En el ámbito de la Pintura Realista, es prácticamente imposible hallar documentos que, habiendo sido escritos por pintores, hagan referencia a su metodología.Por ello presentamos esta Tesis a modo de testimonio personal metodológico, dentro del campo del realismo pictórico.Iniciamos nuestra exposición con una aplicación estricta del concepto de color como sensación, y, ateniéndonos a ello, presentamos la sensación de color como un estado de conciencia, es decir, como sensación de color.En consecuencia, resulta imposible establecer valores objetivos de las nociones de luminosidad, pureza, valor cromático, equivalencia entre colores, etc., por lo que rechazamos tales propiedades referidas al color.En el marco de lo estrictamente pictórico, exponemos distintas opciones visuales que emanan de la superficie de trabajo o del modelo, la opción dependerá de las distintas pretensiones formales o de las condiciones personales del pintor. De ello se desprenden diversos resultados que justifican algunas de las diferencias pictóricas que se han producido en el Realismo.La noción de color como estado de conciencia supone, en un momento u otro del proceso, la creación de esta sensación, por lo que el color no es propiedad de los objetos, sino que es patrimonio exclusivo del sujeto que lo genera. Esta situación aplicada al resto de los sentidos nos conduce a un estado que podemos considerar como «autista» y que hemos denominado en un lenguaje algo rimbombante la soledad cósmica. Es decir, el individuo es creador del universo que le rodea, ya que éste surge a partir de las respuestas de los mecanismos. Estas son lo único que el individuo es capaz de concienciar y por tanto de conocer. De lo que se deduce que las categorías de las cosas vienen determinadas por tales mecanismos y no por la cosa en sí tomada como algo ajeno a nosotros.Por ello, el hecho de pintar, sujeto a tales mecanismos, tanto visuales como conceptuales, es una consecuencia de los mismos. Así pues, cuanto más nos ajustemos a las premisas de tales mecanismos, más correcto será nuestro trabajo como pintores.Pretendemos además, con nuestra Tesis, iniciar una línea de investigación abierta a nuevos comunicados de otros pintores y de esta forma conseguir un banco de datos, con suficiente fundamento teórico, que permita la elaboración de conclusiones definitivas sobre los procesos de la pintura realista.

