<p>High-throughput phenotyping is a recent multidisciplinary research field that investigates the accurate acquisition and analysis of multidimensional phenotypes on large and diverse populations of plants. High-throughput phenotyping is at the crossroad between plant biology and computer vision, and profits from advances in plant modeling, plant reconstruction, and plant structure understanding. So far, most of the data analysis is done on 2D images, yet plants are inherently 3D shapes, and measurements made in 2D can be biased. For example, leaf angles change when they are reprojected in 2D images. Although some research works investigate the 3D reconstruction of plants, high-throughput phenotyping is still limited in its ability to automatically measure a large population of plants in 3D. In fact, plants are difficult to 3D reconstruct because they look self-similar, feature highly irregular geometries, and self-occlusion. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In this dissertation, we investigate the research question \textit{whether we can design and validate high-throughput phenotyping algorithms that take advantage of the 3D nature of the plants to outperform existing algorithms based on 2D images?} We present four contributions that address this question. First, we show a voxel 3D reconstruction pipeline and measure phenotypic traits related to canopy architecture over a population of 351 sorghum plants. Second, we show a machine learning-based skeletonization and segmentation algorithm for sorghum plants, which automatically learns from a set of 100 manually annotated plants. Third, we estimate individual leaf angles over a population of 1,098 sorghum plants. Finally, we present a sparse 3D reconstruction algorithm that can triangulate thousands of points of interest from up to 15 views without correspondences, even in the presence of noise and occlusion. We show that our approach outperforms single-view methods by using multiple views for sorghum leaf counting.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Progress made towards improving high-throughput phenotyping has the potential to benefit society with a better adaptation of crops to climate change, which will limit food insecurity in the world.</p>

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Flank margin caves of the Bahamas are formed by mixing dissolution in a fresh-water lens. As they evolve, the probability of intersecting neighboring voids increases, and they enlarge in a nonlinear fashion. Large flank margin caves become constrained by surface topography and their morphology is influenced by the shape of the enclosing land mass as a result. High phreatic ceilings can be dissolved if the fresh-water lens is distorted by lithological heterogeneities or hydrologic loading due to storm events. Early diagenesis of the host rock causes the reorganization of porosity and permeability through dissolution and cementation processes. Meteoric overprinting occurs but cannot be used as a tool in determining the age of eolianites or the climatic conditions at the time of deposition. Current evidence indicates an OIS 5e speleogenesis of large flank margin caves. An OIS 11 origin can be advanced only with compelling evidence of a pre-OIS 5e highstand.

Byggnadsinformationsmodellering och byggnadsinformationsmodell (BIM), avser en genomtänkt och strukturerad hantering av information i ett digitalt byggnadsverk, som en 3Dmodell. Nyttan med BIM är att både produkterna i sig och processen bakom produkterna ökar i kvalitet, vilket bidrar till minskade kostnader och projekt som blir tidsmässigt effektivare. Inom husbyggnation har projektering med 3D och BIM förekommit i många år. Inom anläggning av fastighetsmark har det inte varit lika vanligt. Problematiken som uppstår när fastighetsmark ska projekteras med BIM är att fastighetsmark sällan är plan. Marken innehåller ojämnheter, lutningar och radier där måtten i 3D-modellens x-, y- och z-led måste vara korrekta. Detta är lätt att justera i en 2D-ritning men svårare att korrekt få till i en 3D-modell. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka vad det finns för svårigheter samt vilka möjligheter det ges av att detaljprojektera fastighetsmark, med BIM. Arbetets frågeställningar är följande: • Vad saknas i anläggningsbranschen idag för att kunna implementera BIM i större utsträckning? • Vad ger BIM för fördelar i projektering av fastighetsmark? • Vad efterfrågar beställare och vad ställer de för krav vid projektering av fastighetsmark? • Vad kan projektörerna leverera och vilka tekniska utmaningar anser dem finns i projekteringsprocessen av fastighetsmark? Arbetet har utförts på VAP VA-projekt AB i Örebro. Arbetet har avgränsats till att endast studera projekteringen av fastighetsmark i Sverige. De metoder som använts för att samla in data till