Thomas Marill. / "October 30, 1956." "This report is based on a thesis submitted to the Department of Economics and Social Science, M.I.T., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, June 1956." / Bibliography: p. 73. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-64637 Dept. of the Army Task No. 3-99-06-108 Project No. 3-99-00-100

Maxwell&rsquo / s thought experiment on a demon performing microscopic actions and violating the second law of thermodynamics has been a challenging paradox for a long time. It is finally resolved in the seventies and eighties by using Landauer&rsquo / s principle, which state that erasing information is necessarily accompanied with a heat dumped to the environment. The purpose of this study is to describe the heat dumped to the environment associated with erasure operations on quantum systems. To achieve this, first a brief introduction to necessary tools like density matrix formalism, quantum operators and entropy are given. Second, the Maxwell&rsquo / s demon and Szilard model is described. Also the connection between information theory and physics is discussed via this model. Finally, heat transfer operators associated with quantum erasure operations are defined and all of their properties are obtained.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:04:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO MARCELO DA SILVEIRA.pdf: 1755449 bytes, checksum: 0ce48ac9cf6fd238f8ac316804b52800 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study seeks to understand the reasons/motivations that led to the Federative Republic of Brazil to choose historically roads as the main means of inducing national development, despite the gigantism of its territory and its consequent diversity of economic, social and environmental realities. To this, it was performed a choice s analysis for maintaining this standard in the context of the twenty-first century, focusing on the work of the BR-319 s reconstruction project, that connects Manaus (AM) to Porto Velho (RO), which is quite elucidative, since this was a road designed and built in one of the key moments of national road transport boom and that although it was completely paved it not remained functional. Thus, the paper aims to show the road s peculiarities through of the strength of this country development project, even in highly diverse context and, especially, at a time in that various parts of the world is discussing new ways or rationales for the socio-economic and environmental, is still present in the Brazilian government proposals. / O presente trabalho busca compreender as razões/motivações que levaram a República Federativa do Brasil a optar historicamente pelo modal rodoviário como principal meio de indução do desenvolvimento nacional à revelia do gigantismo territorial e de sua consequente pluralidade de realidades econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise da escolha pela manutenção deste padrão no contexto do século XXI, tendo como recorte do trabalho o projeto de reconstrução da BR-319, que liga Manaus (AM) a Porto Velho (RO), que é bastante elucidativo, visto que esta foi uma estrada projetada e construída num dos principais momentos de boom rodoviarista nacional e que, apesar de ter sido completamente pavimentada, não se manteve funcional. Assim, o trabalho pretende demonstrar, através das peculiaridades desta estrada, a força desse projeto de desenvolvimento no país que, mesmo em contextos extremamente diversos e, especialmente, num momento em que em diversas partes do mundo se discutem novas formas ou racionalidades para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e ambiental, se mantém presente nas propostas governamentais brasileiras.

因應多變的市場環境，近年來「事件行銷」已成為各大企業熱門的行銷手法。本研究以天下雜誌主辦的「微笑台灣319鄉」活動為個案，從活動參與者觀點來了解企業舉辦事件行銷活動的成效。本研究首先進行針對活動參與者進行焦點團體訪談，以得知民眾實際參與情形，並參考過去相關研究發展出調查問卷，透過網路連結方式收集資料，探究活動參與者的特性、參與動機、參與行為、整體活動滿意度及忠誠度，以及參與此事件活動對企業產品交叉購買意願（購買天下雜誌產品）。同時本研究也深度訪談天下雜誌內部主管及相關企劃人員，以了解「微笑台灣319鄉」活動架構與運作模式等。本研究成果可針對此事件活動提出具體建議，並提供未來企業界在策劃類似活動時之參考。

In this study, the effect of surface crystallography on hydrogen molecule adsorption properties on FeTi surfaces is presented. Furthermore, the substitutional adsorption of 3d-transition metals on (001), (110) and (111) surfaces of FeTi is studied. Using ab initio pseudopotential methods, the adsorption energies of hydrogen and 3d-transition metals are calculated. In substitutional adsorption of 3d-transition metals, Fe-terminated (111) and Ti-terminated (001) surfaces, are found to express the lowest adsorption energies. The adsorption energy versus adsorbed elements&rsquo / curves are very alike for all the surfaces. According to this, going from the left to right of periodic table, the adsorption energies increase first. The maximum energy belongs to Cr, Mn and Fe for all the surfaces. Then a minimum is observed in Co for all the surfaces and after that the energy increases again. Adsorption energies of atomic and molecular hydrogen are calculated on high symmetry sites of surfaces. As a result, top and bridge sites came out to be the most stable positions for molecular and atomic hydrogen adsorption, respectively, for (001) and (111) surfaces in all terminations. In (110) surface / however, 3-fold (Ti-Ti)L-Fe and 3-fold (Ti-Ti)S-Fe hollow sites express the lowest adsorption energies for molecular and atomic hydrogen, respectively. Considering the minimum adsorption energy sites for hydrogen molecule and atom, a path of dissociation of hydrogen molecule on surfaces is represented. After that by fully relaxing the hydrogen molecule on the surface and using CI-NEB method the activation energy for hydrogen dissociation is calculated. So it has been found that on Fe-terminated (111) and FeTi (110) surfaces the dissociation of hydrogen molecule happens without activation energy. Meanwhile, the activation energy for Fe-terminated (001) surface and Ti-terminated (001) surface, is calculated to be 0.178 and 0.190 eV, respectively.

