3D optical proximity scanner is described in this thesis. The sensor is marked as 03D201 and is made by Ifm electronic, GmbH company. The text also describes the basic characteristics, measuring principle, PC connection method and communication. A program for communication between PC and sensor was created and named O3D_Application. This program provides functions for real-time data transfer and visualization. Measured data can be saved easily by this program. The thesis also contains an analysis of measured data and parasitic parameters of the sensor.

The main subject of this diploma thesis is computation of race car aerodynamics. It describes composition method of CFD model with utilization of 3D scanner ATOS and CAD software Pro Engineer. During creating this diploma thesis were found influences of additional aerodynamics components of racing car on globally axle loads.

The vehicle body was measured by using ATOS 3D scanner. Measured data from the ATOS 3D scanner were applied to make a 3D model of vehicle body and to make a 3D model of whole vehicle by using computer program Pro/ENGINEER. The model of vehicle was made with a view for future use of CAD model. Surface of the vehicle model was used for computation of vehicle aerodynamics – aerodynamic static pressure distribution by using CFD software Star-CCM+.

This thesis is about modal analysis of the rotor blades row tied with Z-tie. Thesis was solved by finite element system ANSYS. Cyclic symmetry was used in this thesis with the aim of obtain eigen frequency of bladed disc. The next aim of this thesis was to find eigen frequency of the free rotor blades and to compare it with frequency obtained from experiment. 3D model was created by 3D scanner and CAD system CATIA.

This thesis is focused on measuring the shape of loaded tire and finding dependencies between inner tire pressure, load and the influence of these parameters on the resulting shape of the tire. Data for these dependencies were obtained by using a constructed measuring stand and 3D optical technology. Found dependencies describe the change in shape of the tire in specific mathematical functions, and served the creation of a parametric model of the tire. The main finding of this thesis is that the tire is actually behaves according to dependencies described by varying degrees of polynomial function.

This document describes resources for creating an advanced presentation. Advanced parts include virtual three-dimensional scene,  three-dimensional objects and video. Describes and summarizes selected technologies and possibilities of using them. Document  also includes concept of  presentation and its implementation realized by suitable resources. The platform Flash has been chosen for creating  in operating system Windows.

At the start of millennia harvesters in forestry have gained popularity for their productive and accurate timber processing. However the accuracy of harvester measurement and overall reliability is often in question and hot topic in forest technology as it is directly responsible for economical profits of the machine. As harvesters timber measurement is affected by various factors both internally and externally the influence level of these factors needed practical approach. In the view of this aim of this analysis was directed to discover the factors and characteristics that are essential to harvesters timber measurement. Target of this analysis is divided in to practical field measurements and harvester simulator experiments. In the field measurements small number of trees were measured with various measurement methods which are used in the professional field of forestry. For harvester simulator experiments number parameters in the computer system were chosen that are linked to timber measurement and modified based on their individual characteristics. Results for both field measurements and harvester simulator experiments were processed and analyzed to see which had the most essential effect on the measurement accuracy and reliability and what other discoveries it might produce. Field measurement data analysis discovered that 3D scanner and image analysis produced the most accurate measurement results and harvester underestimated the tree volume data in most of the assortments. Other notion was that image analysis over measured some tree stem bases that had over expanded butt part. Simulator parameter experimentation led to the discovery that price type and diameter base curve had the most influence on the timber volume estimation while other experimented parameters produced less data change after their modification. Also some parameter were restricted by other parameters from producing any possible discoveries.

