Η παρούσα διπλωματική ερευνητική εργασία μελετά τους παράγοντες που διαμορφώνουν την ποιότητα των υπόγειων νερών του νομού Ηλείας. Στην εργασία παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τις εργαστηριακές αναλύσεις 99 δειγμάτων νερού, που περιλαμβάνουν σημεία υδροληψίας από το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του νομού. Τα δείγματα αυτά συγκεντρώθηκαν στο πλαίσιο της τεχνικής έκθεσης με τίτλο «Έλεγχος της ποιότητας των υπόγειων νερών ύδρευσης των πλέον επιδεκτικών σε ρυπάνσεις πυρόπληκτων περιοχών του νομού Ηλείας» που ανέθεσε η Νομαρχία Ηλείας το 2008 στο εργαστήριο Υδρογεωλογίας, με επικεφαλής τον καθηγητή κ. Νικόλαο Λαμπράκη. Το γεωλογικό υπόβαθρο του νομού Ηλείας διαμορφώνεται από την Ιόνια ζώνη, τη ζώνη Ωλονού - Πίνδου, τη ζώνη Γαβρόβου Τρίπολης, Τριτογενείς γεωλογικούς σχηματισμούς και Τεταρτογενείς αποθέσεις. Στους Νεογενείς σχηματισμούς που εντοπίζονται και καλύπτουν το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του νομού, αναπτύσσονται υδροφόρα στρώματα που ταξινομούνται βάσει του προτύπου IAH/UNESKO του 1995. Οι σημαντικότεροι υδροφόροι ορίζοντες αναπτύσσονται στους σχηματισμούς Βούναργου και Χελιδονούς - Ολυμπίας, Καλαθά και στις ποτάμιες αναβαθμίδες Αλφειού και Ζαχάρως. Η περιοχή εμφανίζει έντονη τεκτονική με σημαντικότερες ρηξιγενείς ζώνες, τη ζώνη του Βούναργου, του Πράσινου, του Αλφειού και του Πελόπιου - Ολυμπίας. Με την επεξεργασία των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων των δειγμάτων στο πρόγραμμα Phreeqc 3.0 καταλήξαμε σε τρεις υδροχημικούς τύπους για τα νερά της Ηλείας. Επικρατεί ο τύπος Ca-HCO3 που φανερώνει φρέσκα νερά και κατανέμεται σχεδόν ομοιόμορφα στην περιοχή μελέτης. Ο τύπος Ca-HCO3-SO4 οφείλεται κυρίως στη διάλυση της γύψου των Νεογενών, στο κεντρικό τμήμα του νομού. Στον τύπο Ca-Na-HCO3 η ύπαρξη Νατρίου αποδίδεται σε διαδικασίες ιοανταλλαγής, παρουσία εβαποριτών της Ιόνιας ζώνης ή γειτνίαση με τη θάλασσα. Κανένα από τα παραπάνω στοιχεία δεν ξεπερνά ωστόσο τα όρια ποσιμότητας (Oδηγία 98/83/EC). Για τη στατιστική επεξεργασία των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε R-τύπου παραγοντική ανάλυση, με τη βοήθεια του προγράμματος SPSS 17.0. Για τη χωρική κατανομή των παραγοντικών τιμών που προέκυψαν χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος Ordinary kriging στο ArcMap 9.3. Επιλέχτηκε ένα τετραπλό παραγοντικό μοντέλο που εκφράζει το 75% της αρχικής πληροφορίας. Ο πρώτος παράγοντας συνδέει τη θερμοκρασία του υπόγειου νερού με το Λίθιο και το Βόριο και κατανέμεται στην ερύτερη περιοχή του Κατάκολου. Πρόκειται για μια γνωστή σχέση που ευνοείται από θερμομεταλλική κυκλοφορία υδάτων, έντονη τεκτονική, μεγάλους χρόνους παραμονής και βαθείς υδροφόρους. Ο δεύτερος παράγοντας συσχετίζει τον Σίδηρο και το Μαγγάνιο με αναγωγικά περιβάλλοντα στους υδροφόρους της περιοχής Αμαλιάδας - Πηνειού. Ο τρίτος παράγοντας απηχεί την αυξημένη συγκέντρωση Χρωμίου, Ουρανίου και Αρσενικού σε αναγωγικές συνθήκες, στο κεντρικό τμήμα του νομού. Τον τέταρτο παράγοντα αποτελεί το δυναμικό οξειδοαναγωγής που εμφανίζει αρνητικές τιμές στα αναγωγικά περιβάλλοντα και συνδυάζεται με τα αποτελέσματα του δεύτερου και του τρίτου παράγοντα. / The present master’s thesis examines and interprets the factors that influence the groundwater quality in Elia Prefecture, Peloponnese. Moreover it elaborates the results of the laboratory analysis of 99 water samples that have been collected in the frame of a technical assessment carried out in 2008 by the Hydrogeology Laboratory and its head professor Nikolaos Lamprakis. The assessment entitled “Drinking groundwater quality assessment of the most susceptible of contamination regions in Elia Perfecture that have been affected by fire” was assigned to the Hydrogeology Laboratory by the Regional Council of Elia. The geological background of Elia Prefecture is formed by the Ionian zone, the Olonos - Pindos zone and the Tripolis zone, as well as Tertiary formations and Quaternary alluvial. Inside the Neogene formations several water-bodies have been developed. These are classified according to the IAH/UNESCO standard of 1995. The most productive aquifers are those of Vounargon, Helidon - Olympia, Kalathas, Alfeios and Zacharo fluvial conglomerates. Intense tectonic activity occurs in the study area. The most important fault zones are those of Vounargon, Prasinon, Alfeios and Pelopion - Olympia. The physical and chemical parameters of the samples have been processed by Phreeqc 3.0 resulting in three hydrochemical types of groundwater in Elia. The prevailing type is Ca-HCO3 that indicates fresh water, which is evenly distributed over the study area. The dilution of the gypsum of the Neogene formations causes the Ca-HCO3-SO4 type to occur. The Potassium concentration in the Ca-Na-HCO3 