This thesis describes a set of computer program control structures which permits the application of certain structured programming techniques to the IBM/360 assembly language (ALC). The control structures are implemented by programmerdefined instructions known as macros. A history of computer software is presented, providing a basis for the emergence of structured programming. A survey of the major concepts of structured programming with special attention to control structures and their significance to structured programming follows. The macros developed in this study include DO, ENDDO, LEAVE, CASE, and ENDCASE. They provide a looping control structure, a loop-escape construct, and a selective control structure. Examples of usage are given.

Key words: 360řfeed back, evaluation teacher's competences, teacher's competences Abstract: The theme of diploma work is evaluation of teacher's competencies. Work verifies possibility to use method of 360ř feedback for this evaluation. Work further describes method of 360ř feedback as a subject of research. Research methods used for verification of usability of 360řfeedback, are questionnaires and interviews. Work focuses on middle school teachers' competencies.

En hög rapporteringsgrad av egenkontroller är en förutsättning i dagens byggande. I varje projekt strävar alla parter mot att det både ska vara tids- och kostnadseffektivt. Egenkontrollen fungerar som en garanti för att rätt kvalitet på produkten hålls. Inte bara för beställaren men även för samhället och entreprenören själv. Denna studie har utförts i samarbete med PEAB Anläggning och har som huvudsyfte att undersöka företagets rutiner gällande egenkontrollsarbetet och därmed hitta möjliga förbättringar. Studien behandlar även vad de anställdas anser om dagens egenkontroller samt lyfter fram deras åsikter. Dessutom undersöks det hur PEAB Anläggnings pilotprojekt för BIM 360, som är ett digitalt system för hantering av bygghandlingar och dokument, har tagits emot av de anställda. En omfattande litteraturstudie har utförts för att ge information och kunskap inom ämnet. Från litteraturstudien har underlag för en enkätstudie och två intervjustudier skapats. Efter att resultatet analyserats och jämförts med litteraturstudien har det även diskuterats, både gällande resultat samt metod. För resultatet har förslag för möjliga förbättringsåtgärder lyfts fram. Förslagen kan leda till att PEAB Anläggning i framtiden kan utveckla sitt egenkontrollsarbete. Det kan i studien konstateras att det finns en del brister i dagens egenkontrollsarbete. En stor faktor är den krångliga administrationen. I studien har det även noterats att det finns ett engagemang bland de anställda att faktiskt arbeta och lära sig mer gällande förbättrad kvalitet och egenkontroller. Vidare bör PEAB Anläggning se över möjligheterna att utbilda sina anställda inom kvalitetssäkring och egenkontroller. / A high degree of self-inspection reports are essential in today's society where the construction is to be both time and cost effective. Self-inspections acts as a guarantee that the quality of the product is right. Not just for the customer but also for society and the contractor himself. This study has been prepared in cooperation with PEAB Anläggning and has as main purpose to examine the company's procedures regarding its own self-inspections work, and thereby find possible shortcomings. The study deals with employees' attitude towards today's self-inspections as well as highlighting their opinions. In addition, it examines how PEAB Anläggnings pilot project for BIM 360, a system for digital handling of construction documents is received by the employees. An extensive literature study was conducted to provide information and knowledge in the subject. From the literature study has the basis for a survey and two interview studies been created. After the results have been analyzed and compared with the literature study, it has also been discussed, both in terms of results and in terms of methods. The results have suggestions for possible improvement measures. The proposals could lead to the future development of PEAB Anläggnings self-inspections work. The study can confirm that there are some flaws in today's self-control work. A big factor is the complexity of the administration. In the study, it has also been noted that there is a commitment among employees to actually work and learn more regarding self-controls. Furthermore, PEAB Anläggning should look at the opportunities to train their employees in quality assurance and self-controls.