arbetet är en litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie samt en enkätstudie. Resultatet visar att flera parametrar påverkar användningen av BIM och dess utveckling inom anläggningsbranschen. Bland annat har resultatet visat att användningen av och kunskapen om BIM inom företag påverkas av vilken typ av företag och vilken typ av yrkesroller de som arbetar på företaget har. Det har även visat sig att ”BIM-experter” kan ha en skev bild av hur BIM och 3D-modeller faktiskt fungerar. Även hur BIM ska implementeras, användas och tolkas i projekt är oklart i vissa fall. Trafikverket, som ett exempel, har haft BIM som krav för olika delar i projekt sedan 2015, men har ingen standard för hur en BIM ska se ut eller vad den ska innehålla. Majoriteten av respondenterna på enkät- och intervjustudien svarar att BIM är en fördel och att en utveckling av BIM gynnar branschen, trots att de inte anser att BIM ger fördelar i alla anläggningsprojekt. Det finns även en generell kunskapsbrist i branschen om hur BIM används och vad BIM faktiskt är. Slutsatsen är att det saknas lättillgängliga och användarvänliga programvaror samt en branschstandard kring hur BIM ska användas. Programvaror som används för att skapa 3Dmodeller idag kräver mycket tid och en 3D-modell tar längre tid att utveckla än en 2D-ritning, vilket är anledningen till att många fortfarande arbetar med traditionella 2D-ritningar. Det går att leverera 3D-modeller, men det görs främst på begäran av beställaren. Det efterfrågas ingen specifik programvara av beställarna, utan det ställs främst krav på filformat. / Building information modelling and building information model (BIM), refers to a thought out and structured handling of information in a digital building, such as a 3D model. The benefit of BIM is that both the products and the process behind the products increase in quality. This contributes to reduced costs and projects that become more time efficient. In house construction, 3D-modeling and BIM has been used for many years. In the construction of real estate land, it is not as common. The problem that arises when BIM is being used in projects with real estate land, is that the ground contains irregularities, slopes, and radius where the dimensions in the x-, y- and z-direction of the 3D model must be correct. This is relatively easy to adjust in a 2D drawing, but harder to get right in a 3D model. The purpose of this work is to investigate what difficulties there are and what opportunities are provided by detailed planning of real estate land, with the help of BIM. The work’s main questions are the following: • What is missing in the construction industry today, to be able to implement BIM to a greater extent? • What advantages does BIM provide in the planning of real estate land? • What do clients ask for and what requirements do they have about the planning process on real estate land? • What can the planners deliver and what technical challenges do they believe exist in the planning process of real estate land? The work has been carried out at VAP VA-projekt AB in Örebro and has been limited to only studying the planning of real estate land in Sweden. The methods used to collect data for the work are a literature study, an interview study, and a survey study. The results shows that several parameters influence the use of BIM and its development in the construction industry. The results have shown that the use of BIM and the knowledge of BIM is depending on the type of company and the type of professional roles of those who work at the company. It has also been shown that “BIM experts” can have a distorted knowledge of how BIM and 3D models work. How BIM should be implemented, used, and interpreted in project is also unclear in some cases. Trafikverket, as an example, has had BIM as a requirement for various parts of projects since 2015, but has no standard for what a BIM should look like or what it should contain. Most respondents to the survey and interview study answer that BIM is an advantage and that the development of BIM benefits the industry, even though they do not believe that BIM provides advantages in all construction projects. There is also a general lack of knowledge in the industry about how BIM is used and what BIM is. The conclusion is that there is a lack of user-friendly software and a lack of a standard for how BIM should be used in the construction industry. Software used to create 3D models today requires a lot of time and a 3D model takes longer time to develop than a 2D drawing. This could be the reason to why many people still work with traditional 2D drawings. It’s possible to deliver 3D models of real estate land but this is mainly done at the request of the customer. No specific software is requested by the customers but their mainly demands are on which file format should be used.

