By 2001, the al-Qaida movement had evolved into a transnational revolutionary movement with an eschatological dimension, facilitating the 9/11 attacks to gain religious support and incite a strong reaction. The Bush administration was particularly tough in its response, terminating the Taliban regime and then declaring the right of pre-emption against a wider axis of evil, which led on to regime termination in Iraq and the intended constraining of Iran. In the event, regime termination in Iraq and Afghanistan resulted in protracted wars that were intensely costly in human and resource terms, and Iranian influence actually increased. The al-Qaida movement was dispersed while being transformed into a potent idea with little in the way of an organised structure, yet was effective in catalysing movements from South Asia through the Middle East to sub-Saharan Africa. Analyses of events in Iraq and Afghanistan point to deep misconceptions over the potential for the use of military force and of imposed state building. After more than a decade after 9/11, there has been a re-orientation away from large-scale occupations towards more remote means of maintaining control, with an emphasis on armed drones, special forces and privatised military companies. This approach appears initially appropriate and attractive but may be as counterproductive as the previous approach.

This research project seeks to explore aspects of the post-reporting phase of the public inquiry process. Central to the public inquiry process is the concept of legitimacy and the idea that a public inquiry provides and opportunity to re-legitimate the credibility of failed public institutions. The current literature asserts that public inquiries re-legitimise through the production of authoritative narratives. As such, most of this scholarship has focused on the production of inquiry reports and, more recently, the reports themselves. However, in an era of accountability, and in the aftermath of such a poignant attack upon society, the production of a report may represent an apogee, but by no means an end, of the re-legitimation process. Appropriately, this thesis examines the post-reporting phase of the 9/11 Commission’s public inquiry process. The 9/11 Commission provides a useful research vehicle due to the bounded, and relatively linear, implementation process of the Commission’s recommendations. In little more than four months a majority of the Commission’s recommendations were passed into law. Within this implementation phase the dominant discursive process took place in the United States Congress. It is the legislative reform debates in the House of Representatives and the Senate that is the focus of this research project. The central research question is: what rhetorical legitimation strategies were employed in the legislative reform debates of the post-reporting phase of the 9/11 Commission’s public inquiry process? This study uses a grounded theory approach to the analysis of the legislative transcripts of the Congressional reform debates. This analysis revealed that proponents employed rhetorical strategies to legitimise a legislative ‘Call to Action’ narrative. Also, they employed rhetorical legitimation strategies that emphasised themes of bipartisanship, hard work and expertise in order to strengthen the standing of the legislation. Opponents of the legislation focused rhetorical de-legitimation strategies on the theme of ‘flawed process’. Finally, nearly all legislators, regardless of their view of the legislation, sought to appropriate the authoritative legitimacy of the Commission, by employing rhetorical strategies that presented their interests and motives as in line with the actions and wishes of the Commission.

