Erinna was a poetess from Telos, who flourished in the latter part of the fourth century or the early part of the third century B.C. There is very little evidence available about her life or her work but what there is allows us to state with confidence that she must have lived at some time between 356-352 B.C., the date given as her floruit by Eusebius, and 276/5, the probable date of the earliest testimony about her. We may also be sure that, due to an early death at the age of nineteen, her work was confined to a few epigrams and a lament upon the death of her friend Baucis, a poem in three hundred hexameters that was known to later writers by the title of the Distaff. A portion of the Distaff was discovered in a papyrus unearthed in 1928 and the major part of this thesis is concerned with an examination of this fragment. The papyrus is extremely mutilated and a great deal of restoration has been needed in order to gain an idea of the poem's content. Unfortunately, many of the suggestions offered by earlier scholars about the poem were based upon unsupported speculation and much of the earlier work has been rejected as new readings have been made in the papyrus. I have therefore attempted to present a text of the fragment, based upon not only a consideration of the work of earlier scholars but also upon a close examination of the peculiarities of Erinna's style that show a knowledge of the poetry of both Homer and Sappho. The text is accompanied by a critical apparatus, giving a summary of earlier work upon the text, and a commentary upon the style and content of the fragment. A consideration of the few lines ascribed to Erinna by later authors has shown that the couplet assigned to her by Athenaeus, 7.283d, should probably be rejected as spurious, as should another papyrus fragment, P.Oxy.I.8, in the style of Alcman. On the other hand I have argued that an anonymous Alexandrian fragment, fr.Alex.adesp.11D, seems more likely to be the work of Erinna than of Antimachus. The epigrams of Erinna are also dealt with and the reason for the poetess' appeal to the Alexandrians, who praised her lavishly, is investigated. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

This commentary sets out (1) to monitor closely a sizable portion of imperial Greek epic poetry, and to arrive, on the basis of available evidence (vi2., extant Greek poetry, primarily), at an idea of the funds (both linguistic and thematic) at the disposal of such a poet; (ii) to determine, as a next step, whether this poet has, as is commonly alleged, had access to Roman poetry again on the basis of available evidence (viz.,most genres of Roman poetry); and (iii) to reexamine from the primary sources the three important mythical tales contained therein (viz., those concerning 3inon, Laocoon and Cassandra). The demands of (i) are (and can only be) satisfied by ample documentation from Greek poetry, of whatever date, genre or provenance. Quintus' literary background can now be viewed in a proper light. The evidence for (ii) is (perhaps unavoidably, given the nature of the problem) inconclusive as far as components external to (iii) are concerned, but see Index Al(v), and the Postscript; in any event the need to look far beyond the immediate issues is evident. On the question of Roman utilisation for (iii) there is no doubt: none existed. That apart, reexamination of the myths has, I believe, contributed some new and concrete results. Emphasis is placed throughout on conveying to the reader in concise form information not hitherto assembled; and on highlighting some aspects of this work that have received little attention at the expense of topics for which an abundance of secondary literature is already to hand. Detailed indexes are provided.

In this thesis, we examined villae rusticae in the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia. The initial chapters focused on ethnicity of indigenous people of the region, the course of the Greek colonization and the establishment of colonies, the history of the numerous military conflicts with the Romans and the final establishing of new provinces. We describe comprehensively the history of the province of Dalmatia and Pannonia province during the four centuries of Roman domination and their further development in late antiquity until the 7th century. The body of thesis is a catalog of selected localities with thorough descriptions of individual buildings villae rusticae. In addition, we paid special attention to the history of their research, architecture and architectural elements, interior and exterior decoration, chronology (1st - 4th century), regional location and agriculture. Keywords villae rusticae, Dalmatia, Pannonia, 1st - 4th century, agriculture, decoration

People of late antiquity were subjected to the universal and perennial human woes - injustice, affliction, adversity and pain - that cause suffering. The experience of suffering is subjective. There are however, common sources of and expressions of suffering in humans. The fourth century was a period of significant cultural and social changes which drew responses from pagans that not only reflected traditional knowledge but also engaged with new sets of ideas. This thesis examines the problem of evil and suffering as experienced by pagans of the fourth century of the Common Era. Having received imperial sanction from the emperor Constantine after his conversion in 312, Christianity was gaining momentum in both membership and strength. The Graeco-Roman world had become one where Christianity, it seemed to some, had effectively surpassed pagan state cult Against this backdrop of religious change, pagans had taken on a self-consciousness that engendered a rethinking of many traditional ways of coping with and explaining the evils of the world and the suffering that could result from them. Some rules and conditions had changed, so how and where could pagans seek explanation for, protection from or alleviation of their suffering? The study addresses this question by posing and responding to further questions. Firstly, how did pagans understand the presence of evil and suffering in the world? Secondly, from what sources, natural or supernatural, could they draw hope in the face of evil and suffering? And thirdly, what degree of autonomy could pagans claim in approaching the problem? Religion and philosophy might be perceived by pagans to contain the answers to why there was evil and suffering in the world. The addition of science and the occult to religion and philosophy offered further ways through which pagans might seek to deal with the problem. By drawing primarily on extant literary evidence from the period as well as selected material evidence (predominantly pagan, but including some Christian), the research will trace the evolution of ideas regarding evil and suffering that pagan thinkers were bringing to the contemporary debate. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2008

