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Environs 70 millions de personnes seront atteintes par la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) en 2030 et les coûts engendrés par la prise en charge des patients affectés par cette pathologie excédera quatre fois les coûts des maladies cancéreuses. Dans le but lutter contre cette pathologie multifactorielle, des stratégies thérapeutiques combinatoires ainsi que le développement de MTDL « Multi Target Directed Ligands » suscitent un grand intérêt. Dans ce contexte, l’association d’inhibiteurs de l’acétylcholinestérase (AChE) avec les agonistes des récepteurs sérotoninergiques de type 4 (5-HT4) a montré des effets bénéfiques sur la mémoire et la protection du cerveau chez les rongeurs. Après avoir démontré l’avantage de l’association de la galantamine, un inhibiteur de l’AChE avec le RS 67333, un agoniste des récepteurs 5-HT4 dans un modèle de déficit mnésique induit par la scopolamine sur les performances de mémoires de travail et de référence, nous avons étudié le donecopride, un MTDL récemment développé, à la fois inhibiteur de l’AChE et agoniste partiel des récepteurs 5-HT4. Chez les souris sauvages, une administration unique de donecopride augmente la sécrétion du neuropeptide protecteur sAPPα et a démontré des effets anti-amnésiants et pro-cognitifs. Dans un modèle amyloïdogénique de la MA (5xFAD), six mois de traitement chronique par le donecopride ont amélioré les performances de mémoire de travail à l’âge de 9 mois, sans modifier la densité des plaques amyloïdes au niveau cérébral. Par ailleurs, nous avons également étudié les effets d’un autre composé MTDL « 7m » qui est à la fois agoniste des récepteurs 5-HT4 et antagoniste des récepteurs 5-HT6, qui a montré des effets anti-amnésiants chez les souris sauvages lorsque le déficit mnésique est induit par administration de scopolamine. Ainsi, la modulation chronique et simultanée de différentes cibles centrales d’intérêt représente un potentiel thérapeutique important dans le cadre du traitement de la MA. / In 2030, the number of people affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is expected to reach almost 70 million, and the cost of the disease would be over four folds cost of cancer diseases care. To face the multifactorial disease combining drugs arouse a big interest and the concept of MTDL “Multi Target Directed Ligands” has emerged. Thus, combining acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with serotonergic receptor type 4 (5-HT4) showed beneficial effects on memory and brain protection in rodents. First, we showed beneficial effects of galatamine, an AChE inhibitor while combined to RS 67333, a 5-HT4 receptors partial agonist, on working and reference memory performances in a pharmacological model with scopolamine-induced amnesia. Then, we assessed effects of donecopride, the AChE inhibitor and partial agonist of 5-HT4 receptors. Donecopride, which increases sAPPα release in cell culture and C57BL/6 mice, showed anti-amnesiant and pro-cognitive effects in NMRI mice. In 5xFAD mice, an amyloidogenic mice model of AD, six months of chronic treatment of donecopride improves working memory performances in 9 months old 5xFAD mice, but does not affect spatial learning performances neither flexibility. Moreover, donecopride inhibits AChE and does not affect 5-HT4 receptor expression level neither amyloid plaque density in the brain. In the other hand, we also showed that the MTDL, which modulate 5-HT4 and 5-HT6 receptors, recovers working memory performances in NMRI mice where scopolamine induced memory deficit. Thus, hitting multiple targets, particularly while administered early and chronically, accounts for a hopeful strategy to better face AD

Using an operant-olfactometer, the long term learning and memory, executive function, olfactory sensitivity, and working memory of the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease was assessed. Six month old male and female 5XFAD and wildtype mice were tested. No deficits were found on an olfactory discrimination task or a reversal learning task. Female and transgenic mice performed better than male and wildtype mice on the higher odour concentrations, but not the lower concentrations, of the sensitivity task, suggesting differences in learning rate or maximum performance on the task, but not olfactory detection. This study demonstrated for the first time that mice are able to learn an olfactory delayed matching to sample task with delays up to 30 seconds long. Female mice showed higher levels of performance on the matching to sample task than male mice, indicative of better working memory.

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The present study evaluated olfactory and cognitive abilities of the Tg6799 (also called 5xFAD) strain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice of two different age groups (2-3 and 8-10 months of age), and one group of healthy control mice (9-10 months). Employment of an operant conditioning paradigm using an automated olfactometer, an olfactory habituation/dishabituation test and a spatial learning test with non olfactory cues resulted in data showing that the 5xFAD mice develop olfactory impairments already at 2-3 months of age. The impairments consisted in a robust impairment in olfactory sensitivity, decreased responsiveness to novel odors and an inability to discriminate between enantiomeric odor molecules in the 5xFAD mice compared to control mice. Spatial learning deficits were also detected at this age, suggesting that cognitive functions were also affected. No differences in magnitude of the olfactory or spatial learning impairments could be detected between the age groups of model mice tested. Histological examination of development and presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in the brains showed that plaques develop mainly between the ages of 3 and 8 months. This indicates that soluble Aβ rather than the formation of plaques might be responsible for the olfactory impairment and spatial learning impairments found. By 10 months of age plaque load of the 5xFAD mice was massive. The results of the present study clearly show that the 5xFAD strain might be suitable for research on human AD with regard to the early onset of olfactory impairments.

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