The development and improvement of 3-D immersive audio is gaining momentum through the growing interest in virtual reality. Possible applications reach from recreating real world environments to immersive concerts and performances to exploiting big data acoustically. To improve the immersive experience several measures can be taken. The recording of the sound field, the spatialization and the development of the loudspeaker arrays are some of the greatest challenges. In this thesis, these challenges for improving immersive audio will be explored. First, there will be a short introduction about 3D audio and a review about the state of the art technology and research. Next, the thesis will provide an introduction to 3D loudspeaker arrays and describe the systems used during this research. Furthermore, the development of a new 16-element 3rd order sound field microphone will be described. Afterwards, different spatial audio algorithms such as higher order ambisonics, wave field synthesis and vector based amplitude panning will be described, analyzed and compared. For each spatialization algorithm, the quality of soundfield reproduction will be quantified using listener perception tests for clarity and sound source localization. / Master of Science

In der vorliegenden Arbeit präparierten Studierende 3D-gedruckte Übungszähne, in denen die korrekte Präparation eines Veneers farblich abgesetzt war. Die neue Lehrmethode wurde durch die Teilnehmer in einem Fragebogen evaluiert und zusätzlich wurden die Präparationen digital mit einer Referenzpräparation verglichen. Die Teilnehmer des praktischen Kurses schätzten die Zweischichttechnik als gute Lehrmethode ein (Ø 2,0 ± 0,37) und gaben zahlreiche Vorteile der Zweischichttechnik an. Die digitale Auswertung der präparierten Zähne konnte unter den Limitationen der vorliegenden Studie keine signifikant schlechtere Präparationsqualität nach zweimaligem Präparieren von einschichtigen Modellzähnen als nach zweimaligem Präparieren von zweischichtigen Übungszähnen nachweisen (p = 0,91). Der Lernerfolg der Studierenden erwies sich durch in Zweischichttechnik gedruckte Zähne mit integriertem Veneer nicht besser als durch einschichtige Modellzähne (〖ΔL〗_A= -0,01; 〖ΔL〗_B= -0,03). Der Unterschied zwischen den Präparationsergebnissen des ersten und vierten Durchgangs war allerdings nicht signifikant (Gruppe A: Ø GMW+/- 0,17 ± 0,07 → Ø GMW+/- 0,18 ± 0,05, p = 0,317; Gruppe B: Ø GMW+/- 0,15 ± 0,07 → 0,18 ± 0,09, p = 0.066). Gründe hierfür könnten unter anderem Ermüdung und sinkende Motivation während des praktischen Kurses gewesen sein. Diesem Problem könnte Rechnung getragen werden, indem folgende Studien an mehreren Terminen durchgeführt werden. Auch eine mögliche Fokussierung der Studierenden auf das Ablösen der oberen Schicht sowie die unterschiedliche Härte der beiden Schichten könnten einen besseren Lernerfolg mit zweischichtigen Übungszähnen verhindert haben. Die Teilnehmer, die ihre manuellen Fertigkeiten als besonders gut einschätzen, präparierten mit einer durchschnittlichen mittleren absoluten Abweichung von 0,17 ± 0,07 nicht signifikant besser als die Teilnehmer mit geringer Selbsteinschätzung, welche eine mittlere absolute Abweichung von 0,16 ± 0,05 (p = 0 ,967) erreichten. / In the present study, students prepared 3D-printed training teeth in which the correct preparation of a veneer was contrasted in color. The new teaching method was evaluated by the participants in a questionnaire and the preparations were also digitally compared with a reference preparation. The participants in the practical course rated the two-shift technique as a good teaching method (Ø 2.0 ± 0.37) and cited numerous advantages of the two-shift technique. Given the limitations of the present study, the digital evaluation of the prepared teeth was unable to demonstrate a significantly worse preparation quality after preparing single-layer model teeth twice than after preparing two-layer training teeth twice (p = 0.91). The students' learning success was no better with teeth printed using the two-layer technique than with single-layer model teeth (〖ΔL〗_A= -0.01; 〖ΔL〗_B= -0.03). However, the difference between the preparation results of the first and fourth round was not significant (Group A: Ø GMW+/- 0.17 ± 0.07 → Ø GMW+/- 0.18 ± 0.05, p = 0.317; Group B: Ø GMW+/- 0.15 ± 0.07 → 0.18 ± 0.09, p = 0.066). Reasons for this could have been, among other things, fatigue and declining motivation during the practical course. This problem could be addressed by conducting the following studies on multiple dates. A possible focus by the students on the removal of the upper layer and the different hardness of the two layers could have prevented better learning success with two-layer training teeth. The participants who rated their manual skills as particularly good did not prepare significantly better, with an average mean absolute deviation of 0.17 ± 0.07, than the participants with low self-assessment, who had a mean absolute deviation of 0.16 ± 0.05 (p = 0.967).

