(Finkelhor, 1986; Haugaard & Dickon Reppucci, 1988) have concluded that there is insufficient information on how to treat child sexual abuse (CSA). The reported incidence of CSA has substantially increased, hence, the need for treatment approaches has escalated. The purpose of this study was to provide clinicians who treat CSA with a descriptive account of the methods currently used by art therapists to treat sexually-abused children of differing ages who present with different issues. One hundred and forty-six certified and/or diplomaed art therapists, aged 26 to 66, who had training and experience in CSA treatment were solicited through the national art therapy associations in Canada and the United States. They responded to case-simulation surveys which consisted of a case history, photograph, and self-portrait of a hypothetical sexually abused girl aged 4, 8, or 13 who presented with either the issue of body image distortion or guilt. Open-ended or multiple choice research questions on the art therapist's treatment approach, choice of media, directives, use of time, use of therapeutic interactions, use of debriefing process, opinions on the function of art in the session, and method of evaluation were utilized to obtain a qualitative description of the art therapy approach to working with a child of a certain age presenting with a particular issue. A content analysis of the qualitative data resulted in the identification of thematic categories which described the goals, directives, debriefing process, and the function of art in the session. The responses to the questions on time use and media were analyzed similarly. The frequency of responses for the multiple choice answers and the thematic categories were calculated and then compared across the age and issue variables, in the form of percentages. A comprehensive clinical description of the art therapists' approaches to CSA treatment was obtained for the whole sample, and across age, and issue. The subjects' responses were paraphrased to illustrate these differences for each question. The main findings were: (a) art therapists addressed the main issues of CSA, as described by traditional verbal therapists (Sgroi, 1982), and employed both directive and nondirective styles in their approaches; (b) art therapists were sensitive to the developmental level of the child depicted in the case simulation and adapted their approach to meet the child's needs (i.e., the sessions with younger children were characterized by different media choices, and directives, the therapists spent more time being supportive and nurturing, provided physical contact, snacks, used art-as-therapy, spent less time discussing and more time playing and doing, allowing the child to work out her issues through using her body and the media whereas with the adolescents, art was used as psychotherapy and catharsis more frequently and discussion and debriefing were utilized to help change her thinking about the abuse experience), (c) art therapists responded differently to the body image distortion and guilt case simulations (i.e., activities designed to solicit representations of feelings and of the offender were more frequently reported for the guilt case simulations while self-portraits and safe places were more frequent in the responses to the body image distortion case simulations, and (d) the findings on the function of art in treating CSA replicated the earlier study by Marrion, Landell, and Bradley (1988). This study provided a clinical description of art therapists' approaches to treating CSA. It illustrated the function of the art directives, the use of media, the debriefing process, and the art products themselves. The descriptions of these may aid clinicians in understanding how this sample of art therapists worked with sexually-abused children and may prompt them to undertake training in this discipline as a way broadening their approach to working with sexually-abused children. / Graduate

Exploration of factors that lead to early termination of therapeutic services to sexually abused children at TygerBear Unit. Some children referred to TygerBear Unit because of sexual abuse did not complete their therapeutic intervention programmes and possibly did not receive sufficient time to work through the trauma of sexual abuse. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the factors that result in the early termination of sexually abused children’s therapeutic services at TygerBear Unit. Applied research that is exploratory and descriptive in nature, with the case study method as strategy, was followed. Data were collected through telephonic and/or one-on-one semi-structured interviews, in addition to the use of notes in personal records. Respondents included parents and/or caregivers of children whose therapy was terminated early, as well as social workers involved with play therapeutic service delivery to these children. Information was analysed with reference to the Field Theory, Ecological Theory and the relevant literature. Several factors that influenced parents and/or caregivers to terminate therapeutic services early were identified. / Die verkenning van faktore wat lei tot voortydige terminering van terapeutiese dienslewering aan seksueel-mishandelde kinders by TygerBeer Eenheid. Sommige kinders wat na TygerBeer Eenheid verwys word weens seksuele mishandeling, voltooi nie hul terapeutiese intervensieprogramme nie. Die kinders is moontlik nie genoeg tyd gegun om deur die trauma van seksuele mishandeling te werk nie. Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe studie was om faktore te verken en te beskryf wat lei tot die voortydige terminering van terapeutiese dienslewering aan seksueel-mishandelde kinders by die TygerBeer Eenheid. Toegepaste navorsing van 'n verkennende en beskrywende aard is gebruik, met die gevallestudiemetode as strategie. Data is versamel deur middel van telefoniese en/of een-tot-een semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude en persoonlike rekords. Respondente het bestaan uit ouers en/of versorgers wat hul kinders of voogde se terapie voortydig termineer het, asook maatskaplike werkers betrokke by spelterapeutiese dienslewering aan kinders. lnligting is ontleed met verwysing na die Veldteorie en Ekologiese Teorie, asook die relevante literatuur. Verskeie faktore is geidentifiseer wat ouers en/of versorgers noodsaak om terapeutiese dienste voortydig te termineer. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie ondersoek die bantering van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders. Die kliniese beeld sowel as die fisiese- en gedragsimptome is kriteria by die uitkenning van seksuele molestering. Die bantering van die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind is medebepalend vir die onmiddellike en langtennyn gevolge van seksuele molestering. Seksuele molestering word vanuit 'n sielkundig-opvoedkundige perspektief bespreek. Die studie neem die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind se betekenisgewing, belewing, betrokkenheid, selfaktualisering en selfkonsep in beskouing. Terapeutiese tegnieke, soos toegepas in gevalle van seksuele molestering, word vir gebruik deur professionele persone en instansies, bespreek. Die empiriese ondersoek fokus op die houdinge, hanteringswyses en toepassing van terapeutiese tegnieke deur professionele persone en instansies in die Witbank omgewing. Volgens die navorsingsresultate is daar geen uniforme hanteringswyse of riglyne vir terapie ten opsigte van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders nie. Die navorsing toon verder swak interinstansie-samewerking wat die voordele van uniforme hanteringswyses en riglyne vir terapie emstig aan bande le / This study investigates the treatment of sexually-abused children. The clinical framework and the physical and behavioural symptoms being some of the criteria utilised to identify such children. The methods used to treat cases co-determine the immediate and long-term effects of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is discussed from an educational-psychological perspective. The study reflects on the child's meanin& experiencing, involvement, selfactualisation, self-concept and their effects on her life. Professional approaches, therapeutic techniques and treatments are described for use by professionals and agencies, based on an empirical investigation conducted in Witbank. The results of the research indicate a non-uniform approach in guidelines used for therapeutic techniques and the treatment of sexually-abused children. The research shows further that interaction between professional bodies and -individuals in treatment of these cases is poor and the benefits that should result from uniform treatment are therefore severely limited / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie ondersoek die bantering van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders. Die kliniese beeld sowel as die fisiese- en gedragsimptome is kriteria by die uitkenning van seksuele molestering. Die bantering van die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind is medebepalend vir die onmiddellike en langtennyn gevolge van seksuele molestering. Seksuele molestering word vanuit 'n sielkundig-opvoedkundige perspektief bespreek. Die studie neem die seksueel-gemolesteerde kind se betekenisgewing, belewing, betrokkenheid, selfaktualisering en selfkonsep in beskouing. Terapeutiese tegnieke, soos toegepas in gevalle van seksuele molestering, word vir gebruik deur professionele persone en instansies, bespreek. Die empiriese ondersoek fokus op die houdinge, hanteringswyses en toepassing van terapeutiese tegnieke deur professionele persone en instansies in die Witbank omgewing. Volgens die navorsingsresultate is daar geen uniforme hanteringswyse of riglyne vir terapie ten opsigte van seksueel-gemolesteerde kinders nie. Die navorsing toon verder swak interinstansie-samewerking wat die voordele van uniforme hanteringswyses en riglyne vir terapie emstig aan bande le / This study investigates the treatment of sexually-abused children. The clinical framework and the physical and behavioural symptoms being some of the criteria utilised to identify such children. The methods used to treat cases co-determine the immediate and long-term effects of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is discussed from an educational-psychological perspective. The study reflects on the child's meanin& experiencing, involvement, selfactualisation, self-concept and their effects on her life. Professional approaches, therapeutic techniques and treatments are described for use by professionals and agencies, based on an empirical investigation conducted in Witbank. The results of the research indicate a non-uniform approach in guidelines used for therapeutic techniques and the treatment of sexually-abused children. The research shows further that interaction between professional bodies and -individuals in treatment of these cases is poor and the benefits that should result from uniform treatment are therefore severely limited / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

Exploration of factors that lead to early termination of therapeutic services to sexually abused children at TygerBear Unit. Some children referred to TygerBear Unit because of sexual abuse did not complete their therapeutic intervention programmes and possibly did not receive sufficient time to work through the trauma of sexual abuse. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the factors that result in the early termination of sexually abused children’s therapeutic services at TygerBear Unit. Applied research that is exploratory and descriptive in nature, with the case study method as strategy, was followed. Data were collected through telephonic and/or one-on-one semi-structured interviews, in addition to the use of notes in personal records. Respondents included parents and/or caregivers of children whose therapy was terminated early, as well as social workers involved with play therapeutic service delivery to these children. Information was analysed with reference to the Field Theory, Ecological Theory and the relevant literature. Several factors that influenced parents and/or caregivers to terminate therapeutic services early were identified. / Die verkenning van faktore wat lei tot voortydige terminering van terapeutiese dienslewering aan seksueel-mishandelde kinders by TygerBeer Eenheid. Sommige kinders wat na TygerBeer Eenheid verwys word weens seksuele mishandeling, voltooi nie hul terapeutiese intervensieprogramme nie. Die kinders is moontlik nie genoeg tyd gegun om deur die trauma van seksuele mishandeling te werk nie. Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe studie was om faktore te verken en te beskryf wat lei tot die voortydige terminering van terapeutiese dienslewering aan seksueel-mishandelde kinders by die TygerBeer Eenheid. Toegepaste navorsing van 'n verkennende en beskrywende aard is gebruik, met die gevallestudiemetode as strategie. Data is versamel deur middel van telefoniese en/of een-tot-een semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude en persoonlike rekords. Respondente het bestaan uit ouers en/of versorgers wat hul kinders of voogde se terapie voortydig termineer het, asook maatskaplike werkers betrokke by spelterapeutiese dienslewering aan kinders. lnligting is ontleed met verwysing na die Veldteorie en Ekologiese Teorie, asook die relevante literatuur. Verskeie faktore is geidentifiseer wat ouers en/of versorgers noodsaak om terapeutiese dienste voortydig te termineer. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)