Introduction: Stenotic nares are one of the most important characteristics of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which was first described in 1949. However, although they have been mentioned in most texts about brachycephalic malformations, few studies have attempted to characterize the nasal entrance of dogs morphologically or functionally, and none of them have described it objectively with landmarks. Recently, as the popularity of brachycephalic dogs has exploded worldwide, innumumberable dogs are suffering from BOAS due to structural malformations. In the point of view of animal welfare, stenotic nares should be objectively evaluated to provide evidence of torture breeding. Objectives: The aim of this study was to objectively measure and thus characterize the nasal entrance stenosis of brachycephalic dogs in comparison to non-brachycephalic dogs. To this end, the following objectives were defined: 1. Our aim is to use three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue morphometry to objectively measure the externally visible part of the nasal entrance of healthy and brachycephalic dogs. 2. Our aim is to define specific soft-tissue landmarks and parameters to objectively characterize the nasal entrance of dogs. 3. Compare 3D high-resolution scanning with computed tomography (CT) using the newly defined parameters. 4. Reexamine the nasal entrance with 3D scan six months after surgical correction of nasal entrance stenosis (Ala-vestibuloplasty). Animals, Material and Methods: Forty-five brachycephalic and 45 non-brachycephalic dogs were included in this study between 2018 and 2020. All the animals were referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Unit of the Small Animal Department at the University of Leipzig, either for surgical correction of BOAS or for endoscopic examination. Animals were excluded if their nasal entrance was potentially affected due to disease or previous surgery. All dogs were scanned with a 3D scanner under general anesthesia using a standardized anesthetic protocol before endoscopic intervention. The 3D scans and CT images were later imported into two advanced software (Amira, Thermo Fisher and Facial Analysis Tool) for objective measurement of the nasal entrance. Intra-observer error and ala-vestibuloplasty (AVP) efficacy of the CT images and 3D scans were tested and compared. All the data were normalized using Shapiro–Wilk normality test. All statistical analyses were later performed using Pearson or Spearman test for correlation, paired t-test, or t-test. Paired t-test was used to test whether the mean difference between pairs of measurements was zero. If it was not the same group of animals, t-test was used instead. Results: We defined new specific soft-tissue landmarks to calculate the nasal opening area (NOA) and stenotic angle (SA) to objectively describe the canine nasal entrance. The NOA and SA were significantly smaller in brachycephalic dogs than in non-brachycephalic dogs, and the NOA was significantly correlated with body weight, whereas SA was not. After nasal entrance correction via AVP, the nasal entrances were 295%left and 233%right larger than before surgery in brachycephalic dogs. Intra-observer reliability was tested with excellent significance through NOA measurements. Comparison between the 3D scanner and CT was measured with the NOA, and it did not show a significant difference between the methods. Conclusion: Obtaining the NOA and SA using 3D surface scans seems to be a reliable and reproducible tool for precise objective evaluation of the visible canine nasal entrance. With the measurement of derived NOA and SA, all the brachycephalic dogs in the study were found to have stenotic nares, and all they required AVP to relieve breathing difficulty. The brachycephalic nasal entrances were increased significantly after AVP, the modified nare correction surgery. We consider the results of our study strong evidence that the breeding of brachycephalic dogs is torture breeding. The restriction of nasal breathing due to the extreme reduction of the nasal entrance to a fraction of the size of that of non-brachycephalic dogs is obvious evidence of this.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 - / Einleitung: Die Naseneingangstenose ist eine der wichtigsten Merkmale des brachyzephalen Syndroms (BOAS), das erstmals 1949 beschrieben wurde. Obwohl diese komplexe Stenose in den meisten Texten über brachyzephale Fehlbildungen erwähnt wird, haben nur wenige Studien versucht, den Naseneingang von Hunden morphologisch oder funktionell zu charakterisieren. Eine objektive Beschreibung mit Landmarken ist bisher nicht bekannt. In den letzten Jahren ist die Popularität brachyzephaler Hunde weltweit explodiert. Unzählige Hunde leiden aufgrund struktureller Fehlbildungen an BOAS. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Tierschutzes sollte die einzige, mit bloßem Auge sichtbare Stenose der oberen Atemwege brachyzephaler Hunde, die Stenose des Naseneingangs objektiv bewertet werden können, um Hinweise auf eine Qualzucht zu belegen. Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Naseneingang von brachyzephalen Hunden im Vergleich zu nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden objektiv zu messen und damit die Stenose des Naseneingangs zu charakterisieren und eine chirurgische Therapie, die Ala-Vestibuloplastie (AVP), zu evaluieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die folgenden Ziele definiert: 1. Anwendung der dreidimensionalen (3D) Weichteilmorphometrie zur objektiven Messung des äußerlich sichtbaren Teils des Naseneingangs von gesunden und brachyzephalen Hunden. 2. Definition spezifischer Weichteil-Landmarken und Parameter zur objektiven Charakterisierung des Naseneingangs von Hunden. 3. Methoden-Vergleich zwischen den hochauflösenden 3D-Scans und der Computertomographie (CT) unter Verwendung der neu definierten Parameter. 4. Kontrolluntersuchung mit 3D-Scan sechs Monate nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der Naseneingangsstenose (Ala-Vestibuloplastik). Tiere und Methoden: 45 brachyzephale und 45 nicht-brachyzephale Hunde wurden zwischen 2018 und 2020 in diese Studie aufgenommen und wurden an die Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Abteilung der Kleintierklinik der Universität Leipzig überwiesen, zur endoskopischen Untersuchung der oberen Atemwege und gegebenenfalls zur chirurgischen Korrektur der BOAS-assozierten Stenosen. Ausgeschlossen wurden Tiere, deren Naseneingang aufgrund von Krankheiten oder einer früheren Operation verändert war. Alle Hunde wurden nach einem standardisierten Anästhesieprotokoll anästhesiert, ein Computertomogramm des Kopfes erstellt und vor dem endoskopischen Eingriff wurde der Kopf mit einem 3D-Scanner gescannt. Die 3D-Scans und CT-Bilder wurden in zwei Softwareprogramme (Amira, Thermo Fisher und Facial Analysis Tool) zur objektiven Messung des Naseneingangs importiert. Zur genauen Charakterisierung wurden neue Landmarken am Naseneingang definiert und zur Berechnung von zwei neuen, abgeleiteten Parametern, der Nasenöffnungsfläche (NOA) und dem stenotischen Winkel (SA) verwendet. Der Intraobserver-Fehler und die Wirksamkeit der Ala-Vestibuloplastie wurden anhand der CT-Bilder und 3D-Scans mit demselben Verfahren geprüft und verglichen. Alle statistischen Analysen wurden später mit dem Pearson-Test oder dem Spearman-Test für die Korrelation, dem gepaarten t-Test oder dem t-Test durchgeführt. Der gepaarte t-Test wurde verwendet, um zu prüfen, ob der Mittelwertunterschied zwischen Paaren von Messungen gleich Null war. Handelte es sich nicht um dieselbe Gruppe von Tieren, wurde stattdessen der t-Test verwendet. Ergebnisse: Mit den neu definierten spezifischen Weichteil-Landmarken und den abgeleiteten Parametern NOA und SA konnte der Naseneingang aller brachyzephalen und nicht-brachyzephalen Hunde objektiv beschrieben werden. NOA und SA waren bei brachyzephalen Hunden signifikant kleiner als bei nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden. NOA korrelierte in beiden Gruppen signifikant mit dem Körpergewicht. Dagegen zeigte SA keine Korrelation mit dem Körpergewicht. Nach der chirurgischen AVP waren die Naseneingänge bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden größer als vor der Operation, mit einer Zunahme der NOA links um 295 % und rechts um 233 %. Die Intraobserver-Zuverlässigkeit wurde durch NOA-Messungen getestet und war hoch signifikant. Zum Methoden-Vergleich zwischen 3D-Scanner und CT wurde die Nasenöffnungsfläche jeweils am gemessen und zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Methoden. Schlussfolgerungen: Morphometrische Messungen mit 3D-Oberflächenscans scheinen ein zuverlässiges und reproduzierbares Instrument zur präzisen, objektiven Bewertung des Naseneingangs des Hundes zu sein. Bei der Messung der abgeleiteten Flächen (NOA) und Winkel (SA) wurde bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden dieser Studie eine Naseneingangsstenose festgestellt. Nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der brachyzephalen Naseneingangsstenose, der AVP, waren die Nasenöffnungen deutlich vergrößert. Die Einschränkung der Nasenatmung durch die extreme Verkleinerung des Naseneingangs auf einen Bruchteil der Größe von nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden, betrachten wir als eindeutigen Beweis dafür, dass die Zucht von brachyzephalen Hunden eine Qualzucht ist.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 -

