Un lien étroit existe entre l’intégrité du génome et l’architecture nucléaire. Les lamines, composants majeurs de l’enveloppe nucléaire sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus nucléaires, tels que la réplication, la transcription et le maintien de l’architecture nucléaire. Il a notamment été rapporté que les lamines de type A sont impliquées dans la réparation des cassures double brin de l’ADN et la stabilité des télomères. Toutefois, peu d’études ont été réalisées sur les lamines de type B. Fait intéressant, il a été observé que l’accumulation de la lamine B1 est retrouvée dans différentes tumeurs. Cependant, les conséquences d’une dérégulation de cette lamine sur la stabilité du génome restent peu documentées.Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à l’impact d’une dérégulation de la lamine B1 sur le maintien de la stabilité du génome, notamment sur la réparation des cassures double brin de l’ADN et la stabilité des télomères. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la surexpression de lamine B1 conduit à un défaut de réparation par NHEJ, associé à une diminution de recrutement de 53BP1 aux dommages radio-induits. Nous avons également démontré que la lamine B1 interagit directement avec 53BP1, protéine impliquée dans le choix de la voie de réparation, et que cette interaction est régulée en cas de dommages à l’ADN. En effet, la liaison entre ces deux protéines est rompue après dommages en condition endogène, ce qui n’est pas le cas après surexpression de la lamine B1. Ce défaut de recrutement de 53BP1 aux dommages pourrait rendre compte de la diminution de l’efficacité du NHEJ. De plus, j’ai pu identifier les domaines protéiques impliqués dans cette interaction. Il est intéressant de noter que la surexpression du domaine de la lamine B1 impliquée dans l’interaction mime la surexpression de la lamine B1 entière. Au contraire, la lamine B1 délétée de ce domaine n’a aucun impact sur le recrutement de 53BP1 et la persistance des dommages. Ces différentes données confortent notre hypothèse quant à la séquestration de 53BP1 après surexpression de lamine B1.En parallèle, nous avons pu démontrer que la surexpression de la lamine B1 entraine l’apparition de diplochromosomes concomitants à une sénescence accrue. Ce phénomène d’endoréplication peut être induit par des défauts télomériques, tels que des télomères dysfonctionnels ou déprotégés. De façon intéressante, mes données montrent que la surexpression de la lamine B1 entrainent des dommages télomériques. Nous avons également établit que la lamine B1 interagit avec TRF2, protéine du complexe « shelterin » permettant la protection des télomères contre la signalisation des dommages à l’ADN. La rétention putative de TRF2 par la lamine B1 pourrait être à l’origine des défauts télomériques observés après la surexpression de cette dernièreCette étude démontre de nouveaux rôles de la lamine B1 dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome, notamment à travers ses interactions avec deux protéines clefs dans la réparation des cassures double brin et la stabilité des télomères. Cela nous ouvre de nouvelles pistes de recherche qui permettront une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la tumorigenèse et en particulier sur le lien existant entre l’intégrité de l’architecture nucléaire et la stabilité du génome. / A close link exists between genome stability and nuclear architecture. Lamins, major component of the nuclear envelope, are involved in many nuclear processes, such as replication, transcription and nuclear architecture. It has been reported than lamins A/C are involved in double strand break repair and telomere stability. However, few studies have been conducted on B-type lamins. Interestingly, it was observed that the accumulation of lamin B1 is found in different tumors. Nevertheless, consequences of its deregulation on genome stability remain poorly documented.During my PhD, I analysed the impact of deregulation of lamin B1 on genome maintenance, including double-strand breaks repair and telomere stability. We were able to demonstrate that overexpression of lamin B1 leads to defect of NHEJ, associated with decrease of the 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage. We have also shown that lamin B1 interacts directly with 53BP1, a protein involved in the choice of the repair pathway, and that this interaction is regulated upon DNA damage. Indeed, the association between these two proteins is disrupted after damage, in endogenous condition, in contrast this dissociation is not observed after lamin B1 overexpression. The defect of 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage could account for the decrease in the NHEJ efficiency. Moreover, I have identify the protein domains involved in this interaction. It is interesting to note that overexpression of the interaction domain mimics the overexpression of the full lamin B1. Instead, lamin B1 deleted from this domain has no impact on 53BP1 recruitment and on DNA damage persistence. These data support our hypothesis about the sequestration 53BP1 after overexpression of lamin B1.In parallel, we have demonstrated that the lamin B1 overexpression causes the appearance of diplochromosomes concurrent to an increase of senescence. This phenomenon of endoreduplication can be induced by telomere defects such as dysfunctional or deprotected telomeres. Interestingly, I have observed that lamin B1 overexpression leads telomere damages. We also established that lamin B1 interacts with TRF2, a protein of "shelterin" complex involved in the protection against the DNA damage signaling at telomere. The putative retention TRF2 by lamin B1 could cause telomere defects observed after overexpression of the latter.This study identifies new roles of lamin B1 in maintaining genome stability, including through its interactions with two key proteins in the repair of double-strand breaks and stability of telomeres. This opens up new ways of research that will enable a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and in particular on the relationship between the integrity of the nuclear architecture and genome stability.