People of late antiquity were subjected to the universal and perennial human woes - injustice, affliction, adversity and pain - that cause suffering. The experience of suffering is subjective. There are however, common sources of and expressions of suffering in humans. The fourth century was a period of significant cultural and social changes which drew responses from pagans that not only reflected traditional knowledge but also engaged with new sets of ideas. This thesis examines the problem of evil and suffering as experienced by pagans of the fourth century of the Common Era. Having received imperial sanction from the emperor Constantine after his conversion in 312, Christianity was gaining momentum in both membership and strength. The Graeco-Roman world had become one where Christianity, it seemed to some, had effectively surpassed pagan state cult Against this backdrop of religious change, pagans had taken on a self-consciousness that engendered a rethinking of many traditional ways of coping with and explaining the evils of the world and the suffering that could result from them. Some rules and conditions had changed, so how and where could pagans seek explanation for, protection from or alleviation of their suffering? The study addresses this question by posing and responding to further questions. Firstly, how did pagans understand the presence of evil and suffering in the world? Secondly, from what sources, natural or supernatural, could they draw hope in the face of evil and suffering? And thirdly, what degree of autonomy could pagans claim in approaching the problem? Religion and philosophy might be perceived by pagans to contain the answers to why there was evil and suffering in the world. The addition of science and the occult to religion and philosophy offered further ways through which pagans might seek to deal with the problem. By drawing primarily on extant literary evidence from the period as well as selected material evidence (predominantly pagan, but including some Christian), the research will trace the evolution of ideas regarding evil and suffering that pagan thinkers were bringing to the contemporary debate. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2008

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-22T11:09:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianadematosponteraimundo.pdf: 717434 bytes, checksum: bdfebe2dac0b3ff8ecaae16b62b5a316 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:17:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianadematosponteraimundo.pdf: 717434 bytes, checksum: bdfebe2dac0b3ff8ecaae16b62b5a316 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianadematosponteraimundo.pdf: 717434 bytes, checksum: bdfebe2dac0b3ff8ecaae16b62b5a316 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O século IV se apresenta como um momento decisivo para o cristianismo, para a Igreja e para o Império Romano. Nesse contexto, a institucionalização do cristianismo e a consolidação de uma identidade cristã envolvem tensões, mas também afinidades eletivas; são diversos os processos político-administrativos, culturais e religiosos presentes nessa conjuntura. A proposta desse estudo é inter-relacionar esses processos, destacando a política imperial de favorecimento do cristianismo desenvolvida a partir de Constantino e da virada constantiniana, a emergência de um cristianismo institucionalizado: a Igreja e o desenvolvimento da Cristandade: a aproximação entre autoridades eclesiásticas e imperiais. Indicar-se-á ainda que, a consolidação de uma identidade cristã está intimamente relacionada à firmação de uma ortodoxia e aos discursos dos intelectuais cristãos sobre o “ser cristão” e que ambos foram mais intensamente desenvolvidos na aproximação entre poder imperial e Igreja; a existência de uma religiosidade tardo-antiga com características comuns ao cristianismo, o fortalecimento das estruturas eclesiásticas e as redefinições identitárias possibilitaram a hegemonia de uma identidade cristã dentre as diversas correntes cristãs constituídas ao longo dos três séculos anteriores. / The 4th century presents itself as a decisive moment for the Christianity, to the Church and to the Roman Empire. In this context, the institutionalization of Christianity and the consolidation of a Christian identity involves tensions, but also elective affinities; are several political and administrative processes, cultural and religious gifts at this juncture. The proposal of this study is to interface these processes, highlighting imperial policy of developed from Constantine favoring Christianity, the emergence of an institutionalized Christianity: the Church and the development of Christendom: the rapprochement between Imperial and ecclesiastical authorities. Will indicate that the consolidation of a Christian identity is closely related to the consolidation of an orthodoxy and to the discourses of Christian intellectuals on the “be Christian” and that both were more intensively developed in the rapprochement of imperial power and the Church; the existence of late ancient religiosity with characteristics common to Christianity, the strengthening of ecclesiastical structures and redefinitions of identity allowed the hegemony of a Christian identity among the various Christian currents formed over the previous three centuries.