type is attributed to ion-exchange processes, to the presence of evaporates or to the proximity of the aquifers to seawater. Nevertheless, the aforementioned concentrations were below the permissible limits (Directive 98/83/EC). The method used for the statistical analysis was R-type factor analysis that has been performed in SPSS 17.0. To acquire the spatial distribution maps of each factor Ordinary kriging interpolation method was used, in ArcMap 9.3. The statistical analysis resulted in a four-factor model that represents the 75% of the initial-values information. The first factor associates the groundwater-temperature to the presence of Lithium and Boron. It is the dominant factor over the area around Katakolo. It indicates a well-known relation which is a function of thermometallic water circulation, tectonic structures, long residence time and deep aquifers. The second factor expresses the relation of Iron and Manganese to reducing conditions in the aquifers of Amaliada and Pineia. Redox potential is the third factor. Its negative values point out reducing environments that are confirmed by the examination of the distribution maps of the second and third factor.

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Agricultural intensification has contributed to the degradation of freshwaters in the UK, through enhanced delivery of fine sediment and associated contaminants, leading to sedimentation and eutrophication. European legislation (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) and subsequent UK government initiatives such as Catchment Sensitive Farming (CSF) and Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC), aim to improve the quality of freshwaters. The DTC programme aims to find cost-effective ways to reduce agricultural diffuse water pollution. This study aimed to monitor rivers in the Hampshire Avon DTC with existing and planned mitigation measures, to measure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, and to develop an experimental design for wider application for pollution mitigation. The methods used and tested in this study were a combination of affordable, replicable and sustainable methods (in-stream sediment collection and water quality monitoring), more complicated, expensive, analytical laboratory methods (particle size, loss-on-ignition, geochemistry, mineral magnetism, environmental radionuclides), and sediment source fingerprinting. The mitigation measures were: improvement to farm infrastructure, a wooded and a grassed riparian buffer, and a constructed wetland and in-stream pond treatment train. The improved farm infrastructure (resurfacing of a farm track, installation of a retention pond, improvements to a drainage ditch) effectively reduced inputs of sediment and associated contaminants to the river, however, this had little positive impact on the river due to greater importance of inputs from other sources. The riparian buffers were reducing fine sediment and associated contaminant inputs laterally and from upstream, however, the effectiveness of the riparian buffers was undermined by a lack of riparian buffers upstream and by sub-surface field drains. Combined analysis of the river from the farm infrastructure in the headwaters (farm scale) to the wooded riparian buffer downstream (sub-catchment scale) showed a change in the dominant source of sediment. This highlighted that an experimental design would require monitoring at varying spatial scales, as individual farm scale mitigation measures may have little impact on an entire sub-catchment due to the importance of other sources from a larger drainage area. The constructed wetland and instream pond were not effective at reducing longitudinal delivery of fine sediment and associated contaminants due to issues related to maintenance and design, emphasising the importance of appropriate targeting, design, and maintenance of mitigation measures. The results from this study showed that the methods used would be suitable as part of an experimental design for wider application. Although complex and expensive, sediment source fingerprinting is essential for determining appropriate and cost-effective mitigation at farm and sub-catchment scales. Monitoring of the sediment and water quality using the affordable, replicable and sustainable methods could be managed by farmers and landowners across a dense spatial area, at a high temporal frequency, to ensure sustainable effectiveness of mitigation. There is a need for more co-working between policy makers and scientists to ensure appropriate funding and timescales for research are provided, and with farmers and landowners to improve understanding and vested interest in the contribution of agriculture to the degradation of water quality.

