Author: Barbora Říhová Title: Kinematic Analysis of Gait in Patients with Hip Osteoarthrosis Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to analyse the gait patterns in probands with Stage III osteoarthritis of the hip joint, to compare these patterns with published norms and to confirm a set of pre-established hypotheses. Method: The thesis was designed as a case study, the purpose of which was to observe changes in the pelvis and trunk extension during gait, associated with significant degenerative changes in the hip joint. A total of 9 probands with Stage III osteoarthritis of the hip joint (6 females, 3 males) took part in the study. A complete physiotherapy assessment was carried out as part of the study. The temporal gait parameters were used to measure the probands' walking speed and relative stance phase duration. The following variables were measured in the frontal plane: lateral displacement of the pelvis and trunk toward the stance limb (cm) and pelvic obliquity toward the swing limb (degrees). A 3D motion analysis and evaluation of kinematic parameters were carried out using the Qualisys motion capture system device consisting of 6 infrared cameras. Gait was measured at different walking speeds during a 10-second time frame and the data was subsequently subtracted from a minimum of 5 gait...

Le but de ce travail est d’améliorer les techniques de mesure cinématique tridimensionnelle (3D) afin d’étudier les schémas cinématiques du complexe de l’épaule et du rachis cervical chez des sujets sains et pathologiques. La première partie de ce travail propose un rappel d’anatomie fonctionnelle, une revue de la littérature de la cinématique du complexe scapulo-huméral et une mise au point sur les techniques de mesure de ces deux complexes articulaires. La deuxième partie de ce travail a pour objectif d’évaluer à partir d’études cliniques originales : - la reproductibilité des techniques de mesure des rotations des complexes scapulo-huméral et cervical et d’en proposer une amélioration par une analyse simultanée des translations du barycentre de la scapula ainsi que par la mesure couplée des deux complexes articulaire. - les schémas cinématiques de la scapula dans différents modèles de pathologies ostéo-articulaires au cours de gestes analytiques et fonctionnels. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse met en évidence : une variabilité intra-individuelle dans la capacité à reproduire un mouvement à l’identique avec le membre supérieur et à conserver la même précision dans le repositionnement de la tête. - des mouvements de translation 3D de la scapula, dont certains de grande amplitude, associés aux rotations des mouvements de faible amplitude du rachis cervical associés aux mouvements du membre supérieur en faveur de son rôle proprioceptif. - des schémas cinématiques scapulaires spécifiques : - de la lésion neurologique en cas de scapula alata dynamique. - de la nature fonctionnelle de la tâche en cas de pathologies ostéo-articulaires communes / The aim of this work was to improve the methods of kinematic assessment of the shoulder complex and of the cervical spine in order to improve understanding of scapular and cervical spine kinematics in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. The first part of this work provides a reminder of functional anatomy, a literature review of the 3D kinematics of the shoulder complex and issues relating to measurement techniques of both articular complexes. The second part is based on original clinical studies assessing: - the reliability of the measurement techniques of the rotations of both articular complexes and their enhancement by addition of scapular translations and the coupled mobility of the cervical spine and shoulder complexes. - the patterns of scapular kinematic in different ostéo-articular pathologies In conclusion, this work highlights: - intra-individual variability in the ability to reproduce a movement with the upper arm and in the accuracy of repositioning the head . -3D scapular translations (some with large ranges) associated with scapular rotations. - small movements of the cervical spine associated with upper limb movements relating to the proprioceptive role of the cervical. - spine specific scapular kinematic patterns depending on: - neurological lesions in the case of dynamic scapula alata, - the type of movement in common osteo articular pathologies

Laboratory mouse is a appropriate experimental model for studies on normal tooth development mechanisms and for understanding of etio-pathogenesis of dental anomalies in humans. Mouse dentition consists of one incisor separated from three molars by toothless diastema in each jaw quadrant. Although an adult mice diastema does not contain teeth, rudimentary tooth primordia (MS, R2) appear here during embryonic development. However, their development stops and consequently functional tooth does not arise here. It is known that in mice with mutations in Spry2 and Spry4 genes, supernumerary teeth arise in antemolar region. The understanding of the temporo-spatial dynamics of signaling centers in Spry2/Spry4 double transgenic mice may help to elucidate the role of these embryonic diastemal buds in supernumerary tooth formation. The research of possible regeneration of dental anomalies in off-spring of crossing Spry4 deficient mice with supernumerary teeth formation with Eda deficient mice with predisposition to reduced dentition could be the way to elucidating of mechanism of dental pathologies development in general. Our aim was to describe temporal and spatial dynamics of Shh signaling domains in Spry2/Spry4 embryos, because Shh is one of the markers of early odontogenesis and determining of...