De nombreuses études montrent un rôle important de l'architecture du noyau sur la stabilité du génome. Les lamines sont les constituants majeurs de l’enveloppe nucléaire et sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus, notamment, la régulation génique, la réplication et le maintien de la structure du noyau. Il en existe 2 types, les lamines A/C et les lamines B. Certaines mutations des lamines A/C sont à l’origine de syndromes progéroïdes, classés jusqu’à présents en deux catégories : ceux associés à une dérégulation des lamines (laminopathies) et ceux associés à un défaut de réparation de l’ADN, dont l’Ataxie Télangiectasie (A-T). Il est proposé que le vieillissement prématuré observé dans les laminopathies est dû à un défaut de réparation de l’ADN, qui serait alors la voie commune d’induction de sénescence des syndromes progéroïdes. Ceci est appuyé par le fait que de plus en plus de données associent les mutations des lamines A/C à des défauts de réparation de l’ADN. La mise en évidence, par notre laboratoire d’une accumulation de lamine B1 dans A-T et dans deux autres syndromes progéroïdes, pose la question de l’impact de la surexpression de la lamine B1 sur la réparation de l’ADN, d’autant plus que de plus en plus de données associent une augmentation de la lamine B1 à de nombreux cancers, bien que le mécanisme moléculaire ne soit pas connu. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai donc pu montrer, notamment à l’aide de substrats intra-Chromosomiques, qu’une surexpression de lamine B1 entraînait un défaut de réparation des cassures double-Brin par NHEJ associé à un défaut de recrutement de 53BP1 à la cassure. La mise en évidence d’une interaction entre 53BP1 et la lamine B1, rompue après dommages permet de suggérer un nouveau rôle de la lamine B1 comme réservoir de 53BP1, régulant son recrutement aux cassures. De plus, d’autres résultats suggèrent que la lamine B1 agirait également au niveau de la signalisation du dommage en altérant l’activation d’ATM par un mécanisme qu’il reste à caractériser. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent un nouveau rôle très important de la lamine B1 dans la signalisation des dommages et la régulation du recrutement des protéines de réparation, ouvrant la voie à une meilleure compréhension de l’implication de la lamine B1 dans la sénescence et le cancer. / Many studies show an important role of nuclear shape on genome stability. Lamins are the major components of the nuclear envelope and are implicated in numerous processes like gene regulation, DNA replication and the maintenance of nuclear structure. There are 2 types of lamins : lamin A/C and lamin B. Some mutations of lamin A/C cause progeroid syndromes, which are classified untill now in two categories : those due to lamins deregulation and those due to DNA repair defects, including Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T). Accelerated aging observed in laminopathies is proposed to be due to a DNA repair defect, which would be the common pathway leading to senescence in progeroid syndromes. This is supported by many data linking lamin A mutations to DNA repair defects. Our laboratory reported that lamin B1 accumulates in A-T and Fanconi and another study showed also an accumulation in Werner syndrome, which is another progeroïd syndrome. This discovery raises a question about the impact of lamin B1 overexpression on DNA repair, especially as more and more data show an increase of lamin B1 in several cancers, although the molecular mechanism is still unclear. During my thesis, I showed, in particular with intrachromosomal substrates, that lamin B1 overexpression leads to an NHEJ double-Strand break (DSB) repair defect associated with a defect of 53BP1 recruitment to the break. The discovery of an interaction between 53BP1 and lamin B1, which is broken after damage, suggests a new role of lamin B1 as a « reservoir » of 53BP1, regulating its recruitment to the break. In addition, we obtained results suggesting that lamin B1 could also act in the DSB signalisation pathway by affecting ATM activation through a mechanism that we still have to characterize.All together, these datas show a new important role of lamin B1 in DSB signalisation and in the regulation of the recruitment of repair proteins, paving the way to a better understanding of the implication of lamin B1 in senescence and cancer.