Son bastante conocidas las relaciones entre la pintura de Piet Mondrian y la arquitectura moderna; desde Theo Van Doesburg a John Hejduk, la influencia de su poética ha sido manifiesta. Menos estudiadas han sido las relaciones entre una escuela o grupo de escuelas de artistas informales que con su “Arte Otro” produjeron una profunda revolución del panorama artístico entre 1945 y 1960. Las relaciones de las Poéticas de lo Informal con la arquitectura moderna, y el estudio de su estructura formal constituye el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral en la que profundizaremos sobre la estructura poética del arte como ficción y su capacidad de redescripción de la realidad hasta conseguir que la obra de arte nos descubra y revele: ése es su nivel mítico que explicaremos a través del modelo narrativo y ésta es la lectura del Arte Informal que aquí proponemos.La tesis se halla dividida en cinco partes. En la primera se recorre el itinerario del informalismo pictórico del trazo, del gesto y de la materia. El objetivo es estudiar los principios del arte informal analizándolo al margen del arte abstracto con el que a menudo se asocia tratando de deducir sus características esenciales; dicha lectura se produce como poética existencial del arte. En la segunda parte de la tesis se arranca de los principios estudiados en el capítulo anterior aplicándolos a la arquitectura de Alvar Aalto del periodo 1937-1953 etapa cuya obra se corresponde con los principios del Arte Informal.En la tercera parte se propone el modelo narrativo como medio de interpretar lo Informal a partir de las propuestas teóricas de Venturi y Muntañola. La cuarta parte plantea la Poética del Informalismo a partir de las categorías poéticas de la doble forma, la doble función y el elemento extraño que se aplican a la arquitectura y la pintura de Aalto.El modelo narrativo que se ha adoptado en esta Tesis es el del libro de la Poética de Aristóteles. La interpretación de este texto la debemos a Paul Ricoeur. Para Aristóteles es esencial la creación de metáforas que son parte fundamental del proceso poético. Además la metáfora es un proceso retórico por el que el discurso libera el poder que tienen ciertas ficciones de redescribir la realidad. En la última parte estudiaremos el poder de redescripción del Arte Informal hasta llegar a su función reveladora a través de la Metáfora. / Són bastant conegudes les relacions entre la pintura de Piet Mondrian i l’arquitectura moderna; des de Theo Van Doesburg a John Hejduk, la influència de la seva poètica ha estat manifesta. Menys estudiades han estat les relacions entre una escola o grup d’escoles d’artistes informals que amb el seu “Art Altre” van produir una profunda revolució del panorama artístic entre 1945 i 1960. Les relacions de les Poètiques de l’Informal amb l’arquitectura moderna, i l’estudi de la seva estructura formal constituïx l’objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral en la qual aprofundirem sobre l’estructura poètica de l’art com ficció i la seva capacitat de redescripció de la realitat fins a aconseguir que l’obra d’art ens descobreixi i reveli: aquest és el seu nivell mític que explicarem a través del model narratiu i aquesta és la lectura de l’Art Informal que aquí proposem.La tesi es troba dividida en cinc parts. En la primera es recorre l’itinerari del informalisme pictòric del traç, del gest i de la matèria. L’objectiu és estudiar els principis de l’art informal analitzant-lo al marge de l’art abstracte amb el qual sovint s’associa tractant de deduir les seves característiques essencials; aquesta lectura es produeix com poètica existencial de l’art.En la segona part de la tesi s’arrenca dels principis estudiats en el capítol anterior aplicant-los a l’arquitectura de Alvar Aalto del període 1937-1953 etapa a la que la seva obra es correspon amb els principis de l’Art Informal.En la tercera part es proposa el model narratiu com mitjà d’interpretar l’Informal a partir de les propostes teòriques de Venturi i Muntañola. La quarta part planteja la Poètica del Informalisme a partir de les categories poètiques de la doble forma, la doble funció i l’element estrany que s’apliquen a l’arquitectura i la pintura de Aalto.El model narratiu que s’ha adoptat en aquesta Tesi és el del llibre de la Poètica d’Aristòtil. La interpretació d’aquest text la devem a Paul Ricoeur. Per a Aristòtil és essencial la creació de metàfores que són part fonamental del procés poètic. A més la metàfora és un procés retòric pel qual el discurs allibera el poder que tenen certes ficcions de redescriure la realitat. En l’última part estudiarem el poder de redescripció de l’Art Informal fins a arribar a la seva funció reveladora a través de la Metàfora. / Relationships between Piet Mondrian's painting and modern architecture are well-known; from Theo Van Doesburg to John Hejduk, the influence of his poetics has been evident. Less studied are the relationships between a school or group of schools of informal artists whose "art autre” produced a deep revolution in the artistic panorama between 1945 and 1960.Connections between Informal Poetics and modern architecture, and the study of its formal structure are the aim of this doctoral thesis into which we will conduct an in-depth study of art’s poetical structure as fiction and its capacity of re-description reality up to achieve that the work of art is discovered and revealed to us: through this mythical level we will explain the narrative model. This will be the reading we propose of the Informal Art.The thesis is divided in five parts. The first one covers the itinerary of trace, gesture and matter in pictorial informalism. The aim is to study the beginning of informal art as a subject in the outskirts of abstract art, which is often related with, and to endeavor to presume his essential characteristics; this reading is to be comprehended as art’s existential poetics.The second part of the thesis embarks the principles studied in the previous chapter and are applied to the period 1937-1953 of Alvar Aalto's architecture, which corresponds to the beginning of the Informal Art.The third part proposes the narrative model as a way of interpreting Informal Art from Venturi and Muntañola theoretical proposals. The fourth part explains Informalism Poetics from poetical categories of double form, double function and the foreign element applied to Aalto’s architecture and painting.Aristotle’s Poetics book has been the narrative model used in this Thesis. The interpretation of this text is to be thanked to Paul Ricoeur. Aristotle’s essential creations of metaphors are a fundamental part of any poetical process; furthermore, the metaphor is a rhetorical process for which the speech liberates the power that some fictions have of re-describing the reality. In the last part is studied the Informal Art’s power of re-description up to its revealing function through the metaphor.

Stationarity is an essential property to portfolio return in the past statistical arbitrage strategy, this article uses Neo-75 rule, momentum effect, properties as independent and identically distribution and stationarity in error term, in one asset and in the very short holding period. The result in out sample period owning positive cumulative return. The finding suggests individual investors use this strategy in higher efficiency market to avoid invalidation in our model. This article surveyed CAC40, DJI, HangSeng, NASDAQ, Nikkei225, Shanghai and TWII indices. All the excess returns in out sample periods indicate they are exclude weak form of efficient market.