Detta examensarbete bygger upp en 3D modell av damm I vid Ryllshyttemagasinet i Garpenberg, i programmet OpenRoads designer. Modellen består av inmätningar av undergrunden samt dammens delar från 2007 till 2022. Den inmätta modellen är ofullständig och har kompletterats via korridormodellering i programmet, kompletteringarna har utgått från relationsritningar från varje år, utföranderapporter, flygscanningar, samt via sektioner från damm A och I2. De inmätta och kompletterade ytorna motsvarar väl relationsritningarna och ger en god bild över dammens konstruktion längs hela damm I sträckning. Arbetet kommer ligga till grund för en 3D modell över hela Ryllshyttemagasinet och dess omkringliggande magasin och dammar som sträcker sig ända tillbaka till 60-talet. Den kompletta modellen kommer användas i beräkningssyften för att utvärdera stabiliteten när magasinets konstruktion ändras från en uppströmsdamm till en centrumlinjesdamm.

Twins are a pair of adjoining crystal grains related to each other by a special symmetry. They are frequently observed in bulk materials and nanomaterials. The formation of twins is an important topic in materials science and engineering because it affects material behaviors such as plastic deformation of metals, yield strength, and band gap energy in nanoscale semiconductors. Because of these unique phenomena and properties that the twinning can bring to the materials, it is of interest to investigate the formation of twins. Our primary objective in this dissertation is to study twinning in nanowires. Both gold and platinum <111> oriented nanowires were fabricated by similar solution-phase chemical synthesis methods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction patterns were carried out to analyze the structures of the nanowires. Nanodiffraction was used to demonstrate twinning is a general structural feature of the growth of gold nanowires growing in a <111> direction.  A model was proposed to explain the conditions under which twinning is energetically favored during nanowire growth. The model, which is based on a maximum rate hypothesis, considers the nanowire geometry and the relative surface and stacking fault energies and predicts twins should appear in gold nanowires but not in platinum nanowires, in agreement with experimental observations. During the structural characterization of gold nanowires, our interest is to resolve 3D structure of twinning. However, the structure of twinning in gold nanowires is very fine and the average spacing between twin boundaries is only 0.57nm (+/- 0.38 nm); therefore, regular 3D electron microscopy technique is unable to reconstruct these defected structures. Here we present a stereo vision technique to reconstruct 3D atomic non-periodic structures containing defects. The technique employs intrinsic atomic planes as epipolar planes to achieve the alignment accuracy needed to reconstruct a crystal with atomic resolution. We apply it to determine the 3D geometry and atomic arrangements of twinning in gold nanowire. In addition, an iterated cross-correlation algorithm was developed to analyze electron diffraction fully automatically to facilitate structural analysis of nanowires. A time-temperature-transformation diagram of platinum nanowires in chemical synthesis was determined to help optimize the fabrication process of the nanowires. / Ph. D.