La surexpression de la lamine B1, un composant majeur de l'enveloppe nucléaire, a été rapportée dans diverses tumeurs. Cependant, les causes et les conséquences de cette augmentation sur la stabilité du génome n'ont pas été étudiées à ce jour. En effet, l'instabilité du génome est considérée comme une caractéristique majeure des cellules cancéreuses. Pour assurer le maintien de la stabilité du génome, les cellules ont développé de multiples et complexes mécanismes parmi lesquels les voies de réparation de l'ADN et la gestion du stress réplicatif sont essentielles. Au cours de ma thèse, l'impact de l'augmentation de niveau de lamine B1 sur la stabilité du génome, en particulier sur la réparation de cassure double-brin (CDB) et sur le contrôle du stress réplicatif a été étudié. En effet, nous montrons qu'une augmentation de la lamine B1 entraîne une accumulation de CDB et leur persistance en réponse à l'irradiation (foyers γH2AX), en plus d'une sensibilité accrue à l'irradiation (formation de colonies et cassures chromosomiques). Les cellules surexprimant la lamine B1 montrent également des défauts de recrutement de 53BP1 aux sites de dommages d’ADN, couplés à une diminution de l'efficacité de la réparation de CDB par NHEJ (Non-Homologous End-Joining). De plus, nous avons identifié une interaction directe entre la lamine B1 et 53BP1 régulant le recrutement de ce dernier aux CDB. Nos résultats supportent un modèle dans lequel l'augmentation de la lamine B1 conduit à la séquestration de 53BP1, modifiant ainsi son recrutement aux CDBs. En parallèle, nous montrons que les cellules surexprimant la lamine B1 présentent des signes accrus de stress réplicatif tels que l'accumulation de foyers spontanés de p-RPA, l'augmentation des figures radiales lors du traitement par mitomycine C, et une sensibilité accrue au traitement par camptothécine. Nous avons en outre cherché à identifier les causes de l'augmentation du stress réplicatif dans ces cellules, et les conséquences potentielles, en particulier sur l'induction de phénotypes inflammatoires. En fait, nous montrons que la surexpression de la lamine B1 conduit à une diminution de l'efficacité de la réparation de CDB par la recombinaison homologue, couplée à un défaut de formation de foyers BRCA1 après irradiation. De plus, nous avons obtenu des données préliminaires suggérant une induction de l'inflammation lors de la surexpression de la lamine B1. En résumé, ce travail de Thèse a permis d’identifier un nouveau mécanisme régulant le recrutement de 53BP1 aux CDB par son interaction avec la lamine B1, et souligne le rôle de l'augmentation de la lamine B1 dans la promotion de l'instabilité génomique au moins partiellement par des défauts de réparation de CDB et une augmentation de stress réplicatif. Après confirmation de l'induction de phénotypes inflammatoires, nous aurions identifié des rôles de l'augmentation de la lamine B1 dans la promotion de deux caractéristiques majeures du cancer - l'instabilité génomique et l'inflammation - favorisant ainsi le rôle de la lamine B1 dans le développement tumoral et proposant cette dernière comme une cible thérapeutique antitumorale potentielle. / The overexpression of lamin B1, a major component of nuclear envelope, has been reported in various tumors. However, the causes and consequences of this increase on the genome stability have not been studied to date. Indeed, genome instability is considered a major hallmark of cancer cells. To ensure the maintenance of genome stability, cells have developed multiple complex mechanisms among which pathways of DNA repair and replication stress management are essential. Therefore, during my thesis the impact of an increased lamin B1 level on genome stability, in particular on double-strand break (DSB) repair and on the control of replication stress was studied. Indeed, we show that increased lamin B1 leads to an accumulation of DSBs and their persistence in response to irradiation (γH2AX foci), in addition to an increased sensitivity to irradiation (colony formation and chromosomal breaks). Lamin B1 overexpressing cells also show defects in the recruitment of 53BP1 to damage sites, coupled to a decreased efficiency of DSB repair by Non-Homologous End-Joining. Moreover, we identified a direct interaction between lamin B1 and 53BP1 regulating the latter’s recruitment to DSBs. Our results support a model where increased lamin B1 leads to the sequestration of 53BP1, thereby altering its recruitment to DSBs. In parallel, we show that cells overexpressing lamin B1 display increased signs of replication stress such as accumulation of spontaneous p-RPA foci, increased radial chromosomes upon mitomycin C treatment, and