This thesis deals with quantifying the merits of Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT), as well as providing solutions to achieve DMPPT in PV systems. A general method based on 3D modeling is developed to determine the energy yield of PV installations exploiting different levels of DMPPT granularity. Sub-string-level DMPPT is shown to have up to 30% more annual energy yield than panel-level DMPPT. A Multi-Input-Single-Output (MISO) dc-dc converter is proposed to achieve DMPPT in parallel-connected applications. A digital current-mode controller is used to operate the MISO converter in pseudo-CCM mode. For series-connected applications, the virtualparallel concept is introduced to utilize the robustness of the parallel connection. This concept is demonstrated on a three-phase boost converter. The topology offers reduced output voltage ripple under shading which increases the life-time of the output capacitor. The prototypes yield output power benefits of up to 46% and 20% for the tested shading conditions.

Cette thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'étude des réservoirs carbonatés karstiques par une approche intégrant modélisation géologique numérique 3D et hydrogéologie. Une méthodologie originale a été ainsi développée pour être appliquée à la caractérisation des ressources en eau souterraine de l'Unité du Beausset (Bouches-du-Rhône et Var, SE France). Cette méthodologie lie l'architecture géologique 3D du réservoir à ses propriétés hydrodynamiques extraites de son étude hydrogéologique. Cette zone est un synclinal de roches sédimentaires mésozoïques d'une épaisseur pouvant atteindre 3000m. Ces roches affleurent sur environ 650 km², et ont subi de nombreuses phases de fracturation et karstification. A partir de la synthèse des données existantes géologiques, hydrogéologiques et karstologiques, sept intervalles lithostratigraphiques ont été définis. Ces intervalles ont également été caractérisés hydrodynamiquement par l'analyse des séries temporelles de hauteur, température et conductivité électrique enregistrées en continu en sept sources représentatives. Cette caractérisation a été complétée par des campagnes exhaustives d'hydrochimie et de mesures de débit. L'ensemble des données et des résultats obtenus ont permis de définir où sont les unités de stockages et d'écoulement de l'eau souterraine. Ces dernières ont été intégrées de manière qualitative en 3D à l'aide d'un modèle surfacique de l'architecture géologique de l'Unité du Beausset. Cette intégration a permis de définir les meilleures zones de captage potentiel pour de nouvelles ressources en eau souterraine. / The aim of this PhD thesis is to provide an original approach for the characterization of karstic carbonate reservoirs that integrates 3D geological modeling and hydrodynamics. The 3D geological model stands for the structural compartmentalization of the reservoir and the hydrodynamics provide dynamic properties for the understanding of the fluid flow. This methodology is applied to the characterization of the groundwater resources of the Beausset Unit (SE France). The study area is a syncline composed of nearly 3000 m of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, which age from late Triassic to Upper Cretaceous. These rocks, which are mainly carbonates, crop out over an area of 650 km² and have known several phases of fracturation and karstification. This study is divided in four parts: (1) synthesis of existing data, (2) 3D geological modeling, (3) study of hydrodynamics, and (4) integration of static and dynamic data in order to discuss the characterization of the groundwater resources in the Beausset Unit. The existing data on stratigraphy, lithology, petrophysical properties, karstology and hydrogeology allow the definition of seven lithostratigraphic intervals that have been chosen for modeling. These intervals represent the vertical compartmentalization of the reservoir: each interval has a unique combination of karst and rocks properties. The integration of all this data end results leads to the recognition of the flow and reservoir units in each lithostratigraphic interval. A qualitative link has been made between the 3D architecture of the basin and the reservoir properties; it allows the characterization of the best potential targets for new groundwater tapping zones.