[pt] Filipenses 2,6-11 é texto fundamental na cristologia do cristianismo primitivo e neotestamentária. Inserido na parênese da carta de Paulo aos Filipenses, a passagem desenvolve uma narrativa cristológica que começa na preexistência, passa pela encarnação e culmina na exaltação de Jesus. No contexto da carta funciona como um chamado ético aos que estão em Cristo à obediência ao Senhor exaltado. Literariamente o texto é um hino composto de duas partes: 2,6-8 e 2,9-11, e a leitura proposta é ver nesta segunda seção o clímax do hino, que justamente trata da exaltação de Jesus. O tema da exaltação é apresentado dentro de uma perspectiva escatológica, pois o início do senhorio de Jesus é o cumprimento da esperança israelita no triunfo de Deus, é a virada escatológica que traz o tempo de salvação. Através da exaltação Deus compartilhou com seu Filho a soberania sobre o universo, implicando que todos os seres precisam agora dobrar os joelhos diante de Jesus e reconhecê-lo como Senhor. Aqueles que já fazem isso voluntariamente vivenciam antecipadamente o que será a realidade escatológica final. Esse novo papel de Jesus é descrito pelo título kurios, que combinado com outros elementos do texto atribui a ele contornos divinos e de igualdade com YHWH, além de uma oposição às ideologias romanas. A exaltação de Jesus também está ligada com a revolução cristológica que aconteceu no culto cristão primitivo, quando os cristãos judeus adoraram Jesus ao lado de Deus Pai, sem renunciar ao seu monoteísmo. O final do hino enfatiza exatamente que a exaltação de Jesus foi conduzida por Deus e resulta em sua própria glória. / [en] Philippians 2,6-11 is a fundamental text in the Christology of early Christianity and the New Testament. Inserted in the parenesis of Paul s letter to the Philippians, the passage develops a Christological narrative that begins in the preexistence, passes through the incarnation and culminates in the exaltation of Jesus. In the context of the letter functions as an ethical call to those who are in Christ in obedience to the exalted Lord. Literarily, the text is a hymn composed of two parts: 2,6-8 and 2,9-11; and the proposed reading is to see in this second section the climax of the hymn, which precisely deals with the exaltation of Jesus. The theme of exaltation is displayed within an eschatological perspective, since the beginning of the lordship of Jesus is the fulfillment of the Israelite hope in the triumph of God, it is the eschatological turn that brings the fulfillment of salvation. Through exaltation, God shared with His Son the sovereignty over the universe, implying that all beings must now bend to his knees before Jesus and acknowledge him as Lord. Those who already do so voluntarily experience in advance what will be the reality of the eschatological end. This new role of Jesus is described by the title kurios, which combined with the other elements of the text gives it contours to the divine and equality with YHWH, in addition to opposition to Roman ideologies. The exaltation of Jesus is also connected to the Christological revolution that happened in the worship of the early Christian, when the Jewish Christians worshipped Jesus alongside God the Father, without giving up their monotheism. The end of the hymn emphasizes exactly that the exaltation of Jesus was led by God and results in his own glory.

Jack Heggie's 2011 song cycle Pieces of 9/11: Memories from Houston is a collection of six songs with texts by Gene Scheer. Commissioned by the Houston Grand Opera, it was premiered on September 11, 2011 at the Rothko Chapel in Houston, TX. Based on interviews with people from Houston by Gene Scheer, this cycle tells stories and experiences by those affected by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Washington DC, and those aboard United Flight 93 that crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Scheer's acclaimed storytelling in each song is beautifully set to varying styles of music composed by Heggie, with the familiar theme from Bach's Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major, BWV 1007 woven throughout the cycle. This document is an in-depth look at the cycle to be used by vocal coaches and singers in their preparation and performance. The first introductory chapter is followed by a chapter detailing the song cycle from concept to fruition. The third chapter concentrates on the uses of Bach's Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major, BWV 1007. The fourth chapter discusses the six individual songs first by discussing the background of each text, then an analysis of the music, and concluding with the relevance to 9/11. Chapter 5 includes performance notes, gathered from interviews with Heggie, Scheer, and one of the girl sopranos, Ashley Traughber. Appendices include a timeline of events on 9/11, the three interviews, a chronology of Jake Heggie's vocal works to date, and the author's personal 9/11 story as I was just a few blocks away from the World Trade Center on 9/11.

No description available.

The intention of this project is to examine whether or not; Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair, experienced any belief changes or learning, during the period he was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK), a period which lasted 10 years commencing 1997 until 2007. Our analysis will cover a timeline beginning from 1999 a point in time when the UK participated in NATO’s Operation Allied Force during the Kosovo War until 2006 when Britain took on the reins of the EU presidency for a six-month period. An exploration, of the beliefs behind a leader’s decision making logic, should always be considered a prudent undertaking especially when it comes to foreign policy studies. This is because, it is only through such activity scholars can comprehend the distinction between decisions and actions. Thus, understanding when and how; an individual leaders’ belief system changes, is of central importance in furthering our ability in explaining not only state behaviour, but, also the relationship between ‘self’ and ‘other’. The main purpose of an operational code analysis is to enable political scientists and policy makers alike, to deduce from a particular leader’s verbal content, what that actor's beliefs are and the premises they take in relation to their decision-making process. The first of our two part hypotheses seeks to determine whether Tony Blair exhibited changes in his beliefs at various stages of his premiership. These stages were signified by events which were also crucial in defining his political legacy. The events are divided into three categories, Post Kosovo – Pre Iraq, Pre 9/11 – Post 9/11 and Pre EU – Post EU. On completion of our VICS and SPSS analysis on Tony Blair’s operational code belief we discovered that there were no statistically significant changes in any of his operational indices. So, due to the lack of statistically significant changes in Blair’s Philosophical and Instrumental indices we could not classify the events selected for this analysis as having produced any influence on his belief system. Thus we rejected our null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