Nowadays, there has been an increasing interest in using 360degrees video in medical education. Recent efforts are starting to explore how nurse students experience and interact with 360degrees videos. However, once these interactions have been registered in a database, there is a lack of ways to analyze these data, which generates a necessity of creating a reliable method that can manage all this collected data, and visualize the valuable insights of the data. Hence, the main goal of this thesis is to address this challenge by designing an approach to analyze and visualize this kind of data. This will allow teachers in health care education, and medical specialists to understand the collected data in a meaningful way. To get the most suitable solution, several meetings with nursing teachers took place to draw the first draft structure of an application which acts as the needed approach. Then, the application was used to analyze collected data in a study made in December. Finally, the application was evaluated through a questionnaire that involved a group of medical specialists related to education. The initial outcome from those testing and evaluations indicate that the application successfully achieves the main goals of the project, and it has allowed discussing some ideas that will help in the future to improve the 360degrees video experience and evaluation in the nursing education field providing an additional tool to analyze, compare and assess students.

Språkliga och kulturella skillnader kan leda till komplikationer i den textila tillverkningen med tanke på att kommunikationen mellan beställare och producent ibland kan missförstås. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur man, med hjälp av avancerad fotografi, kan förenkla den sömnadstekniska kommunikationen mellan producent och leverantör. Framtagningen av resultatet har gjorts med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med två experter inom områdena fotografi samt produktion. Det har även utförts intervjuer med en inköpsassistent på ett stort internationellt svenskt modeföretag och en intervju med designer/inköpare vid ett mindre företag. Det har vid sidan av intervjuer utförts experimentella observationer där framtagning av en fungerande manual för 360° fotografering har skett. Uppsatsen tar upp delar av produktionsprocessen där producent och leverantör måste kommunicera. Det har i studien utformats en 360° metod som kan förbättra kommunikationen mellan producent och leverantör. Studien tar även upp huruvida en kvalitetsförbättring kan ske med hjälp av en 360° fotografering. I uppsatsen finns en framtagen manual på en komplett 360° metod som tydligt beskriver tillvägagångssätt. Författarna till denna studie har kommit fram till att tre av fyra prover som skickas mellan producent och leverantör kan ersättas av bilder från en 360° fotografering. / Lingual- and cultural differences can lead to complications in the textile manufacturing process, due to misunderstandings in communication between supplier and producer. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the technical communications between producer and supplier can be simplified through usage of photography. The results have been reached through interviews with two experts in the fields of photography and textile production. Interviews have been conducted, with an assistant buyer from a multinational Swedish cooperation and a buyer/designer from a smaller company. An experimental observation has also been carried out, where the development of a manual for the 360° photo shooting occurred. The thesis discusses the production process, in which the communication between the producer and the supplier takes place. A 360° method, which can improve the communication between producer and supplier have been designed in the study. The study also addresses the possibility of achieving a quality improvement through the usage of 360° photography. In the paper there is a manual designed for a complete 360° approach that clearly describes the procedure. The authors of this study concluded that three out of the four samples sent between producer and supplier can be replaced by images developed through 360° photography.

