This thesis explores sexual aggression in men, focussing primarily on the bases and manifestations of rape in western society. A multivariate, meta-theoretical approach is adopted, given the diversity, and complexity of the phenomenon drawing on general, and specific literature, both ancient and modem. There are many seminal and classic pieces of work which are often overlooked when doing contemporary research on redefined constructs and ambiguous concepts which have their basis in much older theoretical considerations of human constructs; concepts which have puzzled philosophers and scientists for millennia. It offers a critique of clinical, forensic and offender profiling approaches adopted to discriminate sexual offenders, and proposes the use of behavioural scales to characterise them. The research and discussion reflect a facet-theoretic influence with respect to methodological orientation in the study of behaviour. This work de constructs the psychological perspectives on sexual aggression and reintegrates them within the proposed multi-dimensional model of sexual aggression. The approach is necessarily general, since there is neither a definitive model of human behaviour that can be applied to sexual aggression, nor a model of sexual aggression that can fully explain the differences between sex offenders. The empirical data derives from police and clinical sources and is examined for the presence of underlying components, or dimensions, within the spectrum of sexually aggressive acts. Associations between these dimensions, and clinically identified motivations are explored, revealing intuitive associations between action and intent. Statistical analyses lend support for the constructs themselves, while the conceptual model is inevitably theoretical, because statistics only simplify reality. The resultant model is defined in terms of Context (societal and localised), Biological pre-disposition (Temperamental variation), Interpersonal style (Aggressive to Intimate and Dominant to Submissive), Motivation (Cognition and Affect), and Sexual Variation (Normal to Deviant Appetites). It is proposed that these domains are correspondent to each other within a generalised model of sexual aggression.

Background Recent research into sex offending focuses upon the offence chain. The Self-Regulation Model represents a conceptual advance, as unlike previous models of the offence chain, it can account for offenders who intend to commit offences. It consists of four pathways which comprise two goal types and two strategy types. This study aimed to ascertain whether or not this model could be used to classify a sample of men with intellectual disabilities who had committed sexual offences. It was hypothesised that if reliable classification was possible, the participants should differ by goal type and strategy type on several psychometric and demographic variables. Method The study utilised a cross sectional independent between groups design and adapted the methodology used in a previous study (Bickley & Beech, 2002). Thirty four participants from an ongoing treatment study were classified according to the model and data gathered for the ongoing project were used to test the hypotheses. Results The participants were classified with 81% interrater reliability and were distributed across the four pathways in similar proportions to two previous studies (Bickley & Beech, 2002; Keeling, Rose, & Beech, in press). The expected differences between goal types and between strategy types were not found. However, those with an avoidancegoal had been reported to the police more frequently and had received more previous convictions than those with an approach goal who committed more serious offences. The only difference between strategy types related to the approach offenders. The approach automatic offenders showed significantly more shame than approach explicit offenders when others discovered they had committed an offence. Conclusion The capacity of the Self-Regulation Model to account for offenders who intend to commit offences signifies that it is a useful model for conceptualising the offences of men with intellectual disabilities. Why sex offenders with intellectual disabilities did not differ according to goal type and strategy type in the same ways as sex offenders without intellectual disabilities is considered and the implications for the model are discussed

This study explores South Asian British gay men's experiences of therapy. Salient literature in the fields of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) identities; ethnic identities; and psychotherapeutic theory and practice highlighted the need for continuing qualitative investigation into experiences of therapy. The paucity of research examining ethnic, sexual and multiple minority populations' experiences of therapy in the United Kingdom, coupled with queer theory's endeavours to deconstruct hegemonic discourses with a view to reconstructing fluid and ambiguous identity categories, deemed the current investigation pertinent. Eight self-identified gay British men of South Asian descent who had experienced psychological therapy were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview schedule. The interview data were then transcribed and were analysed utilising a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Two core categories, seven categories and 21 sub-categories were evident following analysis of the interview data. The core categories were 'Managing Multiple Identities' and 'Experiencing Therapy'. The role of context was also explored in relation to the core category 'Managing Multiple Identities'. The findings were then considered in relation to the existing relevant literature with reflections on the quality of the research and on clinical implications and future directions arising from the findings. Particular focus is given to identity process theory, queer theory and LGB affirmative therapy.