Development of intelligent virtual agents is a complex task. One of the im- portant sub-tasks is creation of behaviors. It is highly desirable to test behaviors of intelligent virtual agents in an actual virtual world, not in a simplified sub- stitute. Over the past several years the Pogamut platform has been developed, which allows intelligent virtual agent behaviors to be tested in several gaming worlds, but none combines complexity, dynamicity and extensibility. It was de- cided to fill the gap by creating the EmohawkVille virtual world. EmohawkVille is a first-person virtual world in a day-to-day life setting. The purpose of this thesis is to explain why is EmohawkVille needed and to document features, de- sign and development of EmohawkVille and its Pogamut module. The thesis also presents results of a case study that confirms the EmohawkVille's suitability for experiments concerning intelligent virtual agent behaviors.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude fondamentale et au développement de micro-sources lasers en matériaux organiques, susceptibles de débouchés dans les technologies de l’information et les biotechnologies. Nous avons exploré l'aspect tridimensionnel (3D) de ces lasers, tant en termes de fabrication que de caractérisation. Concernant la fabrication, nous avons fait évoluer la géométrie des microlasers, auparavant quasi-bidimensionnelle (2D, issue de films fins) vers une géométrie 3D (comme des cubes). Des procédés de lithographie UV épaisse ou d’écriture directe au laser par photo-polymérisation à 2 photons ont été adaptés pour réaliser des formes sur mesure de micro-résonateurs optiques incluant un colorant. Afin d'étudier l'émission très anisotrope de ces lasers, nous avons conçu et développé un outil original, appelé scanner à angle solide (SAS), permettant de collecter l'émission d’un microlaser dans toutes les directions du demi-espace qui le surplombe, avec une grande précision. Le SAS a permis de constater que les microlasers 2D émettent principalement hors-plan. Un modèle a été développé pour expliquer cet effet et émettre des prédictions. D’autre part, différentes formes de microlasers 2D ont été analysées, à partir de leurs directions et spectres d’émission, grâce au formalisme semi-classique des orbites périodiques. En particulier, une orbite diffractive a été observée dans les triangles, ce qui ouvre la voie à une étude systématique de la diffraction par un coin diélectrique. Nous apportons également une explication à la directionalité de l’émission par des microlasers carrés. Pour finir, les premières caractérisations 3D de micro-lasers 3D ont été réalisées. / We investigate in this thesis fundamental and applied properties of solid-state laser micro-sources made of organic materials, with possible applications to information and biosensing technologies. We explored three-dimensional features pertaining both to fabrication and characterization of such lasers. Regarding the fabrication, we extended the geometry of organic microlasers, previously restricted to quasi-two-dimensional (2D) as from thin film patterning, onto full 3D structures such as cubes. Deep UV lithography and direct laser writing with two-photon-polymerization processes have been adapted in order to fabricate customized shapes, which incorporate a laser dye. To study the highly anisotropic emission from these lasers, we conceived a new set-up, called solid angle scanner (SAS), allowing for high angular accuracy detection of the emission from a micro-laser in all directions in space. When applied to 2D micro-lasers, SAS measurements allowed us to observe that they emit mainly out of their plane. We developed a model to account for this effect and infer predictions. Moreover, various shapes of 2D micro-lasers have been investigated, through the angular and spectral features of their emission, with experiments satisfactorily connected to a semi-classical theoretical approach of periodic orbits. We paid special attention to triangular shapes, for which a diffractive orbit was observed, opening the way to the study of diffraction by a dielectric corner. We also propose an explanation for the directionality of the emission by square micro-lasers. Finally, 3D characterizations of solid state 3D organic micro-lasers are presented for the first time to our knowledge.