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mario Alexandre Gazziro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2017. / Devido à disseminação de novas tecnologias de varredura (ou escaneamento) 3D, há agora a possibilidade de se realizar uma análise corporal a partir de um modelo tridimensional do paciente. Este trabalho visa criar uma plataforma de avaliação corporal semiautomática para medição de ângulos e distâncias de pontos anatômicos do corpo, juntamente com aplicações que somente informações 3D podem agregar, como a medição do volume do corpo e perímetros de seções corporais, criando-se assim um equipamento completo conhecido como scanner 3D multifuncional. Este equipamento foi construído utilizando 2 sensores Microsoft Kinect aliados à biblioteca de reconstrução ReconstructMe, uma plataforma giratória e um microcontrolador Arduino, criando uma plataforma de escaneamento e software de uso fácil e intuitivo. A plataforma desenvolvida foi utilizada em testes de análise postural de um manequim segundo o protocolo SAPO de avaliação e comparada ao software SAPO. O método de aquisição de modelos tridimensionais foi totalmente automatizado e se mostrou confiável, desde que o usuário permaneça parado durante o processo. O software para avaliações corporais, nomeado AllBodyScan3D, conseguiu reproduzir os métodos propostos e realizar uma avaliação postural de forma ainda não vista em outros trabalhos. A comparação de resultados de avaliação postural do software proposto com o software SAPO mostrou boa correspondência entre os métodos. / Due to the spread of new 3D scanning technologies, there is now the possibility of performing a body analysis from a three-dimensional model of the patient. This work aims to create a semiautomatic body evaluation platform for measuring angles and distances of anatomical points of the body, together with applications that only 3D information can aggregate, such as the measurement of body volume and perimeters of body sections, thus creating a complete equipment known as multifunctional 3D scanner. This equipment was built using 2 Microsoft Kinect sensors together with the ReconstructMe reconstruction library, a turntable and an Arduino microcontroller, creating a scanning platform and an intuitive and easy-to-use software. The developed platform was used in postural analysis tests of a mannequin following the SAPO evaluation protocol and compared to the SAPO software. The method of acquisition of three-dimensional models was fully automated and proved to be reliable, provided that the user remains still during the process. The body evaluation software, named AllBodyScan3D, was able to reproduce the proposed methods and perform a postural evaluation in ways not yet seen in other works. The comparison of postural evaluation results of the proposed software with the SAPO software showed a good match between the methods.