In this document, a low-cost, portable, non-invasive method of collecting the 3D trajectories of flying bats is first presented. An array of commercially available camera and light components is used alongside a number of well-established calibration and triangulation techniques to resolve the motion of agents through a 3D volume. It is shown that this system is capable of accurately capturing the bats' flight paths in a field experiment. The use of non-visible illumination ensures that a natural cave environment is disturbed as little as possible for behavioral experiments. Following is a transfer entropy analysis approach applied to the 3D paths of bats flying in pairs. The 3D trajectories are one-dimensionally characterized as inverse curvature time series to allow for entropy calculations. In addition to a traditional formulation of information flow between pair members, a path coupling hypothesis is pursued with time-delay modifications implemented in such a way as to not change the Markovianity of the process. With this modification, trends are found that suggest a leader-follower interaction between the front bat and the rear bat, although statistical significance is not reached due to the small number of pairs considered. / Master of Science

<p dir="ltr">Printed Circuit Boards have become a vital component in the connected world in which we live in today. They can be found in all electronic devices, but their shape and function has been limited by the manufacturing capabilities of PCBs. The methods for manufacturing PCBs are well researched and optimized but have pitfalls as they are only capable of producing two dimensional, planar devices. As the demand for more integrated circuitry and electronics in devices like wearable technologies increases so will the need for a more flexible method for producing PCBs.</p><p dir="ltr">The purpose of this study was to create and analyze a method of creating PCBs using multi-material 3D printing and an electroplating process. The analysis includes an experimental procedure that will conclude whether the specimens created can conduct electricity at the same level of traditionally manufactured PCBs. This research proposed a procedure for manufacturing the PCBs and a testing apparatus designed to inject current at a specified level into the specimens so that the voltage could be measured. This allowed for the resistance of the specimens to be calculated and compared to known values for common materials used in PCB manufacturing.</p><p><br></p>

Visual perception has been a significant subject matter of robotics research for decades but has accelerated in recent years as both technology and community are more prepared to take on new challenges with autonomous systems. In this thesis, a framework for 3D reconstruction using a stereo camera for the purpose of obstacle detection and mapping is presented. In this application, a UAV works collaboratively with a UGV to provide high level information of the environment by using a downward facing stereo camera. The approach uses frame to frame SURF feature matching to detect candidate points within the camera image. These feature points are projected into a sparse cloud of 3D points using stereophotogrammetry for ICP registration to estimate the rigid transformation between frames. The RTK-GPS constrained pose estimate from the UAV is fused with the feature matched estimate to align the reconstruction and eliminate drift. The reconstruction was tested on both simulated and real data. The results indicate that this approach improves frame to frame registration and produces a well aligned reconstruction for a single pass compared to using the raw UAV position estimate alone. However, multi-pass registration errors occur on the order of about 0.6 meters between parallel passes, and approximately 2 degrees of local rotation error when compared to a reconstruction produced with Agisoft Metashape. However, the proposed system performed at an average frame rate of about 1.3 Hz compared to Agisoft at 0.03 Hz. Overall, the system improved obstacle registration and can perform online within existing ROS frameworks. / Master of Science / Visual perception has been a significant subject matter of robotics research for decades but has accelerated in recent years as both technology and community are more prepared to take on new challenges with autonomous systems. In this thesis, a framework for 3D reconstruction using cameras for the purpose of obstacle detection and mapping is presented. In this application, a UAV works collaboratively with a UGV to provide high level information of the environment by using a downward facing stereo camera. The approach uses features extracted from camera images to detect candidate points to be aligned. These feature points are projected into a sparse cloud of 3D points using stereo triangulation techniques. The 3D points are aligned using an iterative solver to estimate the translation and rotation between frames. The RTK (Real Time Kinematic) GPS constrained position and orientation estimate from the UAV is combined with the feature matched estimate to align the reconstruction and eliminate accumulated errors. The reconstruction was tested on both simulated and real data. The results indicate that this approach improves frame to frame registration and produces a well aligned reconstruction for a single pass compared to using the raw UAV position estimate alone. However, multi-pass registration errors occur on the order of about 0.6 meters between parallel passes that overlap, and approximately 2 degrees of local rotation error when compared to a reconstruction produced with the commercial product, Agisoft. However, the proposed system performed at an average frame rate of about 1.3 Hz compared to Agisoft at 0.03 Hz. Overall, the system improved obstacle registration and can perform online within existing Robot Operating System frameworks.