Title: Analysis of the toss and impact in the tennis serve Objectives: The objective of our work is to analyse the phase of toss and hit in tennis serve and to compare the results between the players themselves. Methods: As the main method of data collection we used kinematic 3D analysis. Additional method was semi-structured interview with selected players for research. Results: We found that more stable performance at the phase of toss and hit achieves the player with the higher position on the tennis ranking. Furthermore we found that the ball in all serves was hit in front of the players body. The largest range of variation (most unstable) in both players was width M, that means hitting ball in a frontal plane in consideration of the vertical axis Y established by left foot tip designed by the server's. Conversely the most stable in both players was height of shoulders when hit. Keywords: tennis serve, toss, hit, kinematic 3D analysis

On souhaite détecter puis modéliser les façades de bâtiments à partir des données acquises par le véhicule de numérisation mobile de l'ign, le Stéréopolis. Il s'agit de trouver une représentation géométrique des façades adapté aux données (signal lidar/laser et images optiques).La méthode doit être automatique et rendre possible la modélisation d'un grand nombre de façades afin de contribuer à la production de maquettes numériques de villes. Les verrous techniques proviennent de l'acquisition mobile en environnement urbain non contrôlé (géo référencement du véhicule, densité variable de points lidar...), ils proviennent du signal lidar, issu d'une technologie relativement récente et pour lequel le processus de traitement n'est pas encore consensuel : faut-il exploiter ou non la géométrie capteur ? Enfin, la quantité de données pose le problème du passage à l'échelle. Afin d'analyser la géométrie des nuages de points 3D lidar, nous avons proposé des attributs décrivant pour chaque point la forme de l'environnement local (linéaire-1D, planaire-2D ou volumique-3D).Les plans principaux des façades sont extraits automatiquement des données lidar grâce à un algorithme streamé de détection de rectangles verticaux. Nous avons développé deux modèles qui sont initialisés par ces rectangles. Une grille irrégulière dont chaque case, parallèle au plan principal peut avancer ou reculer. Une grille déformable qui est ''poussée par les rayons lasers jusqu’aux points lasers’ ‘Enfin, nous avons montré comment la grille déformable peut être rendue cohérente avec les images optiques en alignant les discontinuités géométriques de la grille avec des discontinuités radiométriques des images / One wishes to detect and model building façades from data acquired by the ign mobile scanning vehicle, the Stereopolis. It is a question of finding a geometric representation of facades appropriate to the data (lidar/laser signal and optical images).The method should be automatic and enable the modeling of a large number of facade to help the production of digital city models. Technical obstacles come from the mobile acquisition in uncontrolled urban environment (vehicle georeferencing, variable lidar point density...), they come from the lidar signal, retrieved from a relatively new technology for which the process is not yet consensus :does one operates into sensor geometry or not ? Finally, the amount of data raises the problem of scaling up. To analyze the geometry of lidar 3D point clouds, we proposed attributes describing for each point the shape of the local surroundings (linear-1D, planar-2D or volume-3D).The facade main planes are automatically extracted from lidar data through a streamed detection algorithm of vertical rectangles. We developed two models that are initialized by these rectangles. An irregular grid in which each cell, parallel to the main plane can move forward or backward. A deformable grid which is ''pushed by the laser beams toward the laser points''. Finally, we showed how the deformable grid can be made consistent with the optical images aligning the geometric discontinuities of the grid with radiometric discontinuities of the images

Les capteurs 3D existants sont encore peu utilisés et ne permettent que l’acquisition de données 3D. En cas de nécessité de données 2D monochrome ou couleur, il faut alors obligatoirement ajouter un capteur supplémentaire et procéder au recalage des données. La société NT2I a décidé de développer sa propre solution afin de pouvoir rester maître de la chaîne d’acquisition. Mon travail a consisté en la conception d’un capteur spécifique intégrant couleur et calibration et au traitement des images issues de celui-ci. Pour cela, j’ai été amené à travailler sur l’extension du modèle LIP (Logarithmic Image Processing) pour des images couleur et à l’implémentation d’algorithmes temps réel / The existing 3D sensors aren’t much used and are only capable of capturing 3D dat. When 2D data are necessary, one has to use another camera and correlate the 2 images. NT2I has decided to develop its own solution in order to control the acquisition chain. My work has been to develop a specific camera with color, calibration, and image processing algorithms. In that purpose, I've worked on the extension of the LIP model (Logarithmic Image Processing) for color images and on the implementation of real time algorithms