enhanced sensitivity to treatment with camptothecin. We further aimed to identify the causes of the increased replication stress in these cells, in addition to the potential consequences, in particular on the induction of inflammatory phenotypes. In fact, we show that lamin B1 overexpression leads to a decreased efficiency of DSB repair by Homologous Recombination, coupled to a defect in irradiation-induced BRCA1 foci formation. In addition, we obtained preliminary data suggesting a possible induction of inflammation upon lamin B1 overexpression. Altogether, this work identifies a novel mechanism regulating the recruitment of 53BP1 to damage sites through its interaction with lamin B1, and highlights the role of increased lamin B1 in promoting genome instability at least partially through defective DSB repair and increased replication stress. Upon confirming the induction of inflammatory phenotypes, we would have identified roles of increased lamin B1 in promoting two major hallmarks of cancer – genomic instability and inflammation - thereby favorizing a role for lamin B1 in tumor development and proposing the latter as a potential anti-tumor therapeutic target.

La poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation est une modification post-traductionnelle des protéines par les poly(ADP-ribose) polymérases (PARPs). PARP3 a été identifiée comme un nouvel acteur de la réparation des cassures double-brin (DSBs). Nous avons évalué la contribution de PARP3 dans les différentes voies de réparation (HR, C-NHEJ ou A-EJ). Les résultats obtenus définissent PARP3 comme un modulateur de l’étape de résection d’ADN simple-brin permettant d’engager le choix de la voie de réparation. Nous avons montré que PARP3 favorise le recrutement du complexe Ku70/Ku80 aux sites de cassures et module la balance BRCA1/53BP1. Ces deux événements limitent l’étape de réparation de la voie HR et A-EJ et oriente la réparation vers la voie du C-NHEJ. Par immunoprécipitation de la chromatine, nous avons étudié les conséquences de l’absence de PARP3 sur les modifications d’histones, connues pour moduler la décision entre les différentes voies de réparation. Nos résultats actuels ne nous ont pas permis d’établir de lien entre PARP3 et les modifications d’histones en réponse aux DSBs. Nous avons toutefois observé qu’en absence de dommages, l’absence de PARP3 induit un enrichissement de H3K36me2 une marque d’histone connue pour réguler les gènes transcriptionnellement actifs. Dans un second projet, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’absence de PARP3 sur la viabilité cellulaire et la progression tumorale de cellules cancéreuses mutées en BRCA1. Nous avons montré par des approches in vitro et in vivo que l’absence de PARP3 induit une diminution de la survie et de la prolifération cellulaire plus marquée, une amplification exacerbée des centrosomes, ainsi qu’un ralentissement plus important de la progression tumorale, faisant de PARP3 une cible prometteuse en thérapie du cancer. / Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins catalyzed by poly(ADPribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARP3 was identified as a novel actor of the double-strand break (DSBs) repair pathway. We evaluated the contribution of PARP3 in these repair pathways(HR, C-NHEJ ou A-EJ). Our results defined PARP3 as a modulator of the single strand DNA resection process which plays a role in driving the repair pathway choice. We showed that PARP3 enhances the recruitement of the Ku70/Ku80 complexe to damaged sites and modulates the BRCA1/53BP1 balance. These two events prevent the DNA end resection step initiating HR and A-EJ and drives the repair towards the C-NHEJ. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we studied the consequences of the absence of PARP3 on histone modifications, known to modulate the decision of the DSBs repair pathways. Our current results didn’t allow us to establish a link between PARP3 and histone modifications in response to DSBs. However, in absence of DNA damage and PARP3, we observed an accumulation of H3K36me2, a histone mark known to regulate transcriptionally active genes. In a second project, we studied the impact of the absence of PARP3 on cell viability and tumor progression in breast cancer cell lines mutated in BRCA1. By in vitro and in vivo approaches, we showed that the absence of PARP3 induces an important decrease in cell survival and proliferation, an increase in centrosomal amplification and a strong delay in tumor progression. The roles of PARP3 in both cellular response to DNA damage and mitotic progression introduce PARP3 as a possible promising therapeutic target in cancer therapy.