A obtenção e a reconstrução da geometria tridimensional (3D) de objetos e ambientes têm importância crescente em áreas como visão computacional e computação gráfica. As formas atuais de obtenção e reconstrução 3D necessitam de equipamentos e montagens sofisticadas que, por conseqüência, têm custos elevados e aplicação limitada. Este trabalho apresenta criticamente os principais algoritmos para a reconstrução 3D a partir de par de imagens estéreo e identifica os mais viáveis para utilização com equipamentos convencionais. Por meio da implementação de alguns destes algoritmos, da comparação dos resultados obtidos em sua execução e também pela comparação com os resultados encontrados na literatura, são identificadas as principais deficiências. São propostas adequações aos algoritmos existentes, em particular, é apresentada a proposta da técnica das faixas que proporciona a redução drástica no consumo de memória para o processamento da geometria 3D e que possui desempenho computacional melhor em relação às técnicas tradicionais. Foi implementado um protótipo de sistema de reconstrução 3D que permite a reconstrução pelas diferentes técnicas estudadas e propostas, bem como permite visualizar o cenário reconstruído sob diferentes pontos de vista de forma interativa. / The acquisition and reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) geometry of objects and environments have their importance growing in areas such as Computer Vision and Computer Graphics. The current methods to acquire and reconstruct three-dimensional data need sophisticated equipments and assemblies, which have expensive costs and limited applications. This work presents the main algorithms for 3D reconstruction using a pair of stereo images and identifies which are viable to use with conventional equipments. Through the implementation of some of these algorithms, by comparing the results obtained and comparing with the results presented in the literature, the main limitations were identified. This work proposes adjustments in the existing algorithms, in particular it proposes the stripping technique, which provides a huge memory usage reduction for 3D geometry processing and better computing performance if compared with traditional approaches. A prototype system for 3D reconstruction was implemented, which allows the reconstruction using the different researched and proposed techniques and allows interactive visualization of the reconstructed scene in different angles.

L'utilisation des structures sandwichs composées d’âme en nid d'abeilles et de peaux a considérablement augmenté ces dernières années dans plusieurs secteurs industriels tels que l’aéronautique, l’aérospatiale, le navale et l’automobile. Cet intérêt croissant pour ces matériaux alvéolaires est principalement lié à leur faible densité et meilleur rapport masse/rigidité/résistance en comparaison avec les alliages métalliques ou les matériaux composites classiques. Cependant, leur constitution rend souvent les opérations de mise en forme par usinage compliquées et difficile à mener à cause de l’usure prématurée des outils coupants et l’endommagement important induit en subsurface des pièces. En effet, les vibrations importantes des parois minces du nid d’abeilles sont une source de plusieurs problèmes comme la mauvaise qualité des surfaces usinées, les fibres non coupées, délaminage, défauts, etc. Les travaux de cette thèse s’intéressent à la compréhension du comportement des structures nids d’abeilles composite (Nomex®) et métallique (aluminium) en usinage. L’enlèvement de matière par fraisage présente pour ces matériaux plusieurs verrous scientifiques et technologiques. Une analyse expérimentale a permis d’identifier dans un premier temps les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors de la formation des copeaux et les interactions entre les arêtes de coupe et les parois minces des cellules de la structure alvéolaire. Un intérêt particulier a été porté sur la caractérisation des défauts induits dans le matériau par les différentes parties composant la fraise, le déchiqueteur et le coteau. Deux protocoles expérimentaux ont été mis en place afin de qualifier la qualité et l’intégrité des surfaces usinées. Ils tiennent compte de la particularité des âmes en nid d'abeilles : composite ou métallique, leur géométrie alvéolaire, leur densité et l’épaisseur fine des parois. Un nouveau critère de qualité a été établi et proposé en tant qu’indicateur d’endommagement pour le suivi de l’état des surfaces alvéolaires fraichement usinées. Basée sur l’analyse statistique de Taguchi, une hiérarchisation des paramètres d’usinage et leur influence sur le comportement de ces matériaux ont été ensuite réalisées. Par ailleurs, l’usure des outils de coupe a été étudiée selon le couple outil-matériau usiné et les conditions de fraisage choisies. Comme l’a montré l’étude expérimentale, l’optimisation des paramètres d’usinage via une approche expérimentale seule est souvent longue et coûteuse. La simulation numérique peut apporter une aide complémentaire et constituer un outil intéressant pour l’analyse de la physique de la coupe des nids d’abeilles. Dans cette optique et en deuxième partie de la thèse, un modèle numérique par éléments finis a été spécifiquement développé pour la simulation du fraisage 3D des matériaux nids d’abeilles. Pour le Nomex®, deux lois de comportement mécanique couplées avec l’endommagement ont été identifiées et implémentées via la subroutine VUMAT dans Abaqus explicit. Pour simuler la formation des copeaux, deux critères de rupture (Hashin et Tsai-Wu) avec