The Lusushwana River, which is within the Maputo River Basin, forms the western boundary of Matsapha, the most industrialized town in Swaziland. Current findings suggest that the Lusushwana River is polluted by industries within the town. What is not clear is the establishment of an association between the industries and the river quality, the extent of pollution in the river, and whether the river can meet national water quality objectives. Further, literature implies that the pollution causes impacts on the riverine ecosystem, health and livelihoods of the riparian communities; and that environmental monitoring, application and enforcement of legislation are weak. There is therefore a need for a detailed investigation on the pollution of the Lusushwana River to establish whether there is an association between the industries and the river quality; and the health and livelihoods impacts on the riparian communities and riverine ecosystem, with a view to recommending intervention measures to minimize the pollution taking into account social, technical, environmental, financial and institutional factors. The research was carried out at Matsapha, Swaziland. A mixed research methodology was adopted, which enabled the researcher to employ multiple data collection methods, which in turn provided the opportunity for data triangulation and as such enhanced the study‘s rigour, validity and reliability. The research took a deductive approach, and entailed a longitudinal experimental and cross-sectional survey design. Non-probability sampling methods in the form of snowball and purposive sampling were used to select an appropriate and representative sample that can be generalized. Data were collected using technical experiments, biotic index, semi-structured open ended questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. The questionnaires were self administered to 121 riparian communities‘ households, 3 environmental monitoring agencies and 26 proprietors of companies at Matsapha. Additionally, 15 key informants were interviewed. Water and wastewater samples were taken along the Lusushwana River, and at the wastewater treatment plant and industries. Statistical analysis of the data using PASW Statistics and Microsoft Excel led to the various findings from the research. The findings confirm the claim from literature that the anthropogenic activities at Matsapha pollute the Lusushwana River. The evaluation of the Lusushwana River showed microbiological, physical, organic and inorganic pollution to be most acute; but concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium were low. The biotic index showed the absence of macro-invertebrate species (e.g. damselflies) that are highly sensitive to oxygen-depletion pollution. The riparian communities suffer human health impacts, especially diarrhoea and skin problems, and are restricted in meeting their domestic and livelihood water needs by the quality of the Lusushwana River. This study has led to the conclusion that the Lusushwana River is polluted by the anthropogenic companies in the Matsapha industrial estate, but has revealed that there is also pollution upstream of Matsapha. The companies at Matsapha have environmental management procedures that are insufficient or ineffective; environmental awareness, education, monitoring and legislation enforcement is lacking, the riparian communities suffer health and livelihood impacts, and their complaints are not effectively addressed. Therefore the study recommends that effective monitoring, legislation enforcement, and collaboration of all stakeholders should be used to achieve effective wastewater management and to minimize pollution of the Lusushwana River and the associated impacts. The empirical findings of the study regarding the pollution of the Lusushwana River and its impacts on the riparian communities, as well as the need for effective monitoring, enforcement of legislation and collaboration of the stakeholders contribute to professional knowledge, academic research, policy and practice. Potential areas recommended for further research include studies on assessment of companies that need pre-treatment in order to minimize environmentally significant discharges into the Lusushwana River; and on how much pollution the river can receive and still meet national water quality objectives.