticregime only is considered in order to study the subsequent activation of plastic slip and its variability. The possibleconsequences regarding crack formation are also addressed but in a lesser extent. The methodology is based on fullfield finite element numerical simulation of the elastic response of a set of polycrystalline aggregates in which grains orientation is chosen randomly.The two materials chosen for this study exhibit different characteristics regarding crystal elasticity and slip systems.The first one is an austenitic stainless steels 316L (face centered cubic) and the second one a titanium alloy TA6V(hexagonal close packed). The distribution of resolved shear stress within several sets of surface grains, for different classes of crystal orientation, are analysed in relation to local crystallographic configurations in order to identify those which promote - or prevent from - plastic slip activation. For TA6V, the results suggest in particular that basal slip is activated earlier than prismatic slip. In addition, the simulation strategy has been modified tomodel the presence of some sharp band-like crystallographic textures named “macrozones” whose influence has been qualitatively predicted. Plastic slip activation in TA6V is also studied experimentally. In situ tensile test using SEM has shown the earlier activation of basal slip. Experimental data has been combined with simulated distribution of resolved shear stress in order to estimate the critical resolved shear stress of basal and prismatic slip systems.

Le domaine automobile utilise des alliages légers d’aluminium dans la fabrication des pièces volumineuses du moteur thermique afin d’améliorer son rendement énergétique. Cependant, leurs propriétés sont insuffisantes pour pouvoir faire face aux contraintes thermomécaniques du moteur en service qui requièrent des matériaux à haute performance. Une solution innovante est l’application d’un revêtement par projection par gaz froid dite « cold spray » à base d’acier inoxydable AISI 316L aux dimensions et aux propriétés adaptées aux sollicitations locales. Ce procédé repose sur la projection à haute vitesse de particules de poudre sur un substrat, qui, déformées en « splats » à l’impact, adhérent pour créer un revêtement. Cette étude a pour ambition de comprendre les mécanismes d’endommagement thermomécanique de revêtements cold spray composites à base de 316L. Pour cela, les étapes de l’élaboration des revêtements, les paramètres de projection et les poudres de l’étude sont détaillés. Des revêtements de 316L pur sont réalisés ainsi que des analyses microstructurales par microscopie optique, MEB, chimiques par EDX et cristallographiques par EBSD et DRX, afin d’étudier l’influence du procédé cold spray sur la poudre initiale. Les interfaces entre les splats, constituants majeurs dans la cohésion des revêtements, sont étudiées en détail au MET. Puis, des éléments d’addition moins durs de cuivre et plus durs d’alliage de nickel Tribaloy 700 (Ni700), sont incorporés dans les mélanges de poudres avec l’acier afin de créer des revêtements composites. La modification de la microstructure et de la qualité des interfaces par la création de matériaux composites est alors abordée. Enfin, ces matériaux sont éprouvés et comparés grâce à des essais quasi statiques de dureté et de traction, et dynamiques d’impact-glissement. Les résultats et les observations locales de la réponse de la microstructure à ces sollicitations macroscopiques permettront d’envisager les mécanismes d’endommagement de ces revêtements cold spray. / Aluminum alloys are commonly used in the automotive industry for lightening and power gain of thermal engines. However, thermomechanical properties are not often high enough to undergo the in-service stresses while the engine is running. High performance materials are needed. A novel approach to reach these high performances is to develop specific coatings using the cold spray route. This thermal spray process is based on the plastic deformation of sprayed powders at a supersonic velocity onto a substrate resulting in so called « splats » and stick to the surface. In this thesis, thermomechanical damage of cold-sprayed 316L-matrix composite coatings are studied. Prior to the study of composites, the elaboration steps of 316L in the cold spray coatings are established. Powder and coatings are studied to determine the influence of the cold spray process. Microstructural analyse involved optical microscopy, SEM, chemical analysis EDX and image analysis. Cristallographic analyse were performed by EBSD and DRX. Interfaces between splats are specifically studies by TEM. These consist of a crucial actor in the cohesion of coatings. Then, softer powder of Cu and harder powder of Ni700 are mixed with 316L and cold sprayed to build composite coatings. Their influence on the microstructure through the creation of new interfaces is observed. Last but not least, mechanical properties of the different coatings are compared. Hardness and tensile tests are used for quasi-static loading characterization whereas impact-sliding tests are used for dynamic loading characterization. Results and the local observation of the microstructural response to these macroscopic loadings give an insight into major damage mechanisms of cold sprayed composite coatings.