Globally distributed additive manufacturing is a relatively new frontier in the field of product lifecycle management. Designers are independent of additive manufacturing services, often thousands of miles apart. Manufacturing data must be transmitted electronically from designer to manufacturer to realize the benefits of such a system. Unalterable blockchain legers can record transactions between customers, designers, and manufacturers allowing each to trust the other two without needing to be familiar with each other. Although trust can be established, malicious printers or customers still have the incentive to produce unauthorized or pirated parts. To prevent this, machine instructions are encrypted and electronically transmitted to the printing service, where an authorized printer decrypts the data and prints an approved number of parts or products. The encrypted data may include G-Code machine instructions which contain every motion of every motor on a 3D printer. Once these instructions are decrypted, motor drivers send control signals along wires to the printer's stepper motors. The transmission along these wires is no longer encrypted. If the signals along the wires are read, the motion of the motor can be analyzed, and G-Code can be reverse engineered. This thesis demonstrates such a threat through a simulated attack on a G-Code controlled device. A computer running a numeric controller and G-Code interpreter is connected to standard stepper motors. As G-Code commands are delivered, the magnetic field generated by the transmitted signals is read by a Hall Effect sensor. The rapid oscillation of the magnetic field corresponds to the stepper motor control signals which rhythmically move the motor. The oscillating signals are recorded by a high speed analog to digital converter attached to a second computer. The two systems are completely electronically isolated. The recorded signals are saved as a string of voltage data with a matching time stamp. The voltage data is processed through a Matlab script which analyzes the direction the motor spins and the number of steps the motor takes. With these two pieces of data, the G-Code instructions which produced the motion can be recreated. The demonstration shows the exposure of previously encrypted data, allowing for the unauthorized production of parts, revealing a security flaw in a distributed additive manufacturing environment. / Master of Science / Developed at the end of the 20th century, additive manufacturing, sometimes known as 3D printing, is a relatively new method for the production of physical products. Typically, these have been limited to plastics and a small number of metals. Recently, advances in additive manufacturing technology have allowed an increasing number of industrial and consumer products to be produced on demand. A worldwide industry of additive manufacturing has opened up where product designers and 3D printer operators can work together to deliver products to customers faster and more efficiently. Designers and printers may be on opposite sides of the world, but a customer can go to a local printer and order a part designed by an engineer thousands of miles away. The customer receives a part in as little time as it takes to physically produce the object. To achieve this, the printer needs manufacturing information such as object dimensions, material parameters, and machine settings from the designer. The designer risks unauthorized use and the loss of intellectual property if the manufacturing information is exposed. Legal protections on intellectual property only go so far, especially across borders. Technical solutions can help protect valuable IP. In such an industry, essential data may be digitally encrypted for secure transmission around the world. This information may only be read by authorized printers and printing services and is never saved or read by an outside person or computer. The control computers which read the data also control the physical operation of the printer. Most commonly, electric motors are used to move the machine to produce the physical object. These are most often stepper motors which are connected by wires to the controlling computers and move in a predictable rhythmic fashion. The signals transmitted through the wires generate a magnetic field, which can be detected and recorded. The pattern of the magnetic field matches the steps of the motors. Each step can be counted, and the path of the motors can be precisely traced. The path reveals the shape of the object and the encrypted manufacturing instructions used by the printer. This thesis demonstrates the tracking of motors and creation of encrypted machine code in a simulated 3D printing environment, revealing a potential security flaw in a distributed manufacturing system.