Objective: This thesis set out to investigate the nature, presence and role of schema-level cognition in sexual offending. Schemas were defined as structures, with cognitive contents, which influence and direct the processing of information. It was hypothesised that schema-driven surface cognition would interact with other factors in the context of negative or ambiguous life events, and that this interaction would lead to the commission of a sexual offence. Method: Indications of schemas were identified from sexual offenders' explanations for their offending. A questionnaire was constructed and administered to two large samples of convicted sexual offenders; and the structure of the questionnaire was investigated using factor analysis. Construct, concurrent and predictive validity of the questionnaire were established. Cluster analysis determined subtypes of sexual offenders based on schema scores. The interaction between schemas and other factors related to sexual offending was explored using case study analysis. Results: A hierarchical structure was found to the questionnaire, consisting of two factors each with two sub-factors. The factors were interpreted as modes (Beck, 1999) and the subfactors were interpreted as schemas. No differences were found in schema scores for different types of sexual offender. Sexual offenders differed significantly from non-offenders on the Disadvantaged mode but not the Dominance mode. However, the Dominance mode was more strongly related to risk. Four clusters of sexual offenders were observed, and the schema patterns suggested by each cluster could be observed in clinical and other assessment material. Conclusions: The findings supported Ward, Hudson, and Marshall's (1995) theory of cognitive deconstruction, and Ward and Siegert's (2002) theory of sexual offending. Schema-driven information processing is relevant to sexual offending for some but not all offenders. The assessment and treatment of sexual offenders should pay more attention to the issue of schema-driven cognition and also to the management of negative affect generated by cognitive schemas.

Objectives and Literature: Some men with intellectual disabilities perpetrate sexually abusive behaviour. Remarkably little research has been conducted with this client group, however, particularly on recidivism rates. Therefore, sexual recidivism was explored for men with intellectual disabilities in a systematic literature review. Secondly, in a research project, recidivism was investigated in a follow-up of cognitive-behaviour therapy groups (using the SOTSEC-ID model) for men with intellectual disabilities who have displayed sexually abusive behaviour. Methods: Sixteen articles were critically reviewed for the literature review, and for the research paper follow-up data from 34 men who had attended cognitive- behavioural treatment were gathered from seven sites across the UK. Results: Methodological limitations were of concern for most of the papers reviewed and consequently it was not possible to synthesise the rates of recidivism across the studies. Only two papers were identified that reported predictors of sexual recidivism in this population, therefore, there is not currently enough research to be confident about what the predictors are. For the 34 men who were followed-up, however, /' recidivism rates seemed low and it was found that many of the gains made during treatment were maintained at follow-up. Conclusions: Research about the sexual recidivism rates and predictors of sexual recidivism perpetrated by men with intellectual disabilities is in its early stages. There is a need for better quality of reporting in the future. The follow-up study lends support to the view that cognitive-behaviour therapy can be effective in the 'long- term' for men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend. Critique: Questions of the research process revealed pragmatic design compromises and a number of challenges. Despite these, the study is one of the largest treatment outcome trials, with one of the longest follow-up periods, and so it offers important information about men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend.