Metalurgia do pó é o uso de metais na forma de pó para a manufatura de produtos. Pós metálicos são combinados (misturados) e compactados em um molde. O material compactado recebe um tratamento térmico ou é sinterizado em um ambiente controlado para a união das partículas para formar um produto denso e resistente. Injeção de pós metálicos tem se destacado mundialmente na produção de componentes de pequenas dimensões e formas complexas em substituição a fundição sob pressão e a sinterização convencional. Atualmente a injeção de pós metálicos está se tornando uma opção competitiva relativamente à peças fundidas, forjadas, usinadas e estampadas. O presente trabalho revisa as técnicas de injeção de pós metálicos e aplica o processo de injeção à baixa pressão utilizando pó de aço inoxidável 316L com granulometria fina (15 &#956m). Os produtos injetados, uma vez extraídos o VO e sinterizados, foram submetidos à ensaios de tração, dureza e micrográficos. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados e discutidos. O trabalho, para a sua viabilização, incluiu a reforma de uma injetora de bancada à baixa pressão e a construção de moldes de injeção. / Powder metallurgy is the use of metals in the powder form for the manufacture of products. Metallic powders are combined (mixed) and compacted in a die. The compacted material receives a thermal treatment or it is sintered in an controlled atmosphere for the particle binding to form a dense and resistant product. lnjection of metallic powders has if globally highlighted in the production of components of small dimensions and complex forms in substitution the pressure casting and the conventional sintering. Nowadays the injection of metallic powders is becoming relatively a competitive option than casting, forging, machining and stamping. The present work revises the techniques of injection of metallic powders and it applies the injection process to the low pressure using powder of stainless steel 316L with fine granulation (15 &#956m). The injected products, once debinded and sintered, were submitted to tensile test, hardness and micrography. The results are presented and discussed. In this work, included the reform of a low pressure injection machine and construction of injection dies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeilianeAO.pdf: 1040153 bytes, checksum: 7b51c6820dc4a457d8c742b3fc25c179 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The present work shows a contribution to the studies of development and solid sinterization of a metallic matrix composite MMC that has as starter materials 316L stainless steel atomized with water, and two different Tantalum Carbide TaC powders, with averages crystallite sizes of 13.78 nm and 40.66 nm. Aiming the metallic matrix s density and hardness increase was added different nanometric sizes of TaC by dispersion. The 316L stainless steel is an alloy largely used because it s high resistance to corrosion property. Although, its application is limited by the low wear resistance, consequence of its low hardness. Besides this, it shows low sinterability and it cannot be hardened by thermal treatments traditional methods because of the austenitic structure, face centered cubic, stabilized mainly in nickel presence. Steel samples added with TaC 3% wt (each sample with different type of carbide), following a mechanical milling route using conventional mill for 24 hours. Each one of the resulted samples, as well as the pure steel sample, were compacted at 700 MPa, room temperature, without any addictive, uniaxial tension, using a 5 mm diameter cylindrical mold, and quantity calculated to obtain compacted final average height of 5 mm. Subsequently, were sintered in vacuum atmosphere, temperature of 1290?C, heating rate of 20?C/min, using different soaking times of 30 and 60 min and cooled at room temperature. The sintered samples were submitted to density and micro-hardness analysis. The TaC reforced samples showed higher density values and an expressive hardness increase. The complementary analysis in optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and X ray diffractometer, showed that the TaC, processed form, contributed with the hardness increase, by densification, itself hardness and grains growth control at the metallic matrix, segregating itself to the grain boarders / O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribui??o ao estudo do desenvolvimento e sinteriza??o s?lida de um Comp?sito de Matriz Met?lica CMM que tem como materiais de