Polyaniline (PAn) is an important conjugated conducting polymer because of its good environmental stability. However, the conductive form of polyanilune is difficult to processed because it is insoluble in common organic solvent. This property limits its processibility and application. In the study, we developed a feasible route for preparing polyaniline/surfactant core-shell latex to solve the insoluble problem. The polyaniline latex was made by emulsion polymerization of aniline monomer, using ionic polymer (poly(4-vinylpyridine)-methanesulfonic acid; P4VP(MSA)) as the surfactant and dopant. And then, the nano-size and core-shell morphologies of polyaniline latex was studied by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. The best conductivity of polyaniline film is approach to 10-2 S/cm.

No description available.

Orientadores: André Luiz Barboza Formiga, Maria Isabel Felisberti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jannuzzi_SergioAugustoVenturinelli_M.pdf: 35610656 bytes, checksum: f2dffeb8cf285399ac0996a04b2601a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho ocupa-se da síntese, caracterização e aplicação de um material híbrido orgânico-inorgânico em que o bloco orgânico é o polímero poli(4-vinilpiridina) e o bloco inorgânico é o pentacianoferrato(II) de sódio. A primeira parte trata da influência do polímero nas propriedades do complexo, e vice-versa. A segunda parte ilustra a aplicação do metalopolímero na produção de estruturas análogas ao azul da Prússia (AP) pela reação de Fe com as unidades pentacianoferrato. A banda de transferência de carga metal-ligante do pentacianoferrato do metalopolímero em solução desloca-se para energias menores na medida em que aumenta a fração de meros livres da cadeia polimérica, indicando que a fração do bloco orgânico modula a polaridade do ambiente químico do complexo. Por outro lado, a crescente quantidade de complexo ligado às cadeias poliméricas aumenta viscosidade das soluções de metalopolímeros, evidenciando que o pentacianoferrato expande o novelo macromolecular. Estruturas tipo azul da Prússia sintetizadas a partir do metalopolímero exibem elevada estabilidade coloidal quando comparadas aos compostos isentos de polímero e apresentam banda de intervalência em menores energias do que o frequentemente reportado para esse tipo de estrutura, provavelmente em virtude do envolvimento das partículas de AP pelo polímero / Abstract: This work comprises the synthesis, characterization and application of a hybrid organic-inorganic metallopolymer, in which the organic block is the polymer poly(4-vinylpyridine) and the inorganic block is the complex sodium pentacyanoferrate(II). The first part presents the influence of the polymer on the properties of the complex and vice-versa. The second part illustrates an application of the metallopolymer on the production of Prussian blue (AP) analogs based on the reaction of Fe with the pentacyanoferrate moieties. The metal-to-ligand charge transfer band of the polymer-bound pentacyanoferrate in solution shifts towards lower energies whereas the free monomers fraction arises. It indicates that the organic block fraction tunes the polarity of the pentacyanoferrate chemical environment. On the other side, the increasing fraction of complex bound to the polymer chain increases the metallopolymer solution viscosities. This is an evidence that the pentacyanoferrate expands the macromolecular coil. Prussian blue-type structures synthesized from metallopolymers exhibit enhanced colloidal stability when compared to the polymer-free compounds. They also present intervalence bands at lower energies than those frequentlly reported for this type of inorganic structure. The reason is probably the polymer wrapping of the particles / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Structural changes of electroactive species during electrochemical reactions cannot be determined from the electroanalytical technique alone. By incorporating spectroscopic techniques with electrochemistry, additional information about analyte structure and composition of the double layer can be obtained during electrochemical processes. Several spectroscopic methodologies have been tailored for this purpose including electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. Mid-infrared ATR spectroscopy is especially interesting as it provides in-situ information about adsorbates at the electrode surface. Mass transport limitations present in mid-infrared (mid-IR) external reflection and transmission spectroelectrochemistry are circumvented with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroelectrochemistry. However, limitations of appropriate electrode materials for internal reflection configurations have hindered widespread adoption of the technique. The work described in this thesis focuses on the development and coupling of electrically conducting DLC films with mid-IR transparent multi-reflection waveguides for ATR spectroelectrochemistry. Conducting diamondlike carbon (DLC) thin films were developed utilizing pulsed laser deposition systems in collaboration with Joanneum Research (Leoben, Austria) and at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill). Nitrogen doping and incorporation of noble metal nanoclusters were investigated as approaches aimed at improving the electrical conductivity of DLC. Detailed compositional studies of nitrogen-doped DLC layers showed that sp2-hybridized carbon is responsible for the observed electrochemical activity. Optical transparency of thin (~ 40 nm) DLC layers in the mid-IR regime was confirmed by transmission-absorption measurements upon deposition on zinc selenide ATR waveguides. Additionally, the first spectroelectrochemical application of conducting DLC films was demonstrated via the electropolymerization of polyaniline onto coated ATR elements. Metal-DLC nanocomposite layers were investigated with various analytical techniques obtaining detailed compositional information. Improved electrochemical activity of metal-DLC demonstrated their suitability as electrode materials. Sufficient mid-IR transmissivity of metal-DLC coated germanium waveguides was displayed to enable spectroelectrochemical application. Finally, electropolymerization of poly(4-vinylpyridine) in acetonitrile was pursued to produce highly cross-linked ion-exchange membranes for spectroelectrochemical sensing. The composition of the pre-polymerization mixture and deposition conditions were tailored to obtain uniform semipermeable membranes. Diffusion of cations to electrodes is restricted by performing the electropolymerization as established herein. By employing the described electropolymerization procedure at DLC-coated waveguides, spectroelectrochemical sensing strategies can now be extended into the mid-IR regime.