Abstract The digitalization of the society, the changing structures of education and the tightening resources have hastened the development of open learning environments. The aim of this study was to develop a ubiquitous 360° learning environment (360° ULE) on histotechnology (HT) education and evaluate its effects on student satisfaction and on HT knowledge in the biomedical laboratory science degree. In addition, the purpose was to provide systematic and transparent information on the development process. The study proceeded in two phases, i.e. development and evaluation. In the development phase, the criteria for ubiquitous learning environments (ULE) and the use in higher education were defined by a scoping review. Based on the review the first version of ULE was produced in the histotechnology (HT) context. The ULE was piloted in a study where an experimental group (n = 29) studied via ULE and a control group (n = 28) via a conventional web-based learning environment (WLE). The data was collected at the end of the term by an electronic questionnaire, and it was analyzed statistically. In the evaluation phase, the effects on the student's HT knowledge of (n = 115) and on satisfaction (n = 112) were evaluated in a quasi-experimental study. The data was electronically collected in the beginning and at the end of the term and analyzed statistically. The results from scoping review showed that the ULEs were not widely used in higher education. The criteria for ULEs were defined as flexibility, context-awareness, personalization and interactivity. These criteria were emphasized in the production of the ULE, evaluated in both phases. Based on the pilot study the flexibility, context-awareness and personalized operations were perceived as positive, whereas interactivity was seen as needing further development. In the final study, the students were very satisfied with the used ULE with significant improvements in their HT knowledge. Based on the results the development process of 360° ULE was stated as effective and valid. The process was described systematically and transparently. Further development, optimization, and evaluation was recommended when implementing the 360° ULE as a part of HT curricula in the biomedical laboratory science degree. / Tiivistelmä Yhteiskunnan digitalisoituessa, koulutuksen rakenteiden muuttuessa ja resurssien tiukentuessa avointen oppimisympäristöjen kehittäminen korkeakouluopetuksen tarpeisiin on välttämätöntä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehittää ubiikki oppimisympäristö (ULE) histoteknologian opetukseen ja arvioida sen vaikutuksia bioanalyytikko-opiskelijoiden tyytyväisyyteen ja tietoon histoteknologiasta. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa uutta tietoa, jota voidaan hyödyntää kehitettäessä tulevaisuuden oppimisympäristöjä ja arvioitaessa 360o -tekniikan laajempaa hyödyntämistä koulutuksen eri osa-alueilla. Tutkimus eteni kahdessa vaiheessa: oppimisympäristön kehittäminen ja sen vaikuttavuuden arviointi. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa määritettiin ULE:n kriteerit kartoittavan kirjallisuuskatsauksen menetelmällä ja kuvattiin niiden käyttöä korkeakouluopetuksessa. Tämän perusteella kehitettiin ULE:n ensimmäinen versio, histoteknologian (HT) opetukseen, jota käytettiin pilottitutkimuksessa. Koeryhmä (n= 29) opiskeli ULE:ssa ja vertailuryhmä (n=28) perinteisessä verkko-oppimisympäristössä (WLE). Aineisto kerättiin sähköisellä kyselyllä opetuksen jälkeen ja analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa arvioitiin ULE:n vaikuttavuutta opiskelijoiden tietoon histoteknologiasta (n=115) sekä tyytyväisyyttä (n=112) oppimisympäristön käyttöön. Aineistot kerättiin kvasikokeellisella asetelmalla bioanalyytikko-opiskelijoilta ennen ja jälkeen opetuksen. Aineistot analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Kartoittava katsaus osoitti ULE:n vähäisen käytön korkeakouluopetuksessa. Tärkeimmiksi kriteereiksi osoittautuivat joustavuus, tilannesidonnaisuus, personoidut toiminnot ja interaktiivisuus. Näitä ominaisuuksia painotettiin kehitystyössä ja arvioitiin molemmissa vaiheissa. Pilottitutkimuksen tulosten perusteella joustavuus, tilannesidonnaisuus ja personoidut toiminnot nähtiin positiivisina, kehitettävää interaktiivisuudessa, jonka perusteella ULE:a optimoitiin varsinaista tutkimusta varten. Tulosten mukaan opiskelijat olivat erittäin tyytyväisiä ULE:n käyttöön ja heidän osaamisensa vahvistui merkittävästi. Tulosten perusteella kehitysprosessi todettiin tehokkaaksi ja luotettavaksi. Prosessi kuvattiin järjestelmällisesti ja läpinäkyvästi. Tulosten perusteella suositellaan kehittämistyön ja optimoinnin jatkamista, jonka jälkeen ULE voidaan liittää osaksi bioanalytiikan HT opintoja ja opetussuunnitelmaa.