partida um a?o inoxid?vel 316L atomizado a ?gua, e duas partidas diferentes de Carbeto de T?ntalo TaC, com tamanhos m?dios de cristalitos de 13,78 nm e 40,66 nm. Objetivando aumentar a densidade e dureza da matriz met?lica foi adicionado, por dispers?o diferentes part?culas nanom?tricas de TaC. O a?o inoxid?vel 316L ? uma liga largamente utilizada pela sua propriedade de alta resist?ncia ? corros?o. Contudo, sua aplica??o ? limitada pela baixa resist?ncia ao desgaste, conseq??ncia da sua baixa dureza. Al?m disso, apresenta baixa sinterabilidade e n?o pode ser endurecido pelos m?todos tradicionais de tratamentos t?rmicos, devido a sua estrutura austen?tica, c?bica de face centrada, estabilizada principalmente pela presen?a do N?quel. Amostras de a?os adicionadas com 3% em peso de TaC (cada amostra com carbetos de partidas diferentes), seguiram uma rota de moagem mec?nica em moinho convencional por 24 horas. Cada uma das amostras resultantes, assim como amostras do a?o puro foram compactados a 700 MPa, a frio, sem nenhum aditivo, uniaxialmente, em uma matriz cil?ndrica de 5 mm de di?metro, em quantidade calculada para ter uma altura m?dia final do compactado de 5 mm. Posteriormente, foram sinterizadas em forno a v?cuo, em temperatura de at? 1290? C com incremento de 20 ?C por minuto, sendo mantidas neste patamar por 30 ou 60 minutos e resfriadas ? temperatura ambiente. As amostras sinterizadas foram submetidas aos ensaios para a medi??o da densidade e da micro-dureza. As amostras contendo o refor?o de TaC apresentaram maiores valores de densidade e um aumento significativo na sua dureza. As an?lises complementares no microsc?pio ?tico, no microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura e no difrat?metro de raios-X, mostram que o TaC, na forma processada, contribuiu com o aumento da dureza, pela densifica??o, pela sua pr?pria dureza e pelo controle do crescimento dos gr?os da matriz met?lica, segregando-se nos seus contornos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcianoF.pdf: 4534279 bytes, checksum: c57f1201db2e0c16d64c992932b57fc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for H?gan?s (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (? 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290?C, heating rate 20?C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values / O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribui??o ao estudo da sinteriza??o s?lida de um a?o inoxid?vel 316L, com o objetivo de aumentar a sua densidade e dureza atrav?s da inclus?o de part?culas nanom?tricas de Carbeto de Ni?bio - NbC. O a?o inoxid?vel 316L ? uma liga largamente utilizada pela sua propriedade de alta resist?ncia ? corros?o. Contudo, sua aplica??o ? limitada pela baixa resist?ncia ao desgaste, conseq??ncia da sua baixa dureza. Al?m disso, apresenta baixa sinterabilidade e n?o pode ser endurecido pelos m?todos tradicionais de tratamentos t?rmicos, devido a sua estrutura austen?tica, c?bica de face centrada, estabilizada principalmente pela presen?a do N?quel. Os materiais de partida empregados neste trabalho foram o a?o inoxid?vel, austen?tico 316L atomizado a ?gua, com tamanho de part?culas (D50) equivalente a 95μm, e duas partidas diferentes de NbC, com tamanhos m?dios de cristalitos de 16,39 nm e 80,35 nm. Amostras de a?os adicionadas com 3% em peso de NbC (cada amostra com carbetos de partidas diferentes), seguiram rotas diferenciadas de moagem mec?nica. A rota 1 (R1) em um planet?rio por uma hora, a rota 2 (R2) e rota 3 (R3), em moinho convencional por 24 e 48 horas respectivamente. Cada uma das amostras resultantes, assim como amostras do a?o puro foram compactados a 700 MPa, a frio, sem nenhum aditivo, uniaxialmente, em uma matriz cil?ndrica de 5 mm de di?metro, em quantidade calculada para ter uma altura m?dia final do compactado de 5 mm. Posteriormente, foram sinterizadas em forno a v?cuo, em temperatura de at? 1290? C com incremento de 10 ?C por minuto, sendo mantidas neste patamar por 30 ou 60 minutos e resfriadas ? temperatura ambiente. As amostras sinterizadas foram submetidas aos ensaios para a medi??o da densidade e da micro-dureza. As amostras contendo o refor?o de NbC apresentaram maiores valores de densidade e um aumento significativo na sua dureza. As an?lises complementares no microsc?pio ?tico, no microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura e no difrat?metro de raios-X, mostram que o NbC, na forma processada, contribuiu com o aumento da dureza, pela densifica??o, pela sua pr?pria dureza e pelo controle do crescimento dos gr?os da matriz met?lica, segregando-se nos seus contornos