Our cells are constantly dealing with DNA damage generated by endogenous cellular activity (e.g. DNA replication) and exogenous agents (e.g. ultraviolet and ionizing radiation (IR)). The cellular stress response to DNA damage requires strict co-ordination between cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA repair. In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-dsbs), members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinase family (e.g. ATM and DNA-PKcs kinases) have been shown to redundantly phosphorylate substrates including the DNA-dsb marker, gamma-H2AX, and the p53 tumour suppressor protein. The p53 protein is best known as the guardian of the genome through its transcriptional-dependent and -independent functions. Despite a clear link between ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 with cell cycle checkpoint control and various modes of DNA damage repair, the intracellular biology and sub-cellular localization of p53 and specifically its phosphoforms during DNA damage induction and repair remains poorly characterized. Using G0/G1 confluent primary human diploid fibroblast cultures, this thesis shows that endogenous p53, phosphorylated at serine 15 (p53Ser15), accumulates as discrete, dose-dependent and chromatin-bound foci within 30 minutes following the induction of DNA breaks. This biologically distinct sub-pool of p53Ser15 is ATM-dependent and resistant to 26S-proteasomal degradation. p53Ser15 co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with gamma-H2AX with kinetics similar to that of biochemical DNA-dsb rejoining. Sub-nuclear microbeam irradiation studies confirm that p53Ser15 is recruited to sites of DNA damage containing gamma-H2AX, ATMSer1981 and DNA-PKcsThr2609 in vivo. Furthermore, studies using isogenic human and murine cells, which express Ser15 or Ser18 phosphomutant proteins, respectively, show defective nuclear foci formation, decreased induction of p21WAF, decreased gamma-H2AX-association and altered DNA-dsb kinetics following DNA damage. We further hypothesized that the non-specific DNA binding activity of the p53 carboxy-terminus mediates chromatin anchoring at sites of DNA damage. YFP-p53 fusion constructs expressing carboxy-terminus deletion mutants of p53 were transfected into p53-null H1299 cells to determine the role of the carboxy-terminus in chromatin-binding pre- and post-IR, independent of transcriptional activity. Within this isogenic human cell system, we observed exogenous YFP-p53WT associated with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1 within cellular chromatin in a dynamic manner. We confirmed that these associations also occurred between endogenous WTp53 with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1 within the chromatin of primary human diploid fibroblasts. YFP-p53del1-299 fusion proteins, which lack transcriptional activity and the Ser15-residue, also associated within chromatin. Ser15-phosphorylation was found not to be essential for DNA damage-induced association of p53 with chromatin or with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1. These data suggest a unique biology for p53Ser15 phosphoforms in the initial steps of DNA damage signaling and implicates ATM-p53-53BP1 chromatin-based interactions as mediators of cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA repair. And we propose a model whereby a pre-existing pool of p53 that constantly scans the genome, responds immediately to radiation-induced DNA damage by virtue of its association with chromatin through its carboxy-terminus. The consequences for these p53-ATMSer1981-53BP1 complexes following DNA damage remains to be investigated: could residual complexes be associated with decreased DNA-dsb rejoining or error-prone repair, or could these complexes signal for cell survival or cell death? Since altered p53 function and biology is an important factor in cellular carcinogenesis and response to cancer therapy, this study provides a step towards a greater understanding of WTp53 and MTp53 biology in tumour development and therapeutic resistance, in the hopes to contribute towards predicting therapeutic response and/or improving p53-targeted therapies.

Tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) is an integral part of a sophisticated network of cellular pathways termed as the DNA damage response (DDR). These pathways are specialized in the maintenance of genome integrity. Recently, it was reported that nuclear import of 53BP1 depends on importin ß. Here, I used fluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation experiments to identify its nuclear localization signal (NLS). Clusters of basic amino acids 1667-KRK-1669 and 1681-KRGRK- 1685 were required for 53BP1 interaction with importin ß and for its nuclear localization. Short peptide containing these two clusters was sufficient for interaction with importin ß and targeting EGFP to the nucleus. Additionally, the effect of 53BP1 phosphorylation at S1678 on its nuclear import was examined. Mimicking the phosphorylation in the 53BP1-S1678D mutant decreased the binding to importin ß and resulted in a mild defect in 53BP1 nuclear import. However, 53BP1 entered the nucleus continuously during the cell cycle, suggesting that CDK-dependent phosphorylation of S1678 probably does not significantly contribute to the regulation of 53BP1 nuclear transport. Taken together, 53BP1 NLS meets the attributes of a classical bipartite NLS. Although no cell cycle-dependent regulation of its import was observed, the...

The tumour suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) is phosphorylated following DNA double strand breaks (DSBs); however, little is understood about the upstream signaling pathways that control this phosphorylation. Additionally, it is not known how these processes combine with 53BP1 to control the survival of cells following DNA damage such as that imparted by ionizing radiation (IR), which is the basis of radiotherapy. In this thesis, I have shown that 53BP1 is phosphorylated specifically in S-phase cells, but not relocalized to intranuclear foci, in response to severe oxygen stress. This occurs with only partial dependence on the ATM kinase (Chapter 2). Following IR, I find that both ATM and DNA-PKcs contribute to intranuclear phosphorylated 53BP1 foci, but that this phosphorylation is independent of proximal signaling molecules that control the localization of 53BP1 to initial DSBs (Chapter 3). Furthermore, I show that 53BP1 loss confers sensitivity to IR and this can be further augmented by inhibition of ATM and DNA-PKcs kinases suggesting that there are both 53BP1-dependent and -independent pathways of survival from IR (Chapter 4). These findings may have important implications for molecular pathology and personalized medicine as 53BP1 has recently been found to be activated or lost in subsets of human tumours. I have collaborated to initiate the development of a novel system to interrogate the implications of 53BP1 loss as traditional siRNA approaches in human cancer cells were not feasible (Chapter 5 and Appendix 2). This system can be used in vivo as tumour xenografts to further understand how 53BP1 and the tumour microenvironment interact endogenously and in response to IR. I also present the possibility and proof of concept for the use of 53BP1 as a biomarker in primary human prostate cancer tissue where little is known about 53BP1 biology (Chapter 5).

Maintenance of hematopoiesis depends upon rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can persist over an organism’s lifetime. It is conceivable that they must maintain a high degree of genetic stability; otherwise recurring exposure to genotoxins and accumulation of genetic changes could result in genomic instability and malignancy or cell death. We have focused on the response of HSCs and primitive hematopoietic cells to highly toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Using assays to detect break rejoining and kinetics of early DSB response foci, we determined that non-cycling human HSC-containing cells display delayed break rejoining kinetics and persistent γH2AX and 53BP1 foci compared to cycling counterparts, more differentiated hematopoietic cells and human primary fibroblasts. In contrast, when stimulated to cycle, these HSC-containing cells are quite efficient at repairing breaks and resolving foci. These data suggest that the DNA damage response may be unusually prolonged in non-cycling primitive hematopoietic cells.

