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Les contaminations multiples par des métaux et métalloïdes menacent la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques. Pourtant, les mécanismes d'action des polluants, leurs interactions et leur toxicité dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique sont encore peu abordés. Parallèlement, nous avons un besoin urgent de marqueurs d'alerte (i.e., précoces, sub-létaux) des effets de ces substances. Par ailleurs, une attention croissante est actuellement portée au protéome des êtres vivants, considéré comme une entité dynamique, modifié par les conditions du milieu. Dans ce contexte, nous avons travaillé en laboratoire avec comme espèce modèle le crustacé amphipode Gammarus pulex avec trois objectifs: (1) évaluer les effets de deux éléments métalliques (cadmium et arséniate) seuls ou en interaction sur des organismes exposés en conditions contrôlées, (2) appréhender les effets de la température en tant que facteur confondant potentiel des réponses mesurées, et (3) rechercher l'existence d'une réponse singulière potentielle du protéome d'individus exposés aux éléments métalliques seuls ou en mélange ; à plusieurs températures. Il s'agissait donc à la fois de réaliser une analyse diagnostique susceptible de fournir des marqueurs d'intérêt aptes à révéler précocement un stress chimique et de dresser les bases d'une approche pronostique permettant de mieux prédire les conséquences à l'échelle individuelle d'une dégradation anthropique du milieu / Multiple metal and metalloid contaminations impair aquatic ecosystem community structure and functioning. However, the mechanistic understanding of individual pollutant toxic effects, but also of their interaction effects in a "global warning" context are still rarely tackled. However, aquatic ecosystem managers have an urgent need of early warning indicators (i.e. early, sub-lethal) of toxicant effects. Recently, an increasing attention has been turned to studies of the proteome of species/populations, which is considered as a dynamic entity modified by environmental conditions. In this context, we have worked with a model organism, Gammarus pulex (crustacea, amphipoda), under laboratory controlled conditions. Three objectives have been defined: (1) assessing the single and combined effects of two metals (i.e. arsenate and/or cadmium), (2) understanding the potential confounding effect of temperature on measured physiological and behavioural responses of gammarids and (3) investigating the existence of a singular response of the proteome of individuals exposed to different single or combined metal concentrations, at several tested temperatures. The major goals were first applying a diagnostic analysis to provide valuable biomarkers early indicating metallic stress, and second developing the foundations for a prognostic approach better predicting the organismal consequences of toxic contaminations due to the anthropogenic degradation of aquatic ecosystems

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The leaves of fifteen plant species were collected from the Lowveld Botanical Garden in Nelspruit, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The collection was based on a list of plants and their ethnopharmacological information provided by the Phytomedicine Programme at the University of Pretoria. The dried leaves of the plants were powdered and extracted using hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. The extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Rhodococcus erythropolis. The acetone extract of Milletia stulhimannii was the most active, showing activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Rhodococcus erythropolis with MIC values 0.13 and 0.08 mg/ml, respectively. Acetone extracts for all plants had the lowest MIC values ranging between 0.11-1.25 mg/ml and 0.08-1.25 mg/ml for M. smegmatis and R. erythropolis, respectively. Milletia stulhimannii, Albizia gummifera, Xanthocercis zambesiaca and Barringtonia racemosa extracts have shown the greatest potential for anti-tubercolosis agents. These were all active against M. smegmatis with an average MIC value of acetone extracts of 0.13 mg/ml. Apodytes dimidiata was selected for the isolation of active compounds since its activity on qualitative antibacterial activity assays was highly prominent on TLC plates in comparison to the other plant extracts. Two compounds were isolated from A. dimidiata but after purification, their MICs were above 2.5 mg/ml indicating a possible loss of activity during purification. The preliminary NMR spectra analysis suggested that the compounds were a long fatty acid and a triterpene. Future work is required to elucidate the chemical structures of the latter compounds and to test the activity of these compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. / Department of Water Affairs, and University of Limpopo Research Development and Administration Office

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Umsetzung der Europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (EU-WRRL) für die Qualitätskomponente Fischfauna in Sachsen

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