¡@¡@Under the uncertain and fast-changing business environment with price hikes, growing expenses, shrinking margin benefits, and increasing risks, how to reduce various items of operating expenses and enhance operating efficiency has become the primary subject for modern enterprises. This paper conducted a research on 3C hypermarket with its commodity characteristics---high level of same configuration pattern and lots of alternative substitutes, as well as its sales characteristics--- more and more hypermarket with increasingly bigger dimension, low standards for retail store to access to market, and the popular on-line shopping, which resulted in furious competitions and reductions of profits. During the era of narrow margin of profits, expenses control is more important than ever. ¡@¡@Well commodity managements can enable us to know the inventory turnover rate, and to avoid loss from falling price, dull sale or commodity loss which could cause serious loss for the company, therefore we should establish an effective inventory system, and assist in internal control to reduce error and fraudulent practices, which will facilitate the rapid development of branches smoothly. ¡@¡@This paper took Company A as a typical case for studying 3C hypermarket, to conduct in-depth discussion on whether the brand new dynamic inventory system is more effective than ordinary inventory methods in managing inventory and meeting the requirement of internal control based on the consideration of cost and benefit. This research adopted the method of semi-structural in-depth interviews, to conduct analysis on the difference between the internal control as before and after the introduction, the impact of the introduction, and the reason and solution of the problems, etc, according to the framework containing five key factors of internal control in COSO report, such as control environment, risk appraisal, control activity, information and communication and monitoring as well as supervision. ¡@¡@The result of this research study indicated that after the case company introduced the dynamic inventory system, its operating expenses has been dramatically reduced, the number of abnormal adjustments of inventory has been decreased, while the efficiency of controlling and managing commodities has been enhanced. As for the internal control, it was shown that there were some items needed to be adjusted along with the changes in risks, including establishing the system of managing agent, implementing the mechanism of cross-managing confirmation, setting unified standard for commodity display and shelf exhibition, and putting the standard into effect, continuing serving the function of risk and error alert, putting relevant documents and files of operation and instruction in subject to centralized management, strengthen irregular field auditing and inventory test checking, reinforcing the chief manager checking and auditing system, ensuring staff to operate in conformity to procedure, enhancing the deploying of computer-assisted auditor and the knowledge related to computer-assisted auditing, etc. ¡@¡@

Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2004.

近年來，全世界都目睹了中國經濟驚人的發展，十三億人口的消費能力不斷的提升。其中，隨著生活水準及習性的轉變，3C產品市場不斷蓬勃發展；再趁著中國零售產業逐年成長的趨勢，中國3C零售通路成為值得關注的一個產業。本研選擇了「百腦匯電子信息公司」—第一家至中國大陸發展3C零售業通路並具有獨特經營模式的台灣企業，自1998年以來，成立的12年間不斷隨著環境的變化而做調整，在中國大陸市場打響了3C零售通路的名號。加上近期中國大陸與台灣的往來關係密切，因而欲以此成功的經營模式為楷模。 此研究透過非傳統的行銷策略方法，採用策略行銷四個成本：買者外顯單位效益成本、資訊搜尋成本、道德危機成本及專屬陷入成本；透過這四個成本，分別探討「中國3C零售市場業」中頗具代表性的台商轉投資公司，了解其成功背後的策略思考。 在百腦匯的經營模式之下，其買者可細分為進駐廠商及進入商場購買產品的最終消費者。此研究將分別針對進駐商場的廠商及產品最終消費者兩者，利用策略行銷分析之四個成本探討該公司分別如何降低各方面之成本、提高效益來吸引進駐之廠商及消費者。當消費者踏進商場的意願提高，即增加消費者購買行為發生的次數，而3C廠家就會更願意向百腦匯承租場地。因此，百腦匯以達到「吸引人流、提高金流」為經營的目標，即透過提高商場中消費者的人流量，間接的提高對廠商的吸引度，進而增加租金收入的經營手法，欲成為中國大陸3C零售通路的霸主。最後針對四個成本做出的分析提出改進的方向及針對此提出具體的建議方案。