A good deal of attention has been paid to the question of recidivism in sex offenders, with a particular emphasis on identifying those variables which might best predict future risk. Despite growing interest in developmental variables, such as attachment and trauma, their relationship to risk in sex offenders has not yet been established. The aim of this thesis was to establish the extent to which developmental variables may contribute to a risk assessment model in sex offenders- based on fixed variables with particular reference to treatability and failure in the community. A complete urban sample of 310 convicted sex offenders (child molesters and rapists) were studied, and followed up after an average period at risk in the community of four years. It was found that key developmental variables - childhood victimisation (sexual, physical and emotional), emotional/behavioural difficulties, and insecure attachments to primary caregivers - were significantly associated with a higher risk of recidivism and treatment non-compliance. An enhanced prediction model is proposed, which postulates that the presence of a combination of two or three of these key developmental variables - considered in conjunction with a static risk prediction level - is the key to determining risk of community failure.

Terapeutiese hulpverlening aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind binne gesinsverband vanuit 'n Sielkundige Opvoedkundige perspektief is in hierdie studie onderneem. 'n Oorsig oor seksuele kindermolestering binne gesinsverband het getoon dat dit reeds vanaf die vroegste tye voorgekom het en tans kommerwekkende afmetings aanneem in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, sonder dat die opvoedkundige sielkundige as lid van 'n multi-professionele span betrek word by terapeutiese hulpverlening. 'n Beskrywing van seksuele kindermolestering binne gesinsverband het getoon dat seksuele kindermolestering verskeie vorme aanneem en dat die oortreders daarvoor verantwoordelik is dat ouerskap en gesinstrukture ontoereikend verwerklik word. Dit bied aan die opvoedkundige sielkundige die moontlikheid om vanwee sy toeganklikheid en professionele deskundigheid as lid van 'n multiprofessionele span toereikend terapeutiese hulp te verleen aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind. Terapeutiese hulpverlening aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind binne gesinsverband is onderneem vanuit 'n Sielkundige Opvoedkundige benadering met relasie terapie as wyse van hulpverlening / This study investigates therapeutic aid to the child who is sexually abused by a family member, from the viewpoint of Psychology of Education. An overview of sexual abuse of children in the family context indicates a long history of occurence and present statistics show an alarming increase in reported cases with educational psychologists seldom being included in a multi-discipl inary thera-peutic team. A description of sexual abuse of children in the family context suggests that this may take different forms and the perpetrators are responsible for the breakdown in parenting and family structures. Educational psychologists are, because of their professional expertise and accessibility, able to offer thera-peutic aid to the sexually abused child as a member of a multi-professional team. Therapeutic aid to the sexually abused child in the family context is undertaken with Relationship Therapy as a medium of aid / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