In this study, effects of changes in various parameters of the Bayer process on the amount of &ldquo / red mud&rdquo / , which has many environmental drawbacks, were examined in accordance with the principles of &ldquo / sustainable development&rdquo / . The production process of SeydiSehir Aluminum Plant is modeled as a case study. First a steady-state mass balance calculation is carried out by incorporating sequential modular approach. Then a model of the Bayer process digester is programmed and several simulations are carried out using this model. Results of the mass balance calculation revealed that changes in the extent of the digestion reaction, which is a function of temperature and caustic concentration, and washing efficiency may have a 2.07% decrease on the amount of red mud produced,which implies nearly 10,000 tons of decline per annum, while amount of hydrate produced is increased by 4.52%. A 7.40 % decrease on the amount of red mud produced on dry basis per kg of hydrate was found to be achievable. Optimum operating temperature for the digester was calculated as 277.3 &deg / C.

We study in this thesis work the spectroscopic and thermodynamic quantities of some substances such as ammonium halides (NH4Cl, NH4I), ferroelectric crystals of tris-sarcosine calcium chloride (TSCC), tris-sarcosine calcium bromide (TSCB), organic compounds of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and s-triazine (C3N3H3) close to the phase transitions. Various physical and chemical properties of those materials have been measured near the critical points and have been reported in the literature. In this study, the spectroscopic parameters of the frequency shifts, intensity and bandwidths are calculated as functions of temperature or pressure near the phase transitions in ammonium halides using the experimental data from the literature. The spectroscopic parameters are related to the crystal volume and the specific heat in these compounds. The thermodynamic quantities of the specific heat, thermal expansion and the isothermal compressibility are also calculated in the solid and liquid phases of carbon tetrachloride using the experimental data. In another part of this thesis work, we analyze the temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization and the dielectric susceptibility at fixed pressures for TSCC and TSCB by using the experimental data from the literature. The temperature dependence of the damping constant for the s-triazine is also calculated here close to the I-II transition. We use the theoretical models on the basis of the observations in the literature to calculate the critical behaviour of these physical quantities and we compare the results with the observed data. Various experimental studies in the literature give us the opportunity to find the proper way of fitting the calculated and observed results. This study gives us the chance of a better understanding of the critical behavior of the studied materials by verifying the values of some critical exponents and the types of transitions as expected by different theoretical models.

Capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) underground for thousands of years is one way to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases, often associated with global warming. Leakage of CO2 through wells is one of the major concerns when storing CO2 in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. CO2-injection candidates could be new wells, or old wells that are active, closed or abandoned. To prevent the leakage, the possible leakage paths and the mechanisms triggering these paths must be examined and identified. It is known that the leakage paths can occur due to CO2-rock interaction and CO2-water-cement interaction. Interaction between well cement and carbon dioxide has attracted much renewed interest because of its implication in geological storage of carbon dioxide. The diffusion of CO2-water through well cement is a long-term phenomenon which can take many thousand years. Partial pressure, porosity, permeability, cement type, moisture content and temperature are the factors that affect the carbonation of well cement. The objective of this research is to investigate the chemical reactions of the dissolved CO2 in the synthetic formation water with the plugs of well cement. Cement specimens were left in contact with CO2 saturated brine at 1100 psi and 65

In this thesis, a market is assumed with n competing buyers where price is an inverse linear function of the quantity supplied to the market. The buyers get engaged in Cournot competition, but may also collaborate on purchasing decisions from a supplier. The supplier offers a quantity discount, as the quantity purchased increases unit price decreases. Furthermore, the demand base in the market is uncertain, but the buyers may get a signal of the demand. In this setting, the value of collaboration, information sharing and non-linear pricing is analyzed.

Solar assisted single-stage absorption heat pump (AHP) was used to supply energy to a floor-heating system by using the exergy methods. An existing duplex-house,in Ankara, with a heating load of 25.5 kW was analysed. Heating loads of the spaces in the building were calculated and a floor heating panel was modelled for each space leading to the capacity of the AHP before it was designed. Solar energy was delivered to the evaporator and high temperature heat input delivered to the genarator are met by auxiliary units operating with natural gas.The solar energy gained by flat-plate collectors was circulated through AHP.The anaysis performed according to the storage tank temperature reference value if the water temperature leaving the storage tank exceeds a predetermined value it is directly circulated through the floor heating system. Exergue analysis were carried out with Mathcad program. Exergy analysis showed that irreversibility have an impact on absorption system performance.This study indicated which components in the system need to be improved thermally.A design procedure has been applied to a water-lithium-bromide absorption heat pump cycle and an optimisation procedure that consists of determinig the enthalpy, entropy ,exergy, temperature, mass flow rate in each component and coeficient of performance and exergetic coefficient of performance has been performed and tabulated.