Biofabrication technologies must address numerous parameters and conditions to reconstruct tissue complexity in vitro. A critical challenge is vascularization, especially for large constructs exceeding diffusion limits. This requires the creation of artificial vascular structures, a task demanding the convergence and integration of multiple engineering approaches. This doctoral dissertation aims to achieve two primary objectives: firstly, to implement and refine engineering methods for creating artificial microvascular structures using Melt Electrowriting (MEW)-assisted sacrificial templating, and secondly, to deepen the understanding of the critical factors influencing the printability of bioink formulations in 3D extrusion bioprinting. In the first part of this dissertation, two innovative sacrificial templating techniques using MEW are explored. Utilizing a carbohydrate glass as a fugitive material, a pioneering advancement in the processing of sugars with MEW with a resolution under 100 microns was made. Furthermore, by introducing the “print-and-fuse” strategy as a groundbreaking method, biomimetic branching microchannels embedded in hydrogel matrices were fabricated, which can then be endothelialized to mirror in vivo vascular conditions. The second part of the dissertation explores extrusion bioprinting. By introducing a simple binary bioink formulation, the correlation between physical properties and printability was showcased. In the next step, employing state-of-the-art machine-learning approaches revealed a deeper understanding of the correlations between bioink properties and printability in an extended library of hydrogel formulations. This dissertation offers in-depth insights into two key biofabrication technologies. Future work could merge these into hybrid methods for the fabrication of vascularized constructs, combining MEW's precision with fine-tuned bioink properties in automated extrusion bioprinting. / Biofabrikationstechnologien müssen zahlreiche Parameter und Bedingungen berücksichtigen, um die Komplexität von Gewebe in vitro zu rekonstruieren. Eine entscheidende Herausforderung ist die Vaskularisierung, insbesondere bei großen Konstrukten, die die Diffusionsgrenzen überschreiten. Dies erfordert die Schaffung künstlicher Gefäßstrukturen, eine Aufgabe, die die Konvergenz und Integration verschiedener technischer Ansätze erfordert. Mit dieser Dissertation sollen zwei Hauptziele erreicht werden: erstens die Implementierung und Verfeinerung technischer Methoden zur Herstellung künstlicher mikrovaskulärer Strukturen mit Hilfe des "Melt Electrowriting" (MEW) und zweitens die Vertiefung des Verständnisses der kritischen Faktoren, die die Druckbarkeit von Biotintenformulierungen beim 3D-Extrusions-Bioprinting beeinflussen. Im ersten Teil dieser Dissertation werden zwei innovative Opferschablonentechniken unter Verwendung von MEW erforscht. Unter Verwendung eines Kohlenhydratglases als flüchtiges Material wurde ein bahnbrechender Fortschritt bei der Verarbeitung von Zuckern mit MEW mit einer Auflösung von unter 100 Mikrometern erzielt. Darüber hinaus wurden durch die Einführung der "Print-and-Fuse"-Strategie als bahnbrechende Methode biomimetische, verzweigte Mikrokanäle hergestellt, die in Hydrogelmatrizen eingebettet sind und anschließend endothelialisiert werden können, um die vaskulären Bedingungen in vivo wiederzugeben. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation befasst sich mit dem Extrusions-Bioprinting. Durch die Einführung einer einfachen binären Biotintenformulierung wurde die Korrelation zwischen physikalischen Eigenschaften und Druckbarkeit aufgezeigt. Im nächsten Schritt wurde durch den Einsatz modernster Methoden des maschinellen Lernens ein tieferes Verständnis für die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Eigenschaften der Biotinte und der Druckbarkeit in einer erweiterten Bibliothek von Hydrogelformulierungen gewonnen. Diese Dissertation bietet tiefe Einblicke in zwei Schlüsseltechnologien der Biofabrikation. Zukünftige Arbeiten könnten diese zu hybriden Methoden für die Herstellung vaskularisierter Konstrukte zusammenführen und dabei die Präzision von MEW mit fein abgestimmten Biotinteneigenschaften im automatisierten Extrusionsbioprinting kombinieren.

In vitro models mimic the tissue-specific anatomy and play essential roles in personalized medicine and disease treatments. As a sophisticated manufacturing technology, 3D printing overcomes the limitations of traditional technologies and provides an excellent potential for developing in vitro models to mimic native tissue. This thesis aims to investigate the potential of a high-resolution 3D printing technology, melt electrowriting (MEW), for fabricating in vitro models. MEW has a distinct capacity for depositing micron size fibers with a defined design. In this thesis, three approaches were used, including 1) extending the MEW polymer library for different biomedical applications, 2) developing in vitro models for evaluation of cell growth and migration toward the different matrices, and 3) studying the effect of scaffold designs and biochemical cues of microenvironments on cells. First, we introduce the MEW processability of (AB)n and (ABAC)n segmented copolymers, which have thermally reversible network formulation based on physical crosslinks. Bisurea segments are combined with hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or hydrophilic poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO-PEG-PPO) segments to form the (AB)n segmented copolymers. (ABAC)n segmented copolymers contain all three segments: in addition to bisurea, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments are available in the same polymer chain, resulting in tunable mechanical and biological behaviors. MEW copolymers either support cells attachment or dissolve without cytotoxic side effects when in contact with the polymers at lower concentrations, indicating that this copolymer class has potential in biological applications. The unique biological and surface properties, transparency, adjustable hydrophilicity of these copolymers could be beneficial