This thesis examines, through the history of one infantry regiment, aspects of the Territorial Force, created in 1908, in its peacetime and wartime existence. It is a pioneering work of social history, since it concentrates on describing the social and organisational characteristics of a Regiment in both peace and war. Though the Leeds Rifles cannot be claimed to be a 'typical' Territorial Regiment, many of its characteristics were common to units of the Territorial Force and, through the history of this Regiment, a number of general themes, of morale, discipline, and attitudes, recruitment and organisational style can be explored. The opening section of the thesis describes the legacy of the Leeds Rifle Volunteers, 1859-1908, to the Territorial Regiment, and the local and social organisation continuities that can be perceived.. The remainder of the thesis is divided into the peacetime period, 1908-1914, where the "Citizen-soldier" of the Territorial Force was largely a citizen, and the wartime period, 1914-1918, where the soldierly elements were more necessary and notable. Similar themes and continuities pervade these two sections also, though increasingly from late 1916 the 'local' character of the Leeds Rifles became less central to the social history of the Regiment. The thesis offers a contribution to the general social history of the period 1908-1918, and to Leeds history in particular. It also seeks to place the experience of this one Regiment in the context of other studies of the social dynamics of "Western" military organisations and to make a contribution to the development of such studies. In an appendix, the methodological problems of an exploration of this type are also considered.

This thesis is an evaluation of the wartime experiences of the female agents of SOE F section and their post war representation through books, films and post-war publicity. The first section looks at selection and training and whether women were treated differently because of their sex, it also shows that the various wartime experiences of the women were different and unique, not fitting into a stock scenario and showing that not all agents who were captured were tortured or executed. The fascination with women agents is addressed and why it is they who have captured the public imagination, not the male agents. The next section provides two case studies, Odette Churchill and Violette Szabo, these two agents were both awarded the George Cross and have become household names. Odette was heavily involved in creating her own post war image and also contributed to that of Violette. The thesis assesses why these two agents have become renowned and how their constructions have influenced public perception of the SOE and caused myths and fictions to become part of the perceived popular wisdom. Odette's influence is discussed further in chapters that evaluate the role of film in the post war representation of the agents, 'Odette' and 'Carve her name with pride' are discussed in terms of how agents are represented, what liberties have been taken with the truth and the importance of historical accuracy in a film. The influence of the films 'Odette' and 'Carve her name with pride' over films made post 1958 and how they have contributed to the inconsistencies and myths that surround the world of SOE and its agents are investigated. An analysis of memorials to the women of SOE F section highlights the difficulties in memorialising such a diverse group of women. Issues that arise include politics, the need to commemorate, the form of the memorial, whether the memorial is site specific and what that means to its impact on visitors, whether the memorial is individual or collective and how a memorial can influence personal responses.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the English fleet in the reign of Edward III. Edward Ill's reign is usually portrayed by historians as being of some importance in the later development o~ pr<?fessional fleets and the later royal navy. In this thesis I have evaluated the fleet as it was in 1327, to examine the state of naval practice in the early . . fourteenth century. The navy at t)1e end of Edward Ill's reign has also' been examined to assess the various innovations occurred between 1327 and 1377. In addition the thesis is intended to provide an overview of how Edward Ill's fleets were formed and maintained. Fleets by Edward Ill's reigns were made up of shipping from a variety of sources. I have examined these in detail to determine their relative importance to the king's fleets and to explore the mechanisms by which these were integrated into a whole. I have also looked at the command structures of fleets, and how English forces were manned and equipped, in relation to their French adversaries. This also involves discussions of related matters such as the mechanisms by which English fleets were commanded, including studies of both Edward Ills admirals an~ the masters on his royal ships. There is also some investigation of naval custom and tradition in order to detennine the <?rigins of the naval traditions that provided the King of England with ships between 1327 and 1377. I have also included considerable discussion on ~he sbjects of contemporary naval strategy and tactics. This thesis is also intended to fit naval needs into the wider political framework of Edward Ill's government, al1.d to try to identify the impact naval needs had on English political and strategic thinking. Perhaps most importantly this thesis assesses the ways in which naval forces were employed by Edward Ill's government. It has peviously been asserted, particularly by Prince, that English forces were only used for defensive purposes or for supply. This view is contradicted by much of the evidence presented here. I have also attempted to identify the real uses to 'which the king's naval assets were put.

The thesis consists of seven chapters which highlight the importance of logistics to sustain conventional warfare; identifies shortcomings within NATO's Central Region of Europe, where the UK has committed forces; and suggests methods of overcoming some of the resource deficiencies by enhanced management. The first chapter defines logistics and highlights the importance of Central Europe to the NATO Alliance. The second chapter examines the albeit changing perspective and nature of conflict in the European Theatre. The third chapter identifies the different military logistics management systems used by the Central Europe NATO Allies and the Soviet forces; and draws interesting conclusions concerning the UK's logistics methods. The fourth chapter examines the sensitive subject of sustainability and logistic stock levels which includes an examination of the burden sharing debate. The fifth chapter defines and examines the concept of interoperability of military means and resources within NATO, an area of weakness. The sixth chapter outlines NATO command responsibilities for logistics in the Central Region, which is also a weak area. The seventh and final chapter summarises the key areas discussed in the preceding chapters and identifies means of improving NATO military logistics sustainability in Central Europe.

The Athenian hoplite was an impressive warrior. Throughout the Classical period, he demonstrated an unwavering willingness to close with and kill the enemies of Athens, whenever and wherever he was required to do so. This capacity for sustained and repeated combat is remarkable, especially since the Athenian hoplite was not a professional soldier, but an untrained amateur who was neither forced into battle, nor was he adequately remunerated for the risks he faced therein. When, therefore, he took his place in the phalanx, when he met his enemy in combat, when he fought, killed, and died, he did so largely as an act of will. Surprisingly, however, beyond the ideological explanation offered by Herodotus, which links patriotism and democratic self-determination with determined performance in combat, the precise origin of the Athenian hoplite's will to combat has hitherto remained unexplored. Recent scholarship, admittedly, has expertly examined the phenomenon of phalanx battle, and some excellent work on Athenian conceptions of manhood has been produced. Nevertheless, despite the enduring appeal of military history and the increasing demand for studies on the socio-psychological aspects of battle, no systematic analysis of the Athenian hoplite's psychological capacity for combat has been conducted. To address this lacuna, this thesis seeks inspiration from modem theories of combat motivation. Until recently, these theories presented the historian with a number of competing mono-causes. However, with the publication of Major Stephen Wesbrook's masterly work of scholarly synthesis, 'The Potential for Military Disintegration', the historian has at his or her disposal a holistic model of combat motivation, and by retrospectively applying it to the Athenian hoplite phalanx, this thesis will finally reveal how and why, without training, and in the absence of effective remunerative or coercive pressures, the Athenian hoplite repeatedly stifled his fears, mustered his courage, and willingly plunged himself into the ferocious savagery of close-quarters battle

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