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας εκτιμήθηκαν οι συστάσεις παράκτιων απορριμμάτων, καθώς και πηγές ρύπανσης των θαλάσσιων και χερσαίων απορριμμάτων στις ελληνικές ακτές. Η μη κυβερνητική οργάνωση «Δίκτυο ΜΕΣΟΓΕΙΟΣ SOS» βοήθησε στην καταγραφή των απορριμμάτων με τη συμβολή εθελοντών. Οι εθελοντές συμπληρώνοντας ειδικό φύλλο καταγραφής κατέγραψαν τα απορρίμματα τόσο ποσοτικά, όσο και ποιοτικά. Στα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν εφαρμόστηκε πολυδιάστατη στατιστική ανάλυση από την οποία αντλήθηκαν πληροφορίες, βάσει των οποίων κατηγοριοποιήσαμε τις ελληνικές ακτές ανάλογα με τις πηγές ρύπανσης τους, τόσο για το έτος 2010, όσο και για το επόμενο έτος 2011. / As part of this study evaluated the recommendations coastal litter and pollution sources of marine litter on land and Greek coasts. The non-governmental organization "Network MEDITERRANEAN SOS» helped in the recording of waste with the help of volunteers. Volunteers completing specific worksheet registered waste both quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the data collected was applied multidimensional statistical analysis from which information was drawn, whereby the Greek coast categorized depending on the sources of pollution, both for 2010 and for next year 2011.

Les sols des friches industrielles sont souvent multi-polluées et représentent des surfaces toujours plus importantes présentant de forts enjeux sociaux-économiques. Leur réhabilitation passe par une bonne compréhension du fonctionnement écologique des sols, qui, en plus d’être pollués, présentent des structures et des teneurs en nutriments souvent inhabituelles. Malgré cela, une recolonisation par la faune, la flore et les microorganismes est généralement observée. La capacité de ces nouvelles communautés à restaurer et maintenir les fonctions clés des sols reste à évaluer, et cela semble indissociable de la mesure d’une ou plusieurs fonctions écosystémiques. La décomposition de la litière est un processus écosystémique clef permettant la réalisation des cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et des nutriments. Les processus de la décomposition dépendent à la fois de ses acteurs (faune et microorganismes) et de la qualité de la litière végétale. De ce fait, la réponse de cette fonction écosystémique à la pollution du sol intègre les effets de cette pollution sur les communautés de plantes, d’animaux, et de microorganismes, ce qui en fait un indicateur potentiellement pertinent pour évaluer les effets de la pollution sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes du sol. L’objectif central de cette thèse a donc été d’étudier le fonctionnement des friches industrielles en se focalisant sur les effets délétères de la pollution des sols sur la décomposition de la litière de feuilles. L’hypothèse centrale découlant de cet objectif a été que la pollution des sols pouvait impacter la décomposition par deux voies d’action. (1) La première voie, directe, est constituée de l’ensemble des effets délétères que pourraient provoquer les polluants sur les acteurs de la décomposition dont dépend la bonne réalisation de cette fonction. (2) Concernant la deuxième voie d’action, nous avons supposé que la pollution, en entraînant des modifications de la physiologie des plantes, pouvait modifier les paramètres physico-chimiques de la litière et ainsi impacter de façon indirecte la décomposition des litières. Nos résultats ont permis de montrer l’absence de l’effet direct pour huit friches industrielles fortement polluées, et ce malgré des perturbations des communautés d’acteurs, avec notamment une augmentation de l’abondance des détritivores et une modification de la colonisation microbienne des litières sur les sites pollués. Ces résultats plaident en faveur d’une redondance fonctionnelle suffisante au sein de ces communautés, permettant de maintenir le processus de décomposition. Nous avons également montré un effet indirect positif de la pollution sur la décomposition. Cet effet résulte de l’amélioration systématique de la qualité de la litière, entraînant dans certains cas une augmentation de l’activité des acteurs de la décomposition. Par ailleurs, nous avons également montré une accumulation des polluants dans ces mêmes litières, en particulier le Zn et le Cd, polluants pouvant potentiellement produire des effets délétères sur les acteurs de la décomposition. Toutefois, la présence de ces ETM n’a pas semblé influencer la consommation des litières par certains acteurs de la décomposition de la litière. Cependant, ce résultat reste à valider in situ en présence de l’ensemble des communautés de détritivores. De nombreuses perspectives s’ouvrent à la suite de ces travaux. Parmi elles, il reste notamment à déterminer 1) quels sont les mécanismes (physiologiques) qui entrainent une augmentation de la qualité des litières produites sur les sols contaminés ? 2) comment des communautés différentes permettent d’assurer des taux de décomposition similaires ? et 3) quels sont les impacts de la consommation des litières provenant des sites contaminés sur le fonctionnement et la physiologie des détritivores ? / Brownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?