Un nouveau concept d'échangeur de chaleur compacte est développé afin d’améliorer les performances du système de conversion d'énergie pour le réacteur ASTRID. La fabrication de géométries complexes (canaux rectangulaires millimétriques) est possible grâce au procédé de soudage diffusion : des tôles rainurées en acier inoxydable 316L sont empilées en conteneur et soudées lors d'un cycle de Compaction Isostatique à Chaud (CIC). La problématique est alors d'obtenir des interfaces résistantes tout en limitant la déformation des canaux nuisible à l’efficacité de l’échangeur. Pour arriver au meilleur compromis, les travaux de cette thèse vont aider à l’optimisation des paramètres pression/temps/température du cycle de CIC.Le premier axe de travail porte sur la simulation numérique de la déformation d’un tel échangeur lors de la CIC. L’influence des paramètres numériques (taille des éléments, critère de convergence) a été étudiée afin d’optimiser la précision et la vitesse des calculs. Les simulations ont mis en évidence l’importance des défauts d’empilements de la structure (glissements et ondulations des tôles) dans l’augmentation de la déformée de l’échangeur. Puis une caractérisation mécanique poussée des tôles laminées a mené à l’identification d’une loi de comportement entre 20°C à 1040°C.Le second axe porte sur la modélisation de l'évolution des interfaces lors du soudage diffusion et la prédiction de la tenue mécanique de ces dernières, l'ensemble pouvant mener à la définition d'un critère de validité des interfaces.Une étude microstructurale et mécaniques des interfaces a permis d’établir une corrélation entre la tenue mécanique d’un joint soudé-diffusé et son taux de surface soudée. En effet, la disparition de la porosité résiduelle est le critère principal pour obtenir de bonnes propriétés mécaniques à l’interface. Toutefois, le franchissement de l’interface par les joints de grains, est nécessaire pour retrouver les propriétés des tôles laminées. Un modèle analytique de fermeture des porosités (Hill et Wallach) est utilisé pour calculer le taux de surface soudée d’une interface en fonction des paramètres du cycle de CIC en modélisant la contribution des mécanismes (visco)plastique et diffusifs (en surface et au joint). Associé à la corrélation entre tenue mécanique et taux de surface soudée, il permet de proposer un outil prédictif pour la tenue mécaniques des interfaces soudé-diffusées. / A new concept of compact plate heat exchanger is developed for the energy conversion system performances of the ASTRID reactor. Manufacturing the complex geometry is possible by a diffusion-welding process: engraved 316L stainless steel plates are stacked and bonded during a Hot Isostatic Pressing cycle (HIP). The problematic is to get strong interfaces without deforming the channels which is harmful for the exchanger efficiency. To reach a good compromise, this thesis work will help to optimize the HIP parameters (pressure/temperature/ time).The first line of work is about the simulation of the heat exchanger deformation along manufacturing process. The influence of numerical parameters (elements size, convergence criterion) was studied to optimize the accuracy and the calculation time. Simulations have shown the importance of structure stack faults (sliding and plate ripples) in the increase of exchanger deformation. Then, a mechanical characterisation of plates was carried out to identify the constitutive equation between 20°C and 1040°C.The second line is about the interface modelling along welding and the prediction of their mechanical strength, as a whole can lead to the definition of an interface acceptability criterion. A microstructural and mechanical study has enabled to correlate the mechanical strength of a diffusion-bonded junction and its bonded area. Indeed, residual porosity disappearance is the main criterion to get good interfaces mechanical strength. However, the grain boundary migration is required to reach the rolled material properties. A void closure analytical model (Hill and Wallach) was used to estimate the bonded area of an interface according to HIP cycle parameters by modelling the contribution of (visco)plastic and diffusion (surface and boundary) mechanisms. Associated with the correlation between mechanical strength and the fraction of bonded area, it enables to propose a predictive tool for the mechanical strength of diffusion-bonded interfaces.