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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The application of neural networks to anodic stripping voltammetry to improve trace metal analysis

Manwaring, Howard Stephen January 1995 (has links)
This thesis describes a novel application of an artificial neural network and links together the two diverse disciplines of electroanalytical chemistry and information sciences. The artificial neural network is used to process data obtained from a Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping (DPAS) electroanalytical scan and produces as an output, predictions of lead concentration in samples where the concentration is less than 100 parts per billion. A comparative study of several post analysis processing techniques is presented, both traditional and neural. Through this it is demonstrated that by using a neural network, both the accuracy and the precision of the concentration predictions are increased by a factor of approximately two, over those obtained using a traditional, peak height calibration curve method. Statistical justification for these findings is provided Furthermore it is shown that, by post processing with a neural network, good quantitative predictions of heavy metal concentration may be made from instrument responses so poor that, if using tradition methods of calibration, the analytical scan would have had to be repeated. As part of the research the author has designed and built a complete computer controlled analytical instrument which provides output both to a graphical display and to the neural network. This instrument, which is fully described in the text, is operated via a mouse driven user interface written by the author.
2

Construção, otimização e aplicação analítica de ultramicroeletrodos de platina e de fibra de carbono modificados com filmes de mercúrio

Ramos, Cristiane de January 2002 (has links)
Orientador : Marco Tadeu Grassi / Co-orientadora : Lucia Helena Mascaro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a construção e otimização de ultramicroeletrodos para a determinação dos ions Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ e Zn2+ em baixas concentrações por técnicas eletroanalíticas de redissolução como voltametria linear, onda quadrada e pulso diferencial. Após a otimização das condições de trabalho os métodos foram aplicados na determinação de Cu e Pb em água de torneira. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizados ultramicroeletrodos (UMEs) de fibra de carbono e fio de platina. As superfícies dos UMEs foram modificadas pela deposição de filmes de mercúrio com o intuito de melhorar o limite de detecção frente aos metais. As condições de formação do filme de Hg foram avaliadas e observou-se que uma melhor resposta analítica era obtida quando a deposição foi realizada através do uso de uma solução contendo Hg2+ com a aplicação de um potencial de -0,9 V por 60 s para UME de fibra de C e 120 s para o de fio de Pt. Após o estabelecimento das condições ótimas de formação do filme de mercúrio, avaliou-se as faixas de concentração de cobre detectáveis com diferentes tempos de pré-concentração utilizando a voltametria de redissolução anódica de varredura linear. A menor faixa de concentração determinada foi de 1 a 10 ng L"1 com 15 minutos de pré-concentração. Na determinação simultânea de Cu2+, Cd2+ e Pb2+ foram utilizados dois diferentes potenciais de pré-concentração, de -0,3 e -1,0 V, de modo a evitar a formação de compostos intermetálicos. As curvas analíticas encontradas para a determinação simultânea destes metais apresentaram-se lineares em uma ampla faixa de concentração. A influência dos ânions sulfato, nitrato e cloreto na determinação dos metais foi avaliada e observou-se que a presença dos ânions sulfato e cloreto em meio neutro e nitrato em pH 2,0 aumenta a corrente analítica e que nitrato em meio neutro, sulfato e cloreto em pH 2,0 fazem com que haja redução da corrente obtida pela redissolução dos metais. Nas determinações de cobre e de chumbo em amostras de água proveniente da rede de abastecimento público da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba foram obtidos os valores de concentração da ordem de microgramas por litro. Estes resultados foram comparados com resultados obtidos por voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial com eletrodo de gota estática de mercúrio (SMDE) e por espectrometria de absorção atómica em forno de grafite. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos através do uso das técnicas voltamétricas mostraram boa concordância com aqueles obtidos pela técnica de absorção atómica. Palavras-chave: 1) ultramicroeletrodos; 2) filme de mercúrio; 3) voltametria de redissolução anódica. / Abstract: The construction and optimization of ultramicroelectrodes (UME) were investigated in this study. The ultramicroelectrodes were designed for trace level determination of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ by using voltammetricstripping analyses such as linear sweep, square wave and differential pulse. After the accomplishment of the best experimental conditions, the methods were applied in the determination of copper and lead in tap water samples. Carbon fiber and platinum wire ultramicroelectrodes were employed. The UME surfaces were modified through the deposition of mercury films aiming an improvement on the detection limit of the determinations. Best conditions for the formation of the Hg film were evaluated and it was found that a better analytical response was obtained through the application of a 60 and 120 s -0.9 V potentials for the carbon and Pt UME, respectively. Linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry was used in order to investigate different range of detectable copper concentrations. The lowest concentrations were in the range of 1 to 10 |ag.L"1 of Cu, after a deposition time of 15 min. Two different deposition potentials were used in the simultaneous determination of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ to avoid the formation of intermetallic complexes. The potentials were -0.3 and -1.0 V. The analytical curves showed a linear response over a wide concentration range. The influence of sulfate, nitrate and chloride over the electrochemical response was also investigated. Under neutral pH conditions, the presence of sulfate and chloride resulted in an increase of the analytical signal, as well as nitrate under pH 2.0. By the other hand, the presence of sulfate and chloride under pH 2.0, as well as nitrate under neutral pH conditions resulted in a decrease of the stripping current. Copper and lead were found in tap water from Curitiba's Metropolitan Region at ppb levels. Results obtained via voltammetric techniques were compared to others obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry showing a good agreement in most cases. Key-words: 1) ultramicroelectrodes; 2) mercury film; 3) anodic stripping voltammetry.

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