Adverse health effects from exposure to air pollution, although at present only partly understood, are a global challenge and of widespread concern. Quantifying human exposure to air pollutants is challenging, as ambient concentrations of air pollutants at potentially harmful levels are ubiquitous and subject to high spatial and temporal variability. At the same time, individuals have their very own unique activity-patterns. Hence exposure results from intertwined relationships between environmental and human systems add complexity to the assessment process. It is essential to develop a deeper understanding of individual exposure pathways and situations occurring in people’s everyday lives. This is important especially with regard to exposure and health impact assessment which provide the basis for public health advice and policy development. This thesis describes the development and application of a personal monitoring method to assess exposure to fine particulate matter in a variety of microenvironments. Tools and methods applied are tested with respect to feasibility, intrusiveness, performance and potential for future applications. The development of the method focuses on the application in everyday environments and situations in an attempt to capture as much of the total exposure as possible, across a complete set of microenvironments. Seventeen volunteers took part in the pilot study, collected data and provided feedback on methodology and tools applied. The low-cost particle counter applied showed good agreement with reference instruments when studied in two different environments. Based on the assessment of the two instruments functions to derive particle mass concentration from the original particle number counts have been defined. The application of the devices and tools received positive feedback from the volunteers. Limitations are mainly related to the non-weatherproof design of the particle counter. The collection of time-activity patterns with GPS and time-activity diaries is challenging and requires careful processing. Resulting personal exposure profiles highlight the influence of individual activities and contextual factors. Highest concentrations were measured in indoor environments where people also spent the majority of time. Differences between transport modes as well as between urban and rural areas were identified.

Increasingly, policy-makers rely on forecasts to set targets for environmental and health protection. I examine the UK Air Quality Strategies (AQS) for particulate matter (1997-2007). Here policy-makers select and articulate visions for technological and policy developments in order to set targets and policies to achieve them. Despite growing evidence for adverse health effects of particulates, challenging targets in 1997 were followed by two revisions of Objectives without introducing measures for reducing pollution. In 2007 more challenging targets were resumed. This thesis is a study of the formation and evolution of a policy framework: of the interactions and contrasting roles of scientific expertise, wider political discourse, and the ‘futures' presented by actors involved in the policy process. Sociology of Expectations has previously examined the roles of visions in innovation processes. I extended this framework to examine dynamics of visions in the policy-making process. My findings were based on analysis of visions and discourses identified in texts, model data, and interviews. Whilst none of the explanatory factors alone accounted the developments in the AQS, together they provide an explanation of change which highlights the role of learning by policy-makers . Visions for technological development articulated in each version of the AQS were in line with the dominant visions articulated in central government, but over time policy-makers responsible for the Strategy used them to present options for taking action on pollution. Co-construction of the AQS and modelled forecasts enabled policy-makers responsible for the Strategy to articulate visions for technologies and policies to promote taking action to reduce pollutants, and this led to the more action-oriented Strategy in 2007. This thesis proposes that visions can change more quickly than wider political discourses, and as such can provide opportunities for the introduction of new discourses.