1 Abstract The thesis tries to evaluate the contribution of Didymus of Alexandria in the field of pneumatology and situate it in the context of theology of his contemporaries and the Alexandrian tradition. Pneumatology is one of the main themes of Didymus, but the only existing treatise, which is directly dedicated to this theme and we are sure of his authorship, is On the Holy Spirit, This treatise, possibly the historicaly first of its kind, thus represents the the focus of this thesis. It has been preserved only in Latin translation of Jerome which renders the Greek text and Didymus' original teachings complicated to fully recover. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to Didymus life and work. It presents his formation, studies, methods of teaching in the framework of Alexandrian catechetist school, theological and exegetical activities, his ascetic attitude to life, and his condemnation after his death in the framework of anti-origenist struggle. Then the Didymus writings are then devided into dogmatic and exegetical works, the latter of which was enriched by the finds of codexes in Egyptian Tura in 1941. The discovered works became new impulse to the study Didymus' teachings and methods. The second part of the thesis then deals with triadological disputes during the 4th century, with a stress on...

La tragédie du quatrième siècle fut considérée depuis l’antiquité comme une phase de décadence du genre tragique. Toutefois, plusieurs spécialistes ont montré qu’il ne s’agissait pas d’un déclin : le théâtre continuait à jouer un rôle important dans la vie culturelle du monde grec. Dans cette thèse nous proposons une nouvelle édition des fragments des poètes tragiques grecs du quatrième siècle, qui furent actifs entre la fin de la guerre du Péloponnèse et la mort d’Alexandre le Grand. L’édition des textes est précédée d’une courte introduction sur chaque poète et suivie de leur apparat critique, leur traduction et des commentaires. Nous proposons également un nouvel ordre des poètes et des témoignages pour faciliter l’étude de ces textes. Nous espérons que cette thèse contribuera à une meilleure compréhension de cette production méconnue et invitera à des nouvelles recherches. / After the death of Euripides and Sophocles, tragic poets continue to write tragedies. During the fourth century BC theatre expanded all over the Greek world. In this thesis, I propose a new edition of the tragic fragments of the fourth century BC, by poets who were active from the end of the Peloponnesian war to the death of Alexander the Great. The edition of these texts is preceded by a brief introduction on each poet and followed by a critical apparatus, their translation and commentaries. I also propose a new order of the poets and testimonies in order to facilitate the study of the texts. I hope this thesis will contribute to a better understanding of this relatively unknown production and inspire new researches.