Although, the use of vinyl pyridine polymers, especially as matrices for nanoparticle synthesis, is growing considerably, the knowledge of thermal degradation behavior is still missing in the literature. In this study, thermal degradation characteristics of the homopolymers / poly(4-vinylpyridine), P4VP, and poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, the diblock copolymers / polystyrene-blockpoly( 2-vinylpyridine), (PS-b-P2VP) and polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine), (PS-b-P4VP), and the metal functional vinyl polymers / cobalt-polystyrene-blockpoly( 2-vinylpyridine) and cobalt-polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) were investigated by direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The effects of the position of the nitrogen in the pyridine ring, composition and molecular weight of diblock copolymer and coordination of the metal to the pyridine ring of the copolymer on thermal behavior were also investigated. The results showed that unlike most of the vinyl polymers that decompose via depolymerization, P2VP degrades through opposing reaction pathways / depolymerization, proton transfer to N atom in the pyridine ring yielding unsaturated linkages on the polymer backbone that decompose slightly at higher temperatures and loss of pyridine units. On the other hand the thermally less stable P4VP decomposition follows v depolymerization in accordance to general expectations. Another finding was the independent decomposition of both components of the diblock polymers, (PS-b- P2VP) and (PS-b-P4VP). Thermal degradation occurs in two main steps, the thermally less stable P2VP or P4VP chains degrade in the first step and in the second step decomposition of PS takes place. It was also concluded that upon coordination of metal, thermal stability of both P2VP and P4VP increases significantly. For metal functional diblock copolymers thermal degradation of chains coordinated to Co metal through N in the pyridine ring occurred in three steps / cleavage of pyridine coordinated to Co, coupling and H-transfer reactions yielding unsaturated and/or crosslinked structure and decomposition of these thermally more stable unsaturated and/or crosslinked blocks. TEM imaging of the metal functional block copolymers along with the results of the pyrolysis mass spectrometry pointed out that PS-b-P2VP polymer is a better and more effective matrix for nanoparticle synthesis.

Nanoscale particles based on the nature of building blocks often self-assemble into superstructures with distinctive spatial arrangements which can be used as functional materials for different application. Micro-phase separated hairy nanoparticle with helical hair can self-assemble to form supramolecular material which may mimic the properties and functions of the natural polymers such as protein and cellulose. Beside this hairy/core-shell nanoparticles also may find many applications such as in asymmetric catalysis, nano-fillers in tire and rubbers, model systems for biology, lithography and as sensors. In this work, we have successfully synthesized two hairy nanoparticles both of which has cross-linked polystyrene core with helical poly (3- methyl 4- vinyl pyridine) and poly (2- methoxystyrene) brushes respectively by living anionic polymerization via one-pot synthesis. NMR spectroscopy was used to determine that polymerization was successful and compositions of HNPs have the agreement with the targeted HNPs structure. By tailoring the architecture (functionalization of polymer chains, the degree of polymerization, grafting density) of HNPs, it is possible to control the final properties of the system. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to demonstrate the thermal properties of the synthesized HNPs which corresponds to polymer composition. Dynamic light scattering, SEM and AFM images were recorded to measure the particle size and morphology of the particles. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to determine the induced chirality of helical polymer brushes by complexing it with the small chiral molecule. SEM and AFM imaging were recorded to find out the morphology and hierarchically self-assembly of the hairy nanoparticle system. The synthesized particles may have great potential to successfully generate self-assembled suprastructures which can further solve the chiral resolution problem and can also find different applications.

No description available.