This thesis explores the role of expert-led policy processes in addressing water quality. It does so by drawing on the ‘peri-urban' as a setting which exemplifies contemporary social and environmental challenges associated with river and groundwater pollution, as well as the health and livelihood implications for the poorest citizens in peri-urban areas. The peri-urban area of Ghaziabad, on the outskirts of New Delhi, provides a good reference point for understanding those challenges, while India's environmental regulatory agency (the Central Pollution Control Board) demonstrates how policy experts influence such a setting by enacting their institutional role and mandate. The thesis examines the ways in which problems associated with deteriorating water quality in peri-urban areas are often neglected in expert-led policy processes, and the consequent implications for peri-urban poor communities. It argues that expert-driven policy approaches to addressing water quality are formulated almost exclusively on scientific grounds, while underlying ‘non-scientific' decisions and choices, emerging from actors operating at levels from policy framing to policy implementation, are not awarded the same importance, thus ignoring issues that pertain to the social, environmental and political implications of the problems. By drawing on qualitative research, the thesis focuses on two case studies. One examines the Central Pollution Control Board's framing of policy initiatives while the other follows the implementation of such policies in peri-urban Ghaziabad. The thesis demonstrates how the scale of monitoring water quality is heavily biased towards national rather than local level priorities. This leads to an understatement of important water quality problems that affect peri-urban areas in favour of large-scale analyses of pollution in river basins. This has the effect of understating important water quality problems that affect peri-urban areas in poorer localities such as villages within the Ghaziabad district. The centrality of technical discourses in the articulation of and response to water quality problems makes it difficult for non-technical perspectives (derived directly from those people who are exposed to pollution) to feed into formal decision-making. This research also identified the key influence of a number of actors (municipal engineers, public health officials and district magistrates) in shaping and implementing policy outcomes on the ground in local contexts (i.e. peri-urban areas), even though their roles are often not recognised formally. The thesis is original in its attempt to merge insights from policy studies and science technology studies (STS) and apply them to the domain of water quality, a field that has not traditionally been subjected to critical social science inquiry. It also unpacks ethnographically the Board's dual role as both a policy advisor and regulator, and further illustrates how the enactment of these roles can lead to contradictory outcomes on the ground, particularly for the poorest periurban citizens.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι ο κίνδυνος ρύπανσης των αντλητικών γεωτρήσεων της ΔΕΥΑ Πάτρας από ρύπους που μεταφέρονται μέσα στο υδροφόρο στρώμα, τόσο μέσω του νερού που εμπλουτίζει τον υδροφορέα, όσο και από τοπικές ρυπάνσεις που προέρχονται από ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες. Σημειώνεται ότι ο υδροφορέας του Γλαύκου ποταμού είναι ένας σημαντικός ταμιευτήρας γλυκού νερού για την πόλη των Πατρών. Εξετάστηκε η εξάπλωση ρυπάνσεων που μπορούν να προέρχονται (i) από τον ποταμό Γλαύκο, (ii) από την περιοχή των χειμάρρων Διακονιάρη–Ελεκίστρας, (iii) από την περιοχή Σαραβαλίου–Κρήνης, όπου ο υδροφορέας του Γλαύκου εμπλουτίζεται πλευρικά με σημαντικές ποσότητες νερού που προέρχονται από τους ανάντη καρστικούς σχηματισμούς, (iv) από το νερό της βροχής που κατεισδύει στη μη αστικοποιημένη περιοχή του υδροφορέα και (v) από σημειακές ρυπάνσεις που μπορεί να προκύψουν σε περιοχές με έντονες ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες. Μια τέτοια περιοχή είναι η περιοχή της δημοτικής Λαχαναγοράς. Η διερεύνηση έγινε με το αριθμητικό μοντέλο MT3DMS (Zheng and Wang, 1999). Οι μηχανισμοί μεταφοράς που ελήφθησαν υπόψη είναι η μεταγωγή και η υδροδυναμική διασπορά. Θεωρήθηκε ότι οι ρύποι διαλύονται στο νερό χωρίς να επηρεάζουν την πυκνότητα και το ιξώδες του. Η διείσδυση του θαλασσινού νερού στην παράκτια ζώνη, η οποία επηρεάζει την ροή του γλυκού νερού προς τη θάλασσα, ελήφθη προσεγγιστικά υπόψη (βλέπε Κεφάλαιο 4). Τα υδραυλικά χαρακτηριστικά καθώς επίσης και τα μεγέθη του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου του υδροφορέα ελήφθησαν από την διδακτορική διατριβή του Ζιώγα (2013). / In this Master’s Thesis, the numerical simulation of groundwater contaminant transport in the coastal aquifer of Glafkos river is studied. The study region is located southwest of the city of Patras in Greece.