Maintenance of hematopoiesis depends upon rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can persist over an organism’s lifetime. It is conceivable that they must maintain a high degree of genetic stability; otherwise recurring exposure to genotoxins and accumulation of genetic changes could result in genomic instability and malignancy or cell death. We have focused on the response of HSCs and primitive hematopoietic cells to highly toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Using assays to detect break rejoining and kinetics of early DSB response foci, we determined that non-cycling human HSC-containing cells display delayed break rejoining kinetics and persistent γH2AX and 53BP1 foci compared to cycling counterparts, more differentiated hematopoietic cells and human primary fibroblasts. In contrast, when stimulated to cycle, these HSC-containing cells are quite efficient at repairing breaks and resolving foci. These data suggest that the DNA damage response may be unusually prolonged in non-cycling primitive hematopoietic cells.

Our cells are constantly dealing with DNA damage generated by endogenous cellular activity (e.g. DNA replication) and exogenous agents (e.g. ultraviolet and ionizing radiation (IR)). The cellular stress response to DNA damage requires strict co-ordination between cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA repair. In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-dsbs), members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinase family (e.g. ATM and DNA-PKcs kinases) have been shown to redundantly phosphorylate substrates including the DNA-dsb marker, gamma-H2AX, and the p53 tumour suppressor protein. The p53 protein is best known as the guardian of the genome through its transcriptional-dependent and -independent functions. Despite a clear link between ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 with cell cycle checkpoint control and various modes of DNA damage repair, the intracellular biology and sub-cellular localization of p53 and specifically its phosphoforms during DNA damage induction and repair remains poorly characterized. Using G0/G1 confluent primary human diploid fibroblast cultures, this thesis shows that endogenous p53, phosphorylated at serine 15 (p53Ser15), accumulates as discrete, dose-dependent and chromatin-bound foci within 30 minutes following the induction of DNA breaks. This biologically distinct sub-pool of p53Ser15 is ATM-dependent and resistant to 26S-proteasomal degradation. p53Ser15 co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with gamma-H2AX with kinetics similar to that of biochemical DNA-dsb rejoining. Sub-nuclear microbeam irradiation studies confirm that p53Ser15 is recruited to sites of DNA damage containing gamma-H2AX, ATMSer1981 and DNA-PKcsThr2609 in vivo. Furthermore, studies using isogenic human and murine cells, which express Ser15 or Ser18 phosphomutant proteins, respectively, show defective nuclear foci formation, decreased induction of p21WAF, decreased gamma-H2AX-association and altered DNA-dsb kinetics following DNA damage. We further hypothesized that the non-specific DNA binding activity of the p53 carboxy-terminus mediates chromatin anchoring at sites of DNA damage. YFP-p53 fusion constructs expressing carboxy-terminus deletion mutants of p53 were transfected into p53-null H1299 cells to determine the role of the carboxy-terminus in chromatin-binding pre- and post-IR, independent of transcriptional activity. Within this isogenic human cell system, we observed exogenous YFP-p53WT associated with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1 within cellular chromatin in a dynamic manner. We confirmed that these associations also occurred between endogenous WTp53 with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1 within the chromatin of primary human diploid fibroblasts. YFP-p53del1-299 fusion proteins, which lack transcriptional activity and the Ser15-residue, also associated within chromatin. Ser15-phosphorylation was found not to be essential for DNA damage-induced association of p53 with chromatin or with ATMSer1981 and 53BP1. These data suggest a unique biology for p53Ser15 phosphoforms in the initial steps of DNA damage signaling and implicates ATM-p53-53BP1 chromatin-based interactions as mediators of cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA repair. And we propose a model whereby a pre-existing pool of p53 that constantly scans the genome, responds immediately to radiation-induced DNA damage by virtue of its association with chromatin through its carboxy-terminus. The consequences for these p53-ATMSer1981-53BP1 complexes following DNA damage remains to be investigated: could residual complexes be associated with decreased DNA-dsb rejoining or error-prone repair, or could these complexes signal for cell survival or cell death? Since altered p53 function and biology is an important factor in cellular carcinogenesis and response to cancer therapy, this study provides a step towards a greater understanding of WTp53 and MTp53 biology in tumour development and therapeutic resistance, in the hopes to contribute towards predicting therapeutic response and/or improving p53-targeted therapies.