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / Three research projects are described in this dissertation and they consist of the discovery of norovirus protease inhibitors, modification of graphene oxides (GO) for the detection of norovirus, and design and fabrication of nanoelectronic device based on nanocarbon fibers for the detection of breast cancer proteases, legumain and cathepsin B. A novel class of tripeptidyl anti-noroviral compounds which strongly inhibit NV3CL[superscript]pro in enzyme and cell based assays was discovered. An example of one of the most active compounds is (1-{3-methyl-1-[2-oxo-1-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butylcarbamoyl}-2-naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester, which showed an IC₅₀ value of 0.14 ± 0.2 μM (enzyme assay) and EC₅₀ value of 0.04 ± 0.02 μM (cell based assay). This compound has an aldehyde warhead, a P1 glutamine surrogate, a P2 leucine, a P3 L-1-napthylalanine and an N-terminal carboxybenzyl cap. The corresponding bisulfite adduct, 2-[2-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-naphthalen-1-yl-propionylamino)-4-methyl-pentanoylamino]-1-hydroxy-3-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-propane-1-sulfonic acid monosodium salt, has a comparable activity in enzyme and cell based assays (IC₅₀ 0.24 ± 0.1 μM; EC₅₀ 0.04 ± 0.03 μM). (1-{3-methyl-1-[2-oxo-1-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butylcarbamoyl}-2-naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester and its ketoamide derivative, (1-{1-[2-isopropylcarbamoyl-2-oxo-1-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl}-2-naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester, exhibited very good broad spectrum anti-viral activity, especially in human rhino virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome bioassays. We demonstrated that the surface of graphene oxide can be chemically modified with t-butylester and carboxylic acid functionalities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the presence of t-butylester and carboxylic acid functional groups. One sided oligonucleotide functionalized graphene oxide was synthesized using a solid state technique. A carboxylic acid functionalized graphene oxide was deposited onto the surface of electronic chips to bridge two gold electrodes, using a direct deposition technique. The carboxylic acid functionalized graphene oxide displayed semi-conductive properties and its use in an electronic biosensor device to detect noroviral RNA was investigated. Novel redox-active protease substrate peptides H₂N-(CH₂)₄CO-Ala-Ala-Asn-Leu-NHCH₂-ferrocene and H₂N-(CH₂)₄CO-Leu-Arg-Phe-Gly-NHCH₂-ferrocene were synthesized successfully and used in an alternating current voltammetry technique to facilitate the detection of the cancer related protease enzymes legumain and cathepsin B. After attachment of these peptides to the tips of carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays, the presence of active protease enzymes could be detected as manifest by an exponential decay in current signal detect when monitored by alternating current voltammetry, at initial enzyme concentrations of 80.1 nM (legumain) and 30.7 nM (cathepsin B). The peptide cleavage sites were confirmed by analyses of the cleaved fragments using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed that the cleavage of H₂N-(CH₂)₄CO-Ala-Ala-Asn-Leu-NHCH₂-ferrocene at the C-terminal side of asparagine residues by legumain and cleavage of H₂N-(CH₂)₄CO-Leu-Arg-Phe-Gly-NHCH₂-ferrocene at the C-terminal side of arginine residues by cathepsin B. Legumain exhibited a specificity constant (k[subscript]cat/K[subscript]m) of 11.3 x 10ᶟ M⁻¹S⁻¹ while cathepsin B exhibited a higher value of specificity constant (4.3 x 10⁴ M⁻¹S⁻¹) which agreed with the values obtained from fluorescence enzyme assay.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le problème de la localisation de sources sismo-volcanique, à partir des données enregistrées par des réseaux de capteurs composés de nouveaux sismomètres à trois composantes (3C). Nous nous concentrerons sur le volcan Ubinas, l'un des plus actifs au Pérou. Nous développons une nouvelle approche (MUSIC-3C) basée sur la méthode MUSIC permetant de retourner les 3 paramètres utiles (lenteur, azimut et incidence). Pour valider notre méthodologie, nous analysons des sources synthétiques propagées en tenant compte de la topographie du volcan Ubinas. Dans cette expérience, les données synthétiques ont été générées pour plusieurs sources