In this study, a new bacteriocin isolated from a Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris strain was purified to homogeneity by pH mediated cell adsorption-desorption, solid phase extraction with Amberlite XAD-16, cation-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification resulted in an electrophoretically pure protein that was smaller than 6 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE. The bacteriocin was found to be very hydrophobic and cationic and could be adsorbed by synthetic calcium silicate due to its cationic and especially hydrophobic nature. It was observed that this bacteriocin was sensitive to &amp / #945 / -amylase in addition to proteinase K, trypsine, pepsine and chymotrypsine and had a bactericidal mode of action with a concomitant cell lysis. The results indicated that bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris was more stable to combined effect of pH and heat than nisin, lacticin 481, lacticin 3147 and lactococcin G and was bactericidal between pH 2.0-12. It was found that the bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris was stable to organic solvents and could be extracted with chloroform containing solvents efficiently for purification. The bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris was found to have a strong inhibitory activity against Listeria innoqua, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus cremoris, other Leuconostoc meenteroides strains and gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Some of the insensitive bacteria were observed to be sensitive when high concentration of the bacteriocin was used.

In this study, the newspapers such as H&uuml / rriyet, Milliyet, Radikal, Posta, AkSam, Sabah, Cumhuriyet, Star, G&uuml / neS, Takvim, D&uuml / nya, G&ouml / zc&uuml / and Yeni Asir are considered liberal or left leaning. The newspapers such as Akit, Milli Gazete, Yeni Asya, Anayurt, T&uuml / rkiye, Yeni Safak, D&uuml / nden Bug&uuml / ne Terc&uuml / man, Vakit and Zaman are considered conservative or Islamic newspapers. The period chosen for this analysis is between 28.12.1998 and 15.06.2006, and all the news items published in this period are scrutinised in the archive of the Parliament Library, where there is a special category for the news on homosexuality and homosexuals. First, the news items of the newspapers mentioned above are categorised as presented in the tables prepared. Through these tables, a general perspective on the press coverage in Turkey is revealed by the analysis of the evaluations of the general features of this coverage on homosexuality and homosexuals. Second, an extensive textual analysis is carried out by analysing the news texts regarding three common events covered in most of the newspapers mentioned above to reflect a more accurate and detailed account of the representation of homosexuality and homosexuals in the Turkish Daily Press. Moreover, in-depth interviews are conducted with homosexuals to find out their point of view on the portrayal of themselves in the Turkish Daily Press. Finally, the findings of the analysis of the press coverage of homosexuality and homosexuals, and the findings of the interviews are compared.

Within the content of this thesis, it was aimed to understand the changes in the biomass and abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus in time with respect to multitude of ambient physical, chemical and biological factors. For this, monthly samples from discrete depths in the offshore (0-20-40-60-80-100-125-150-175-200 m) and in the near shore (surface and 10 m) stations over a period of one year in the Cilician Basin (eastern Mediterranean) were collected via rosette sampler. Epifluorescent microscope and the image analysis system were used to estimate abundance and biomass of both groups. Coastal station was more abundant and had much higher bacterial (heterotrophic bacteria) and cyanobacterial (Synechococcus) biomass than the offshore station as it receives substantial amount of freshwater from the nearby Lamas River throughout the year. The surface annual averages for bacterial and cyanobacterial abundance and biomass were 9600000 cells/ml - 56.5 microgram C/l and 400000 cells/ml - 24.1 microgram C/l, respectively, at the coastal station. The surface annual averages for bacterial and cyanobacterial abundance and biomass were 8100000 cells/ml &ndash / 49.1 microgram C/l and 210000 cells/ml &ndash / 10.6 microgram C/l, respectively, at the offshore station. Bacterial population always found to exceed Synechococcus abundance within the water column. In general, bacterial and cyanobacterial abundance and biomass tend to decrease with depth. On a seasonal basis, bacterial population was found excessively dominant at the surface or near-surface waters during the second half of the year. Synechococcus were also found more abundant during late summer and autumn. Temperature and nitrate concentration seemed to affect efficiently the abundance of both populations in the area. Based on Spearman Rank Correlation analysis, highly significant correlations between bacterial abundance as well as biomass and ambient temperature were observed at both stations. However, a significant correlation was found between Synechococcus and temperature only at the offshore station. Significant negative correlations are found between nitrate and bacterial abundance and biomass at both stations and between Synechococcus abundance and biomass only at the offshore station. At the offshore station, salinity was also found to be positively correlated with the bacterial and cyanobacterial abundance and biomass.

The insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) holds great promise as an effective and friendly way for management of the pests with safety for nontarget animals and humans. However, high capital investment due to high production and formulation cost of commercial Bt preparations has caused prohibitive effect on companies. The present study mainly aimed at developing a low cost medium that supports the growth of different Bt strains and their specific bioinsecticidal &amp / #948 / -endotoxins (crystal proteins). A comparison was made between the representative members of three different subspecies of Bt to observe toxin yields in response to certain nutritional conditions. Three different Bt subspecies were Bt kurstaki (strain 81), Bt israelensis (strain HD500) and Bt tenebrionis (strain 3203), producing lepidoptera- and diptera-specific Cry1 and Cry2, diptera-specific Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa and coleoptera-specific Cry3Aa toxins, respectively. Studies were conducted to optimize glucose and inorganic phosphate concentrations in standard DSM medium for the production of these Bt-based biopesticides. General suppression of toxin yields in high glucose medium (10 g/L) thought the generality of carbon catabolite regulation for biosynthesis of different types of toxins. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) level was important for Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa and Cry3Aa biosynthesis while Cry1 and Cry2 production was not responsive to high Pi. Wastewater sludge, fruit residues and broiler litter were next tested as cheap raw materials for Bt-based biopesticide production in batch cultures. Broiler litter seemed to be a much better substrate among all since some degree of production of each toxin was observed at almost every stage of fermentation. The processing of broiler litter was found to significantly improve toxin yields. The medium prepared from processed broiler litter was successfully used to cultivate all Bt stains and obtain bioinsecticidal proteins in high yields which were comparable or higher than those that can be obtained on standard semi-synthetic media.

Lactic acid bacteria are associated with preservation of foods, including milk, meat and vegetables. Yoghurt is produced by the cooperative action of two starter bacteria / S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. In this study, identification and typing of yoghurt starter bacteria were aimed. Traditional home made yoghurts were collected from different areas of Turkey, identification of those isolates at species and subspecies level and typing at strain level were achieved using PCR based methods. In our study, identification of yogurt starter bacteria was studied using species specific primers and ARDRA. These methods were inefficient in identification of yoghurt starter bacteria, at species and subspecies level. Consequently, a reliable and quick method for accurate identification of yoghurt starter bacteria was developed. The new method focuses on amplification of methionine biosynthesis genes, for selective identification of yoghurt starter bacteria together with some cheese starters. Further discrimination by ARDRA enabled differentiation of yoghurt starter bacteria from cheese starters. Confirmation of the proposed method has been accomplished by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. After correct identification of starter bacteria had been achieved, the strains were typed at strain level using RAPD-PCR and MLST. RAPD-PCR with primer 1254 resulted better fingerprints, compared to primer M13 at strain level. Comparisons of the two typing methods showed that RAPD-PCR revealed strain diversity better than MLST, however MLST was a more robust and reliable method and resulted in clustering of the strains depending on the isolation source.

This thesis mainly aims to understand how construction of gay identity differentiates in terms of class inequalities. Regarding the conceptual framework of Deniz Kandiyoti, it inquires in what way class position reshapes the experience of gay sexuality and how gay men of different classes bargain with heteronormative order through different perceptions of homoeroticism and gender identities. In discussing this issue, how gay men identify themselves, how they represent their body, how they interact with and percieve other gay men, how they percieve masculinity and femininity in construction of gender identities engender as primary questions to understand plurality of gay experience. These featured aspects of gay experience in Turkey entail a dynamic process in the way of both multiple formation of gay experience due to class differences and contradictory character of such plurality. Perception of other forms of gay experience is included to the discussion for understanding a comprehensive analysis for plurality of gay experience.

photosynthetic bacteria is attractive field as production is fueled by solar energy. Hydrogen production potential of two photosynthetic bacteria R.capsulatus (DSM1710 wild type and R.capsulatus YO3 Hup- uptake hydrogenase deleted mutant strain) were examined in agar immobilized systems. In the present work agar and glutamate concentrations were optimized for immobilization of bacteria while feeding bacteria with 40/2-4 mM acetate/ glutamate. Immobilized bacteria produced hydrogen for 420-1428 hours covering 5-7 rounds. Optimizing of acetate concentration indicated that 60 mM produced the highest observed yield around 90-95%. Results shown that 2.5 mg dry cell weight/mL is the optimum cell concentration for wild type strain while 5 mg dry cell weight/mL was optimum for YO3 strain. Using either glycerol or sodium dithionite caused decrease in hydrogen production capacity of immobilized bacteria. It was observed that agar provided protection against inhibition effect of ammonium. Co- v immobilization of bacteria with packed cells of H. salinarium increased total hydrogen production capacity by about 1.14-1.41 folds. Hydrogen production by immobilized bacteria in panel photobioreactor was achieved by a novel system which allowed long term hydrogen production. Immobilized R. capsulatus DSM 1710 in panel reactor worked for about 67-82 days covering 4-5 rounds while immobilized R. capsulatus YO3 worked for 69-72 days covering seven rounds.