Terapeutiese hulpverlening aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind binne gesinsverband vanuit 'n Sielkundige Opvoedkundige perspektief is in hierdie studie onderneem. 'n Oorsig oor seksuele kindermolestering binne gesinsverband het getoon dat dit reeds vanaf die vroegste tye voorgekom het en tans kommerwekkende afmetings aanneem in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, sonder dat die opvoedkundige sielkundige as lid van 'n multi-professionele span betrek word by terapeutiese hulpverlening. 'n Beskrywing van seksuele kindermolestering binne gesinsverband het getoon dat seksuele kindermolestering verskeie vorme aanneem en dat die oortreders daarvoor verantwoordelik is dat ouerskap en gesinstrukture ontoereikend verwerklik word. Dit bied aan die opvoedkundige sielkundige die moontlikheid om vanwee sy toeganklikheid en professionele deskundigheid as lid van 'n multiprofessionele span toereikend terapeutiese hulp te verleen aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind. Terapeutiese hulpverlening aan die seksueel gemolesteerde kind binne gesinsverband is onderneem vanuit 'n Sielkundige Opvoedkundige benadering met relasie terapie as wyse van hulpverlening / This study investigates therapeutic aid to the child who is sexually abused by a family member, from the viewpoint of Psychology of Education. An overview of sexual abuse of children in the family context indicates a long history of occurence and present statistics show an alarming increase in reported cases with educational psychologists seldom being included in a multi-discipl inary thera-peutic team. A description of sexual abuse of children in the family context suggests that this may take different forms and the perpetrators are responsible for the breakdown in parenting and family structures. Educational psychologists are, because of their professional expertise and accessibility, able to offer thera-peutic aid to the sexually abused child as a member of a multi-professional team. Therapeutic aid to the sexually abused child in the family context is undertaken with Relationship Therapy as a medium of aid / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie ondersoek die bantering van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders. Die kliniese beeld sowel as die fisiese- en gedragsimptome is kriteria by die uitkenning van seksuele molestering. Die bantering van die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind is medebepalend vir die onmiddellike en langtennyn gevolge van seksuele molestering. Seksuele molestering word vanuit 'n sielkundig-opvoedkundige perspektief bespreek. Die studie neem die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind se betekenisgewing, belewing, betrokkenheid, selfaktualisering en selfkonsep in beskouing. Terapeutiese tegnieke, soos toegepas in gevalle van seksuele molestering, word vir gebruik deur professionele persone en instansies, bespreek. Die empiriese ondersoek fokus op die houdinge, hanteringswyses en toepassing van terapeutiese tegnieke deur professionele persone en instansies in die Witbank omgewing. Volgens die navorsingsresultate is daar geen uniforme hanteringswyse of riglyne vir terapie ten opsigte van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders nie. Die navorsing toon verder swak interinstansie-samewerking wat die voordele van uniforme hanteringswyses en riglyne vir terapie emstig aan bande le / This study investigates the treatment of sexually-abused children. The clinical framework and the physical and behavioural symptoms being some of the criteria utilised to identify such children. The methods used to treat cases co-determine the immediate and long-term effects of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is discussed from an educational-psychological perspective. The study reflects on the child's meanin& experiencing, involvement, selfactualisation, self-concept and their effects on her life. Professional approaches, therapeutic techniques and treatments are described for use by professionals and agencies, based on an empirical investigation conducted in Witbank. The results of the research indicate a non-uniform approach in guidelines used for therapeutic techniques and the treatment of sexually-abused children. The research shows further that interaction between professional bodies and -individuals in treatment of these cases is poor and the benefits that should result from uniform treatment are therefore severely limited / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie ondersoek die bantering van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders. Die kliniese beeld sowel as die fisiese- en gedragsimptome is kriteria by die uitkenning van seksuele molestering. Die bantering van die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind is medebepalend vir die onmiddellike en langtennyn gevolge van seksuele molestering. Seksuele molestering word vanuit 'n sielkundig-opvoedkundige perspektief bespreek. Die studie neem die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind se betekenisgewing, belewing, betrokkenheid, selfaktualisering en selfkonsep in beskouing. Terapeutiese tegnieke, soos toegepas in gevalle van seksuele molestering, word vir gebruik deur professionele persone en instansies, bespreek. Die empiriese ondersoek fokus op die houdinge, hanteringswyses en toepassing van terapeutiese tegnieke deur professionele persone en instansies in die Witbank omgewing. Volgens die navorsingsresultate is daar geen uniforme hanteringswyse of riglyne vir terapie ten opsigte van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders nie. Die navorsing toon verder swak interinstansie-samewerking wat die voordele van uniforme hanteringswyses en riglyne vir terapie emstig aan bande le / This study investigates the treatment of sexually-abused children. The clinical framework and the physical and behavioural symptoms being some of the criteria utilised to identify such children. The methods used to treat cases co-determine the immediate and long-term effects of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is discussed from an educational-psychological perspective. The study reflects on the child's meanin& experiencing, involvement, selfactualisation, self-concept and their effects on her life. Professional approaches, therapeutic techniques and treatments are described for use by professionals and agencies, based on an empirical investigation conducted in Witbank. The results of the research indicate a non-uniform approach in guidelines used for therapeutic techniques and the treatment of sexually-abused children. The research shows further that interaction between professional bodies and -individuals in treatment of these cases is poor and the benefits that should result from uniform treatment are therefore severely limited / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)