situées à différentes profondeurs sous le cratère Ubinas. Nous utilisons l'algorithme MUSIC-3C pour les relocaliser. Nous traitons également des données réelles provenant d'une expérience de terrain menée sur le volcan Ubinas (Pérou) en 2009 par les équipes de recherche de l'IRD-France (Institut de Recherche pour le Déveleppment), UCD l'Irlande (projet VOLUME) et l'Institut de Géophysique du Pérou (IGP). Nous utilisons l'algorithme MUSIC-3C pour localiser les événements explosifs (type vulcanien), ce qui nous permet d'identifier et d'analyser les processus physiques de ces événements, à la suite de cette analyse, nous avons trouvé deux sources pour chaque explosion situées à 300 m et 1100 m en dessous du fond du cratère actif. Basé sur les mécanismes éruptifs proposés pour d'autres volcans du même type, nous interprétons la position de ces sources ainsi que les limites du conduit éruptif impliqué dans le processus de fragmentation. / In this thesis, we study the seismo-volcanic source localization using data recorded by new sensor arrays composed of three-component (3C) seismometers deployed on Ubinas stratovolcano (Peru). We develop a new framework (MUSIC-3C) of source localization method based on the well-known MUSIC algorithm. To investigate the performance of the MUSIC-3C method, we use synthetic datasets designed from eight broadband isotropic seismic sources located beneath the crater floor at different depths. The fundamental scheme of the MUSIC-3C method exploits the fact of the cross-spectral matrix of 3C array data, corresponding to the first seismic signal arrivals, provides of useful vector components (slowness, back-azimuth and incidence angle) from the seismic source. Application of the MUSIC-3C method on synthetic datasets shows the recovery of source positions. Real data used in this study was collected during seismic measurements with two seismic antennas deployed at Ubinas volcano in 2009, whose experiment conduced by volcanic teams of IRD-France (l'Institute de Recherche pour le Déveleppment), Geophysics group University College Dublin Ireland and Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP). We apply the MUSIC-3C algorithm to investigate wave fields associated with the magmatic activity of Ubinas volcano. These analysis evidence a complex mechanism of vulcanian eruptions in which their seismic sources are found at two separated sources located at depths of 300 m and 1100 m beneath the crater floor. This implies the reproduction of similar mechanisms into the conduit. Based on the eruptive mechanisms proposed for other volcanoes of the same type, we interpret the position of this sources as the limits of the conduit portion that was involved in the fragmentation process.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Auta dos Santos.pdf: 1264733 bytes, checksum: a661ba63dfadd8d6fca8a0582b4ec7d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-22 / The study of the quasars light curves periodicity at radio wavelength is important to understand their physical nature, and one of its goals is the understanding of the source and the way that relativistic jets works. This work intends to show a method to demonstrate the possible periodicity of the quasar 3C 273. This object has been observed regularly at 4,8, 8,0, 14,5, 22,0 and 43,0 GHz frequencies in the Itapetinga Radio Astronomy Observatory (Brazil) and Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory (EUA). This publication is a collaboration work between this two research centers. / O estudo da periodicidade das curvas de luz de quasares em comprimentos de onda rádio, é importante para se entender a natureza física dos mesmos, tendo como um dos objetivos a compreensão da origem e o funcionamento dos jatos relativísticos presentes nestes objetos extragaláticos. Desta forma, o trabalho visa apresentar um método para determinar a possível periodicidade do quasar 3C 273. Este objeto tem sido observado regularmente em 4,8, 8,0, 14,5, 22,0 e 43,0 GHz nos Rádio Observatório do Itapetinga (Brasil) e Michigan (EUA). Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto de colaboração internacional entre estes dois centros de pesquisa.