Le domaine de la science des matériaux et plus particulièrement celui des matériaux hybrides suscite un intérêt croissant en raison de leurs nombreuses applications. Dans ce travail, deux stratégies synthétiques ont été considérées pour la synthèse de matériaux hybrides.Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche de synthèse directe en faisant réagir des ligands organiques de type oligophénylène avec de l’isopropoxyde de titane. Malheureusement, ces réactions ont conduit à la précipitation de solides amorphes ne permettant pas la caractérisation de ces produits.Dans une seconde partie, une approche de synthèse séquentielle qui consiste à synthétiser un objet précondensé pouvant s’auto-Assembler dans un second temps avec des ligands organiques a été proposée. Cette approche nous a conduits à synthétiser une nouvelle brique de formule Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 et de trois dérivés de formules analogues Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = pyridines substituées) obtenus par échange de ligands. Ces complexes, qui présentent des propriétés d’absorption dans le visible, ont été étudiés par spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis et grâce à des calculs théoriques. Puis nous avons utilisé le motif [Ti10O12(cat)8] pour générer des matériaux hybrides via des substitutions de ligands par des molécules polytopiques comme la 4,4’-Bipyridine et la poly(4-Vinylpyridine). / In the field of materials science, hybrid materials are of crucial importance due to their numerous applications. In this work, two strategies were considered to synthesize such hybrid materials.In a first part, we have tackled a one step synthetic approach by reacting resorcinol-Based oligophenylene organic ligands with titanium isopropoxide. Unfortunately, these reactions led to amorphous solids and no further structural information concerning these precipitates was obtained.In a second part, we have described a sequential approach which first concerns the preparation of pre-Ordered systems that are, in a second step, self-Assembled with organic linkers. Thus, our approach deals with the preparation of a new building block formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 and three derivatives formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = substituted pyridine) obtained by ligands exchange. These complexes exhibit visible light absorption properties that were studied through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Then, the [Ti10O12(cat)8] motif was used to generate hybrid materials via ligands substitutions with polytopic ligands such as 4,4’-Bipyridine and poly(4-Vinylpyridine).