Organização Interamericana de Direitos Humanos - OEA / A interpretação antropológica de instrumentos musicais e do fato cultural que fornece sua fabricação e uso, é relevante para a compreensão da música em sua dimensão simbólica, estética e sensorial. A criação de um instrumento sonoro, permite mostra a importância harmônica e melódica, que produz o instrumento musical, além de estabelecer o contato entre a comunidade pré-hispânica e a paisagem sonora o qual é percebido pelos sentidos. A música na cultura Tumaco, constitue a mostra de um grande grupo das técnicas oleiras para a fabricação de instrumentos musicais, se vislumbrando uma criação útil e simbólica para aqueles artefatos em as sociedades navegantes do Litoral Pacífico Colombiano entre o 300 A.C 300 D.C. Finalmente se escolheram um 23 peças, entre instrumentos e representações musicais, ampliando o âmbito ilustrativo dos artefatos, mostrando o corpo geral externo do instrumento musical; adicionalmente se fizeram provas sonoras de 9 instrumentos musicais, em ótimo estado de conservação, considerando uma percepção visual e sonora contemporânea da sonoridade préhispânica. / La interpretación antropológica de instrumentos musicales y del hecho cultural que propicia su fabricación y uso, es pertinente para la comprensión de la música en su dimensión simbólica, estética y sensorial. La creación de un instrumento sonoro, permite evidenciar la importancia armónica y melódica que produce el instrumento musical, además de establecer el contacto entre la comunidad prehispánica y el entorno sonoro el cual percibe mediante los sentidos. La música en la cultura Tumaco, constituye la evidencia de un gran manejo de las técnicas alfareras para la fabricación de instrumentos musicales, vislumbrándose una creación productiva y simbólica para este tipo de artefactos en sociedades navegantes del Litoral Pacífico Colombiano entre el 300 A.C – 300 D.C. Finalmente se seleccionaron un número de piezas ubicadas en el Museo del oro de Bogotá, de las cuales se realizaron tomas 3D, con scanner Eva Artec 3D de 24 piezas entre instrumentos y representaciones musicales, ampliado el ámbito ilustrativo de las piezas, mostrando el cuerpo general externo de la pieza musical; adicionalmente, se efectuaron pruebas sonoras de 9 instrumentos musicales, en excelente estado de conservación, considerando una perspectiva visual y sonora contemporánea de la sonoridad prehispánica. / Anthropological interpretation of musical instruments and the cultural facts promote their manufacture and use, it's relevant for understand musical, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory dimension. The creation of a sonourus instrument, allow highlight the importance of melodic and harmonic production of musical instrument, on top show the contact between the Pre-Hispanic population and sonourus environment that is perceived by the senses. Music on the Tumaco culture, constitutes evidence of a great technical pottery for the manufacture of musical instruments, glimpse a create production and symbolic for this type of artifacts on the Colombian Pacific coast on sailing communities between 300 BC - 300 AC. Finally was chosen a number of pieces in the Museo del Oro of Bogota of which were took 3D captures with scanner Eva Artec 3D, testing on 24 pieces between instruments and musical representations, broading the illustrative field of the pieces, showing the general body of music artifact. Additionally, it's does tests 9 musical instruments, in excellent conditions, consider a contemporary sound and visual perspective of Pre-Hispanic sound.