Le gène CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) a été identifié en 1989. Vingt-cinq ans après, les mécanismes contrôlant sa fine expression, sont encore mal compris. Bien qu’environ 1980 mutations aient été découvertes, il reste des patients pour qui le génotype n’a pas été établi. Les éléments de régulation, décrits au sein du promoteur, ne peuvent à eux seuls expliquer cette complexe régulation tissu spécifique. Des éléments de régulation à distance, en cis ou en trans, sont certainement impliqués dans ce contrôle d’expression. L’objectif de ce projet est de mieux décrypter les mécanismes de régulation à distance du gène CFTR en identifiant des séquences régulatrices éloignées, mais pouvant, par des mécanismes de repliement, interagir spécifiquement avec celui-ci. Afin d’étudier ces contacts chromosomiques, nous avons, dans un premier temps, mis au point la technique de Capture de Conformation Chromosomique (3C). Suite à cette technique, nous sommes passés à une approche à plus grande échelle, la technique de Copie Conforme de 3C (5C), qui permet de mesurer des milliers d’interactions chromatiniennes en une analyse. L’organisation spatiale d’une région d’environ 790 kb recouvrant le gène CFTR, a été analysée dans des cultures primaires de cellules épithéliales nasales, exprimant le gène CFTR et des fibroblastes de peau, ne l’exprimant pas ou très peu. Les interactions entre les régions de ce locus et le promoteur CFTR ont été étudiées par séquençage nouvelle génération sur Ion PGM™. Nous avons comparé ces conformations chromatiniennes afin d’identifier des éléments de régulation spécifiques d’une expression de CFTR. Notre approche a été validée par l’identification de régions régulatrices précédemment décrites. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence de nouveaux contacts chromatiniens avec le promoteur CFTR. Ces régions semblent fortement impliquées dans la régulation de l’expression du gène CFTR. Grâce à la technique 3C et ses variantes, l’identification de nouvelles mutations à distance du gène pourraient expliquer des dérégulations de son expression. / The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was identified in 1989. Twenty five years later, the regulatory mechanisms controlling its complex expression are still not fully understood. Although, almost 1980 mutations have been identified, many cases of cystic fibrosis or CFTR Related Disorders remain still of unknown origin. The promoter which binds transcription factors and drives some aspects of CFTR gene expression, cannot alone account for tissue specific control. This implicates other distal cis- or trans-acting elements in cell-type-specific regulation of CFTR expression. The aim of our project is to study long-range regulatory elements of the CFTR gene, which could interact specifically with the CFTR promoter by tri-dimensional folding mechanism. We first developed the Chromosome Conformation Captures (3C) approach to map these chromosomal contacts. Subsequently, we enhanced our analyses with a high-throughput adaptation of 3C: the 3C-Carbon Copy (5C) technology. This approach allows the analysis of millions chromatin interactions. Thus, we have analyzed the spatial organization of a ～790kb region, comprising the CFTR gene, in primary nasal epithelial cells, which express the gene, and primary skin fibroblasts, which do not express the gene. Interactions between this locus and the CFTR promoter have been analysed by next generation sequencing with the Ion PGM™. We have compared chromatin conformation in order to identify uncharacterized regulatory elements that act especially in CFTR-expressing cells. Our approach has been validated by the identification of previously characterized regulatory elements. Moreover, we identify novel chromatin contacts of the CFTR promoter with chromosomal regions, which could potentially be involved in CFTR gene expression regulation. Thanks to 3C and 3C-derivated analyses, we could identify new possible mutations far from the gene, which may lead to its dysfunction by modifying the chromatin conformation or regulatory elements.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Conversion Device (ACD) System is based on state-of-the-art ATM technology. The system interfaces between high-rate ECL/RS-422 raw data bitstreams and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) OC-3 fiber. The SONET OC-3 interface uses ATM Adaptation Layer Type Five (AAL5) format. The system exceeds its 50 Mbps raw data, single stream requirement and provides single stream raw data throughput at rates up to 75 Mbps. With ATM and SONET packaging overhead, this translates into 90 Mbps on the OC-3 fiber. In addition to high-rate throughput, the system provides multiplexing and demultiplexing of multiple stream throughput based on the ATM cell header Virtual Path and Virtual Channel Identifier (VPI/VCI) values. The system is designed with the flexibility to provide between three and six throughput channels. All of which are multiplexed/demultiplexed to and from the same OC-3 interface. Multiple stream cumulative raw data throughput rates of up to 80 Mbps, or 96 Mbps on the fiber, have successfully run.