in several in vitro models. The second manuscript addresses the design and development of a melt electrowritten competitive 3D radial migration device. The approach differs from most of the previous literature, as MEW is not used here to produce cell invasive scaffolds but to fabricate an in vitro device. The device is utilized to systematically determine the matrix which promotes cell migration and growth of glioblastoma cells. The glioblastoma cell migration is tested on four different Matrigel concentrations using a melt electrowritten radial device. The glioblastoma U87 cell growth and migration increase at Matrigel concentrations 6 and 8 mg mL-1 In the development of this radial device, the accuracy, and precision of melt electrowritten circular shapes were investigated. The results show that the printing speed and design diameter are essential parameters for the accuracy of printed constructs. It is the first instance where MEW is used for the production of in vitro devices. The influence of biochemical cues and scaffold designs on astrocytes and glioblastoma is investigated in the last manuscript. A fiber comprising the box and triangle-shaped pores within MEW scaffolds are modified with biochemical cues, including RGD and IKVAV peptides using a reactive NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) macromer. The results show that astrocytes and glioblastoma cells exhibit different phenotypes on scaffold designs and peptide-coated scaffolds. / In-vitro-Modelle sind Werkzeuge, die die gewebespezifische Anatomie nachbilden und eine wesentliche Rolle in der personalisierten Medizin und bei der Behandlung von Krankheiten spielen. Als hochentwickelte, multifunktionale Fertigungstechnologie überwindet der 3D-Druck die Grenzen herkömmlicher Technologien und bietet ein hervorragendes Potenzial für die Herstellung von In-vitro-Modellen. Der 3D-Druck ist eine der vielversprechendsten Techniken, um biologische Materialien in einer komplexen Anordnung zusammenzusetzen, die das natürliche Gewebe nachahmt. In dieser Arbeit soll das Potenzial der hochauflösenden 3D-Drucktechnologie melt electrowriting (MEW), für die Herstellung von In-vitro-Modellen untersucht werden. Wir konzentrieren uns auf drei Ansätze: 1) die Erweiterung der MEW-Polymerbibliothek für verschiedene biomedizinische Anwendungen, 2) die Entwicklung von In-vitro-Modellen zur Bewertung des Zellwachstums und der Zellmigration in Richtung der verschiedenen Matrizes und 3) die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von MEW-Gerüstdesigns und biochemischen Faktoren der Mikroumgebung auf Zellen. Zunächst haben wir die MEW-Verarbeitbarkeit von segmentierten (AB)n- und (ABAC)n-Copolymeren vorgestellt, die eine thermisch reversible Netzwerkformulierung auf der Grundlage physikalischer Vernetzungen aufweisen. Bisurea-Segmente werden mit hydrophoben hydrophobic poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) oder hydrophilen poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO-PEG-PPO) Segmenten kombiniert, um die (AB)n segmentierten Copolymere zu bilden. Segmentierte (ABAC)n-Copolymere enthalten alle drei Segmente: Zusätzlich zu den Bisurea-Segmenten sind sowohl hydrophobe als auch hydrophile Segmente in derselben Polymerkette vorhanden, was den segmentierten (ABAC)n-Copolymeren abstimmbare mechanische und biologische Eigenschaften verleiht. MEW-Copolymere unterstützten entweder die Anhaftung an Zellen oder lösten sich ohne zytotoxische Nebenwirkungen auf, wenn sie in niedrigeren Konzentrationen mit ihnen in Berührung kamen, was darauf hindeutet, dass diese Copolymerklasse über umfassende biologische Eigenschaften verfügt. Die einzigartigen biologischen Eigenschaften und Oberflächeneigenschaften, die Transparenz und die einstellbare Hydrophilie dieser Copolymere könnten in verschiedenen In-vitro-Modellen von Vorteil sein. Das zweite Manuskript befasst sich mit einem durch MEW hergestellten wettbewerbsfähigen 3D-Radialmigrationsdesign. Der Ansatz unterscheidet sich vom Großteil der MEW-Literatur, da MEW nicht zur Herstellung von invasiven Zellgerüsten verwendet wurde, sondern zur Herstellung eines In-vitro-Designs diente. Das Design wurde verwendet, um systematisch die Matrix zu bestimmen, die die Zellmigration und das Wachstum von Glioblastomzellen fördert. Die Migration der Glioblastomzellen wurde auf vier verschiedenen Matrigel-Konzentrationen unter Verwendung einer durch MEW hergestellten Radialvorrichtung getestet. Das Wachstum und die Migration der Glioblastomzellen U87 nahmen bei Matrigelkonzentrationen von 6 und 8 mg mL-1 zu. Wir untersuchten auch die Genauigkeit und Präzision der durch MEW erzeugten Kreisformen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Druckgeschwindigkeit und der Designdurchmesser wesentliche Parameter für die Genauigkeit der gedruckten Konstrukte sind. Die Arbeit ist die erste Studie, die MEW für die Herstellung von In-vitro-Modellen verwendet. Im letzten Manuskript wurde der Einfluss von biochemische Funktionalisierung in Kombination mit Gerüstdesigns auf Astrozyten und Glioblastome untersucht. Die kastenförmigen und achteckigen MEW-Gerüste wurden mit biochemischen Wirkstoffen modifiziert, darunter RGD- und IKVAV-Peptide unter Verwendung von reaktivem NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO). Wir fanden heraus, dass Astrozyten und Glioblastomzellen unterschiedliche Phänotypen auf den verschiedenen Designs und mit Peptiden beschichteten Gerüsten aufweisen.