chute de rigidité ont été exploités. Les résultats du calcul numérique et ceux des essais expérimentaux ont montré une bonne concordance en termes de mécanismes de formation des copeaux, d’efforts de coupe et de modes d’endommagement / The use of sandwich structures made with honeycomb core and skins has considerably increased these last years in several industrial sectors such as aeronautics, aerospace, naval and automotive. This growing interest for the alveolar materials is mainly related to their low density and better mass/stiffness/strength ratio compared to metal alloys or conventional composites. However, their constitution makes machining operations complicated and difficult to control because of the premature cutting tool wear and the significant damage induced in the workpiece. In fact, the important vibrations of the thin honeycomb walls are a source of several problems such as the poor surface quality, uncut fibers, delamination, defects, etc. This work deals with the understanding of the honeycomb composites behavior and metallic during machining. The material removal process by milling of these materials presents several scientific and technological challenges. Firstly, an experimental analysis has been used to identify the physical phenomena involved during the chip formation process and generated by the interactions between the cutting edge and the honeycomb cell walls. A particular interest was focused on the characterization of defects induced in the material by different parts of the cutter, the shredder and the saw blade. Two experimental protocols have been set up to qualify the quality and integrity of the machined surface. They consider the particularity of the honeycomb cores: composite or metallic, their geometry, and the thin wall thickness. A new quality criterion has been established and proposed as a damage indicator to monitoring the machining process and choice optimal cutting conditions. Based on Taguchi's statistical analysis, a hierarchy of the machining parameters and their influence on the behavior of these materials have then realized. In addition, the wear of cutting tools has been studied according to the selected tool-material couple and milling conditions. The optimization of machining parameters is often long and expensive only via experimental approach. Modelling and numerical simulation can provide complementary support with an interesting numerical tool to analyze the physics of cutting honeycombs. In this perspective and in the second part of the PhD thesis, a finite element numerical model has been especially developed for the 3D milling operation. For Nomex®, two coupled mechanical-damage behavior laws have been identified and implemented in Abaqus explicit subroutine VUMAT. To simulate the chip formation process and induced subsurface damage, two fracture criteria (Hashin and Tsai-Wu) with stiffness degradation concept have been operated. The comparison between the numerical simulation results and experimental data shows a good agreement in terms of the chip formation mechanisms, cutting forces and damage modes

A obtenção e a reconstrução da geometria tridimensional (3D) de objetos e ambientes têm importância crescente em áreas como visão computacional e computação gráfica. As formas atuais de obtenção e reconstrução 3D necessitam de equipamentos e montagens sofisticadas que, por conseqüência, têm custos elevados e aplicação limitada. Este trabalho apresenta criticamente os principais algoritmos para a reconstrução 3D a partir de par de imagens estéreo e identifica os mais viáveis para utilização com equipamentos convencionais. Por meio da implementação de alguns destes algoritmos, da comparação dos resultados obtidos em sua execução e também pela comparação com os resultados encontrados na literatura, são identificadas as principais deficiências. São propostas adequações aos algoritmos existentes, em particular, é apresentada a proposta da técnica das faixas que proporciona a redução drástica no consumo de memória para o processamento da geometria 3D e que possui desempenho computacional melhor em relação às técnicas tradicionais. Foi implementado um protótipo de sistema de reconstrução 3D que permite a reconstrução pelas diferentes técnicas estudadas e propostas, bem como permite visualizar o cenário reconstruído sob diferentes pontos de vista de forma interativa. / The acquisition and reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) geometry of objects and environments have their importance growing in areas such as Computer Vision and Computer Graphics. The current methods to acquire and reconstruct three-dimensional data need sophisticated equipments and assemblies, which have expensive costs and limited applications. This work presents the main algorithms for 3D reconstruction using a pair of stereo images and identifies which are viable to use with conventional equipments. Through the implementation of some of these algorithms, by comparing the results obtained and comparing with the results presented in the literature, the main limitations were identified. This work proposes adjustments in the existing algorithms, in particular it proposes the stripping technique, which provides a huge memory usage reduction for 3D geometry processing and better computing performance if compared with traditional approaches. A prototype system for 3D reconstruction was implemented, which allows the reconstruction using the different researched and proposed techniques and allows interactive visualization of the reconstructed scene in different angles.