The research covered in this thesis encompasses a consideration of 3D television requirements and a survey of stereoscopic and autostereoscopic methods. This confirms that although there is a lot of activity in this area, very little of this work could be considered suitable for television. The principle of operation, design of the components of the optical system and evaluation of two EU-funded (MUTED & HELIUM3D projects) glasses-free (autostereoscopic) displays is described. Four iterations of the display were built in MUTED, with the results of the first used in designing the second, third and fourth versions. The first three versions of the display use two-49 element arrays, one for the left eye and one for the right. A pattern of spots is projected onto the back of the arrays and these are converted into a series of collimated beams that form exit pupils after passing through the LCD. An exit pupil is a region in the viewing field where either a left or a right image is seen across the complete area of the screen; the positions of these are controlled by a multi-user head tracker. A laser projector was used in the first two versions and, although this projector operated on holographic principles in order to obtain the spot pattern required to produce the exit pupils, it should be noted that images seen by the viewers are not produced holographically so the overall display cannot be described as holographic. In the third version, the laser projector is replaced with a conventional LCOS projector to address the stability and brightness issues discovered in the second version. In 2009, true 120Hz displays became available; this led to the development of a fourth version of the MUTED display that uses 120Hz projector and LCD to overcome the problems of projector instability, produces full-resolution images and simplifies the display hardware. HELIUM3D: A multi-user autostereoscopic display based on laser scanning is also described in this thesis. This display also operates by providing head-tracked exit pupils. It incorporates a red, green and blue (RGB) laser illumination source that illuminates a light engine. Light directions are controlled by a spatial light modulator and are directed to the users’ eyes via a front screen assembly incorporating a novel Gabor superlens. In this work is described that covered the development of demonstrators that showed the principle of temporal multiplexing and a version of the final display that had limited functionality; the reason for this was the delivery of components required for a display with full functionality.

To model clouds in the mesoscale a 3D nonhydrostatic numerical model - GESIMA - was used, with a new cloud scheme which includes a quasispectral treatment of 6 different bulk water species ( water vapor, cloud water, rain, ice, snow, graupel) . lt allows to predict the distribution parameters since the number concentration and the mass mixing ratio were prognosed. So it is possible to vary the average particle masses ( diameters) in time which gives more realistic results. According to measurements two different distribution functions (log-normal for rain and cloud water and Marshall-Palmer for solid water classes) were used to describe the different water species. The cloud model is tested in a simulation of a mesoscale snowfall event over the southern Baltic Sea. / Für die mesoskalige Simulation von Wolken wurde ein nichthydrostatisches numerisches 3D-Modell - GESIMA - benutzt, in dem ein neuer Wolkenmodul mit quasispektraler Behandlung 6 verschiedener Wolkenteilchenklassen (Wasserdampf, Wolkenwasser, Regen, Eis, Schnee, Graupel) implementiert wurde. Es erlaubt die Vorhersage der Verteilungsparameter, da sowohl die Teilchenzahlkonzentration als auch das Massenmischungsverhältnis prognostiziert werden. Damit ist es möglich auch die mittlere Masse (Durchmesser) einer Teilchensorte zeitlich zu variieren, was zu realistischeren Resultaten führt. In Übereinstimmung mit Messungen wurden 2 verschiedene Verteilungsfunktionen zur Beschreibung für die verschiedenen Teilchenklassen (log-normal für Wolkenwasser und Regen und Marshall-Palmer für Schnee und Graupel) benutzt. Das Wolkenmodell wurde in einer Simulation eines mesoskaligen Schneefallereignisses über der südwestlichen Ostsee getestet.