Research on secondary traumatisation suggests that there is a certain overlap in terminologies used in the literature that are related to the concept of secondary traumatic stress. These interchangeable concepts include vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, burnout and countertransference. The main aims of the current study are to investigate the differences between various terms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnout. The present research also aims to investigate the impact (direct and indirect influences) of secondary trauma on professionals working with victims and survived traumatized individuals. It was predicted that health workers who are exposed to psychological or physical traumas would experience secondary traumatic stress. In addition, it was also hypothesized that there would be gender differences in the intensity of secondary traumatic stress reactions. Longer years of employment were predicted to relate to lower levels of secondary traumatic stress. Furthermore, the profession would moderate the relationship between years of employment and secondary traumatic stress. A sample of 210 professional staff, working in several hospitals and private clinics, and representing health and social care councils in London, United Kingdom completed four self-reported questionnaires measuring secondary traumatic stress. Several hypotheses were postulated and tested using correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. The results showed that a majority of professionals working with traumatized patients displayed symptoms related to secondary traumatic stress, in particular those professionals new to the field. However, a greater reduction in symptoms was observed the longer an individual had spent in the profession. This finding has suggested years of experience may help professionals employ resiliency against severe traumatic events. Other interesting findings reported in this study suggested that females are inclined to experience higher secondary traumatic stress symptoms than males, regardless of years of experience. The reported findings seem to be consistent with previously undertaken research (Figley 1995; Miller and McGowen 2000; Robinson 2003; Sonneck and Wagner 1996; Stamm 2000). It should be emphasized here that extra care, attention and support are essential to new healthcare providers, especially during their first year of work. Researchers also need to develop intervention programmes that will assist healthcare providers in their vital work in trauma care settings – recognizing and dealing with the early stages of secondary stress symptoms and reactions is of the utmost importance.

There has been a significant increase in the number of people using club drugs and entering treatment for problematic club drug use in the United Kingdom. It has been suggested, based on socio-demographics, that the treatment needs of such users are different from those of users of traditional drugs, and consequently specialist club drug clinics were introduced. However, to date no research has explored the subjective experience of problematic club drug use to substantiate an understanding of users’ psychological treatment needs or the subjective psychological motivations to use club drugs, or how such users self-identify rather than being categorised in terms of socio-demographics. This research aims to answer these questions, with a focus on mephedrone, one of the most newly identified and popularly used club drugs in the United Kingdom. Semi-structured interviews with six male users of mephedrone were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings suggested that the subjective experience of mephedrone use is like that of traditional drug use, and consequently that corresponding users’ psychological treatment needs are similar. The subjective motivation to use mephedrone was primarily concerned with a want to appease identity distress, a common precursor to substance misuse. Users of mephedrone appeared to make sense of their problematic use by progressing through the stages of change. Moreover, findings implied that stigmatising beliefs operated within the drug-using community, which facilitated the social construction of mephedrone as harmless in comparison to traditional drugs. This perception was found to be further propagated by terminology such as “club drugs” that are used within the professional arena and represent mephedrone as “fun”. Not only did the socially constructed image of mephedrone as harmless and fun encourage its use, it appeared to prevent users self-identifying with the stereotypical identity of problematic substance misuse commonly associated with traditional drug use. This potentially acted as a barrier against users of club drugs seeking treatment from generalised services based on the needs of traditional drug use, thus highlighting the necessity for specialised club drug clinics. Implications of this research include introducing the under-represented area of problematic substance misuse to counselling psychology to promote the applicability of counselling psychologists to work in this field. This research fills the imperative training gap experienced by healthcare professionals based in the United Kingdom in relation to the understanding of problematic club drug use, and does so by providing subjective knowledge of the experience of problematic mephedrone use in order to develop the psychological treatments delivered. Furthermore, this research advocates the introduction of policies that would reduce the harm caused by mephedrone and demystify its socially constructed image. One such policy would be to suggest interventions to distribute information concerning the harms associated with mephedrone. Another would be to reframe the professional language used to describe club drugs. Lastly, this study highlights the need for further investigation into the stigmatising beliefs operating within the drug-using community that potentially act as a barrier preventing users of mephedrone from seeking treatment.

In der Abfallbilanz 2002 wurden die von den öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträgern bzw. beauftragten Dritten eingesammelten Abfälle dargestellt.

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