<p>Teza se bavi religijskom istorijom rimske provincije Druge Panonije (Pannonia Secunda), formirane administrativnim reformama cara Dioklecijana (284-305) na prostoru jugoistočnog dela nekada&scaron;nje provincije Donje Panonije (Pannonia Inferior). Hronolo&scaron;ki tema je ograničena na 4. vek s obzirom da u to vreme dolazi do krupnih i dalekosežnih promena u religijskoj politici Rimskog carstva. Ovo je period tranzicije između stare helensko-rimske religioznosti i hri&scaron;ćanstva u razvoju. U toku jednog veka učinjen je prelaz od progonjenog hri&scaron;ćanstva kao religio illicita iz vremena prve tetrarhije (293-305) do potpuno afirmisanog hri&scaron;ćanstva kao jedine legitimne državne religije (381).<br />Druga Panonija je tokom 4. veka postala caput Illyrici ne samo kao administrativni i politički centar novoformirane teritorijalne prefekture Ilirik, već i u crkvenom pogledu sedi&scaron;te Sirmijske mitropolije. Podizanje vojno-političkog značaja ove provincije, donelo je rimskoj koloniji Sirmiju rang carskog grada u kome su zbog nestabilnosti donjedunavskog limesa često boravili carevi i dvor. Shodno tome, Sirmij je u progonima hri&scaron;ćana tetrarhijskog perioda zabeležio najveći broj mučenika u odnosu na ostatak Ilirika. Zapisi o stradanju sirmijskog episkopa Irineja, njegovog đakona Dimitrija, cibalskog lektora Poliona, sirmijske građanke Anastazije i ba&scaron;tovana Sinerota i drugi udarilo je temelj martirolo&scaron;koj književnosti Ilirika i dalo osnov za poznavanje organizacije i života prvih hri&scaron;ćanskih zajednica u Drugoj Panoniji. Prvi deo teze proučava ovu bogatu literarnu tradiciju, podrvrgava je istorijskoj kritici i nadopunjuje podacima arheolo&scaron;kih izvora vezanih za kultove mučenika Druge Panonije.<br />Posle legalizacije hri&scaron;ćanstva i zahvaljujući stalnom prisustvu carske administracije i dvora, Sirmij je za celo područje Ilirika postao glavno crkveno sedi&scaron;te, u kome su se u periodu od 349. do 378. održali crkveni sabori i donete formule vere od velikog značaja za op&scaron;ti tok istorije hri&scaron;ćanstva.&nbsp; Tako je značajan segment teze posveće ulozi Druge Panonije u hristolo&scaron;kim raspravama od Nikejskog do Akvilejskog sabora (325-381), analizi sirmijskih sabora i formula vere, ulozi mursanskog episkopa Valensa u crkvenoj politici homojskih pristalica, učenju sirmijskog episkopa Fotina i teolo&scaron;koj poziciji Germinija Sirmijskog.<br />Hronolo&scaron;ki poslednja tema disertacije jeste period konsolidacije nikejskog pokreta na Akvilejskom saboru (381), na kom sirmijski episkop Anemije bio aktivni učesnik i &scaron;tićenik moćnog Ambrozija Milanskog. Verska konsolidacija Druge Panonije i njeno pristajanje uz trinitarnu teologiju, odigrala se u periodu političke i kulturne dezintegracijom prouzrokovane ubrzanim padom donjedunavskog limesa i varvarizacije panonskih provincija.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />S obziroma na značajne rezultate arheologije u proteklih pet decenija, autor je na osnovu materijalne ekspresije religije stanovnika Druge Panonije prikazao odlike načina sahranjivanja i formiranje verske topografije najznačajnijih lokaliteta. Autor je sakupio i obradio neobjavljenu rukopisnu građu relevantnu za martirologiju Druge Panonije, kao i neke neobjavljene ranohri&scaron;ćanske natpise sa ovog područja, koji pomažu u rekonstrukciji religijskog života stanovnika Druge Panonije u 4. veku.<br />Cilj teze bio je sveobuhvatno interdisciplinarno istraživanje ključnog perioda religijske istorije Druge Panonije, praćeno sintezom danas dostupnih izvora, kao polazne tačke svih daljih istraživanja.</p> / <p>The thesis deals with religious history of Roman province Pannonia Secunda, formed in the southeastern part of the former province Pannonia Inferior within the administrative reforms of emperor Diocletian (284-305). The subject is chronologically limited to the 4th century in light of the fact that this period saw fundamental and far-reaching changes in the religious policy of the Late Roman Empire. It is a period of transition from the old Hellenic-Roman religion to freshly institutionalised Christianity. This century witnessed a paradoxical leap from the persecuted Christanity as religio illicita to the fully accepted Christianity as the only legitimate religion.<br />In the 4th century Pannonia Secunda became caput Illyrici not only of the newly-established prefecture Illyricum, but as the religious capital within the Metropolis of Sirmium. The increase of military and political importance of the province brought the Roman colony Sirmium a rank of imperial city, in which due to instability of the Lower Danube limes Roman emperors often dwelt. Consequently, Sirmium listed the greatest number of martyrs in comparison to the rest of Illyricum during the tetrarchic persecutions. Records of martyrdoms of Sirmian bishop Irenaeus, his deacon Demetrius, lector Pollio from Cibalae, Sirmian citizen Anastasia, gardener Syneros and many others became the core of the martyrological and hagiographical literature of Illyricum as well as the foundation for the study of Christian communities in Pannonia Secunda. First segment of the thesis studies this rich literary tradition, subjects it to historical criticism and corroborates it with archaeological evidence coming from the cult of these martyrs.<br />After legalization of Christianity, Sirmium became the main ecclesiastical see, which housed several church council from 349 to 378. These councils brought creeds that influenced Christological disputes in the entire state.&nbsp; Thus a significant segment of the thesis is concerned with the role of Pannonia Secunda in the Christological disputes from the Nicene council to the Council of Aquileia (325-381), analyzing Sirmian councils and formulas, the role of Valens of Mursa in homoian party, theology of Photinus of Sirmium and theological position of Germinius of Sirmium.<br />Chronologically the last theme is the period of Nicenian consolidation in the Council of Constantinople and the Council of Aquileia (381), where Sirmian bishop Anemius was active participant and a prot&eacute;g&eacute;e of the mighty Ambrose of Milan. However, this religious change in the religious affiliation of Pannonia Secunda&#39;s clergy and adherence to trinitarian theology, coincided with political and cultural disintegration of the province due to the collapse of the northern frontier and permanent barbarian settlement within its borders.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />In view of significant archeological discoveries within the last five decades, the author dedicated a chapter to the material expression of religion of the Pannonia Secunda&rsquo;s population through forms of burial and cult architecture. The author also collected and analysed unpublished manuscripts relevant to reconstruction of Pannonian martyrology, along with some unpublished epigraphic material which bring beter understanding of religious life of the 4th century Pannonia Secunda.<br />The aim of the thesis was a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the key period in the religious history of Pannonia Secunda accompanied with a synthesis of most significant sources as the basis for all future research.</p>