La chimie supramoléculaire est basée sur l'assemblage non covalent de blocs simples, des petites molécules aux polymères, pour synthétiser des matériaux fonctionnels ou complexes. La poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) est l'une des composantes supramoléculaires les plus utilisées en raison de sa chaîne latérale composée d’une pyridine pouvant interagir avec de nombreuses espèces, telles que les petites molécules monofonctionnelles et bifonctionnelles, grâce à divers types d'interactions. Dans cette thèse, des assemblages supramoléculaires de P4VP interagissant par liaisons hydrogène avec de petites molécules sont étudiés, en ayant comme objectifs de faciliter l'électrofilage de polymères et de mieux comprendre et d'optimiser la photoréponse des matériaux contenant des dérivés d'azobenzène. Une nouvelle approche est proposée afin d'élargir l'applicabilité de l'électrofilage, une technique courante pour produire des nanofibres. À cet effet, un complexe entre la P4VP et un agent de réticulation bifonctionnel capable de former deux liaisons hydrogène, le 4,4'-biphénol (BiOH), a été préparé pour faciliter le processus d’électrofilage des solutions de P4VP. Pour mieux comprendre ce complexe, une nouvelle méthode de spectroscopie infrarouge (IR) a d'abord été développée pour quantifier l'étendue de la complexation. Elle permet de déterminer un paramètre clé, le rapport du coefficient d'absorption d'une paire de bandes attribuées aux groupements pyridines libres et liées par liaisons hydrogène, en utilisant la 4-éthylpyridine comme composé modèle à l’état liquide. Cette méthode a été appliquée à de nombreux complexes de P4VP impliquant des liaisons hydrogène et devrait être généralement applicable à d'autres complexes polymères. La microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) a révélé l'effet significatif du BiOH sur la facilité du processus d’électrofilage de P4VP de masses molaires élevées et faibles. La concentration minimale pour former des fibres présentant des perles diminue dans le N, N'-diméthylformamide (DMF) et diminue encore plus lorsque le nitrométhane, un mauvais solvant pour la P4VP et un non-solvant pour le BiOH, est ajouté pour diminuer l'effet de rupture des liaisons hydrogène causé par le DMF. Les liaisons hydrogène dans les solutions et les fibres de P4VP-BiOH ont été quantifiées par spectroscopie IR et les résultats de rhéologie ont démontré la capacité de points de réticulation effectifs, analogues aux enchevêtrements physiques, à augmenter la viscoélasticité de solutions de P4VP pour mieux résister à la formation de gouttelettes. Cette réticulation effective fonctionne en raison d'interactions entre le BiOH bifonctionnel et deux chaînes de P4VP, et entre les groupements hydroxyles du BiOH complexé de manière monofonctionnelle. Des études sur d’autres agents de réticulation de faible masse molaire ont montré que la plus forte réticulation effective est introduite par des groupes d’acide carboxylique et des ions de zinc (II) qui facilitent le processus d’électrofilage par rapport aux groupements hydroxyles du BiOH. De plus, la sublimation est efficace pour éliminer le BiOH contenu dans les fibres sans affecter leur morphologie, fournissant ainsi une méthode élégante pour préparer des fibres de polymères purs dont le processus d’électrofilage est habituellement difficile. Deux complexes entre la P4VP et des azobenzènes photoactifs portant le même groupement tête hydroxyle et différents groupes queue, soit cyano (ACN) ou hydrogène (AH), ont été étudiés par spectroscopie infrarouge d’absorbance structurale par modulation de la polarisation (PM-IRSAS) pour évaluer l'impact des groupements queue sur leur performance lors de l'irradiation avec de la lumière polarisée linéairement. Nous avons constaté que ACN mène à la photo-orientation des chaînes latérales de la P4VP et des azobenzènes, tandis que AH mène seulement à une orientation plus faible des chromophores. La photo-orientation des azobenzènes diminue pour les complexes avec une teneur croissante en chromophore, mais l'orientation de la P4VP augmente. D'autre part, l'orientation résiduelle après la relaxation thermique augmente avec la teneur en ACN, à la fois pour le ACN et la P4VP, mais la tendance opposée est constatée pour AH. Ces différences suggèrent que le moment dipolaire a un impact sur la diffusion rotationnelle des chromophores. Ces résultats contribueront à orienter la conception de matériaux polymères contenant des azobenzène efficaces. / Supramolecular chemistry is based on the non-covalent assembly of simple building blocks, from small molecules to polymers, to synthesize functional or complex materials. Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) is one of the most used supramolecular components because its side-chain pyridine rings can interact with many species, such as monofunctional and bifunctional small molecules, through various types of interactions. In this thesis, supramolecular assemblies of P4VP hydrogen-bonded with various small molecules are studied with the objectives of facilitating the electrospinning of polymers and to better understand and optimize the photoresponse of azobenzene-containing materials. A new approach is proposed to widen the applicability of electrospinning, a common technique to produce thin nanofibers. To this end, a complex between P4VP and a bifunctional hydrogen bond crosslinker, 4,4’-biphenol (BiOH), is prepared to increase the electrospinnability of P4VP solutions. To better understand this complex, a new infrared (IR) spectroscopy method is first developed to quantify the extent of complexation. The method allows determining a key parameter, the absorption coefficient ratio of a pair of bands due to free and hydrogen-bonded pyridine rings, by using 4-ethylpyridine as a liquid model compound. This method is applied to many hydrogen-bonded P4VP complexes and should be generally applicable to other polymer complexes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the significant effect of BiOH on the electrospinnability of P4VP with high and low molecular weights. The minimum concentration for the formation of beaded fibers decreases in N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF) and to a greater extent when nitromethane, a poor solvent for P4VP and a non-solvent for BiOH, is added to decrease the hydrogen bond breaking effect of DMF. Hydrogen bonding in P4VP-BiOH solutions and fibers is quantified by IR spectroscopy and rheology results demonstrate the capability of the effective crosslinks, as analogs to physical entanglements, of increasing the viscoelasticity of P4VP solutions to better resist the formation of droplets. This effective crosslinking works due to bifunctional interactions of BiOH with two P4VP chains and between the hydroxyl groups of monofunctionally complexed BiOH. Studies of other small crosslinkers show that the stronger effective crosslinking introduced by carboxylic acid groups and zinc (II) ions leads to better electrospinnability than the hydroxyl groups of BiOH. Additionally, sublimation is found to be effective to remove BiOH from fibers without affecting their morphology, providing a smart method for preparing fibers of pure polymers with limited electrospinnability. Two complexes between P4VP and photoactive azobenzenes bearing the same hydroxyl head group and different tail groups, either cyano (ACN) or hydrogen (AH), are studied by polarization modulation infrared structural absorbance spectroscopy (PM-IRSAS) to investigate the impact of the tail groups on their performance upon irradiation with linearly polarized light. We find that ACN leads to photo-orientation of both P4VP side-chains and azobenzenes, while AH only leads to a weaker orientation of the chromophores. Photo-orientation of the azobenzenes decreases for both complexes with increasing chromophore content, but the orientation of P4VP increases. On the other hand, the residual orientation after thermal relaxation increases with increasing ACN content, for both ACN and P4VP, but the opposite trend is found for AH. Such differences suggest the impact of the dipole moment on the rotational diffusion of chromophores. These findings will contribute to directing the design of efficient azobenzene-containing polymer materials.