近年來中國市場的開放與成長，使得求各大企業爭相進入中國市場，也間接帶領中國經濟的飛快成長，中國消費者對於3C產品的需求也在經濟水準不斷的提升之下成長快速。目前在中國各大都市都已經發展出了名為「電子一條街」的傳統3C產品市集，而這些經銷體系過去在中國運作的非常順利，直到中國通路扁平化的趨勢開始，以及各種通路整合者的出現，造成了現在中國的3C產品通路呈現百家爭鳴的現象。本研究將針對目前在中國營運的各種3C通路型態的經營模式進行探討，並加以比較分析，最後提出命題並提供未來欲經營中國3C產品通路的業者建議。 本研究目的在了解各種公司的經營模式，以及公司未來的策略，因此本研究為質化研究。本研究採用個案研究法進行個案探討，並選擇以「北京國美電器」、「南京宏圖三胞」、「上海百腦滙信息有限公司」作為各類通路經營模式的代表企業。個案資料來源有三：一、中國重要報紙雜誌電子資料庫。二、公司管理人員深入訪談。三、實地觀察。 經過個案分析比較之後，本研究提出八個命題：命題一、電腦通路商在選擇目標市場時，「消費者所具有的產品知識水準」是主要的區隔要素。命題二、電腦相關產品通路的專業形象，由「產品線的廣度與深度」、「賣場內消費者的產品知識程度」與「銷售人員的專業知識水準」所構成。命題三、選擇具高度產品知識消費者為主要目標市場的企業應主要以網路媒體為溝通媒體。選擇具中低度產品知識消費者為主要目標市場的企業應主要以電視、報紙等大眾媒體為溝通媒體。命題四、目前中國電腦市場並不適合出現通路品牌電腦。命題五、目前中國IT通路並不適合用加盟方式擴張。命題六、IT通路最重要的商店印象為「賣場專業性」、「安心購物」以及「重視服務」。命題七、未來IT通路將由「分租式大型電腦賣場」、「3C連鎖賣場」為主要的通路類型，「家電3C複合式連鎖賣場」將只能擁有少部分的市場佔有率。命題八、「品牌體驗區」的合作，將成為3C通路商與電腦品牌商競爭關係的緩衝。 本研究亦給予中國3C通路業者三點建議：一、分租式電腦大賣場應該利用具有高度電腦知識的專業玩家維持賣場在專業性商店印象的領先。二、3C連鎖賣場應該主動的提升消費者的專業知識。三、家電3C複合式連鎖賣場應以購併方式，進入電腦銷售市場。

Context. Over the past few years, on several occasions, large, continuous rotations of the electric vector position angle (EVPA) of linearly polarized optical emission from blazars have been reported. These events are often coincident with high energy gamma-ray flares and they have attracted considerable attention, since they could allow us to probe the magnetic field structure in the gamma-ray emitting region of the jet. The flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 is one of the most prominent examples showing this behaviour. Aims. Our goal is to study the observed EVPA rotations and to distinguish between a stochastic and a deterministic origin of the polarization variability. Methods. We have combined multiple data sets of R-band photometry and optical polarimetry measurements of 3C 279, yielding exceptionally well-sampled flux density and polarization curves that cover a period of 2008-2012. Several large EVPA rotations are identified in the data. We introduce a quantitative measure for the EVPA curve smoothness, which is then used to test a set of simple random walk polarization variability models against the data. Results. 3C 279 shows different polarization variation characteristics during an optical low-flux state and a flaring state. The polarization variation during the flaring state, especially the smooth similar to 360 degrees rotation of the EVPA in mid-2011, is not consistent with the tested stochastic processes. Conclusions. We conclude that, during the two different optical flux states, two different processes govern polarization variation, which is possibly a stochastic process during the low-brightness state and a deterministic process during the flaring activity.