This research is concerned with Pakistan's participation in the US-led 'war on terror' in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. The study seeks to explain how Pakistan's state practice in the aftermath of 9/11 was normalised and made possible. In explaining the state practice, the study draws on a constructivist conceptual framework; which is further enhanced by incorporating key theoretical insights from critical realism. In the first instance, the study proposes that Pakistan's participation in the 'war on terror', seen as a set of actions and practices, was an outcome of a specific domestic political discourse. This discourse enabled and legitimised the state's alliance with the US and its abandonment of the Taliban regime. Secondly, the study is concerned with explaining why the particular discourse emerged in the shape and form that it did. In this context, the argument is that a depth 'critical realist' ontological inquiry can reveal underlying and enduring global and domestic social structural contexts, and traces of agential influence as connected to the discourse. Consequently, this study conceptualises Pakistan's actions in the context of the 'war on terror' as emerging from a multi-causal complex in which discourse, structure and agency are complicit. The study represents a departure from realist readings that emphasise a mono-causal relationship between the US and Pakistan. Instead, this research uses a synthesis of critical realism and constructivism to add a fresh perspective in terms of how we may conceptualise Pakistan's political practice in this instance.

Technological, political and economical developments have fostered the spread of transnational media since the latter part of the 20th century. Despite that, most studies of media effects are still nationally bound. This dissertation discusses some of the effects that both national and transnational news media can have on people’s thoughts and feelings. It explores the particular effect of consensus building as a consequence of second level agenda-setting. The main focus of this dissertation is how national and transnational news media can bring different demographic groups closer in their perceptions of major topics in the news. This dissertation analyzes consensus building effects through the European Union’s reaction to the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States. It analyzes how the use of national and transnational media brought EU demographic groups in closer agreement regarding the attributes of the terrorism issue and of the Muslim and Arab communities, as they related to the events of 9-11 and its aftermaths for the EU community. This study is based on a secondary data analysis of a survey conducted in the close aftermath of 9-11. It is an extensive replication of Shaw and Martin’s (1992) consensus model based on a cross-national analysis of 15 European Union nations and their patterns of national and transnational news media use among four demographic groups in relation to the substantive and affective dimensions of attribute agendas regarding the aftermath of 9-11. This study found evidence that national media bring the segments of society to closer agreement regarding the attributes of terrorism and the attributes of the Muslim and Arab communities. This was especially true for those indicating they used national television. Transnational media also have some potential for similar effects, though less than for national media. Borders still matter but it will be interesting in the future to see if the increasing availability of transnational media translates into increased influence as well. / text

O romance The Road (2006) representa um desvio na carreira do escritor norte-americano Cormac McCarthy. Sua prosa concisa e seu cenário apocalíptico marcam um distanciamento tanto de seus primeiros romances (mais próximos do gótico sulista) quanto dos mais recentes (westerns). Acompanhando a jornada de um Pai e um Filho por um país devastado, o autor faz um comentário sobre os Estados Unidos contemporâneo do pós-11 de setembro e da ascensão neoconservadora e fortalecimento do neoliberalismo. Com o intuito de investigar como o livro figura o presente, essa dissertação evidencia elementos de nosso tempo que se materializam na narrativa. Para isso, num primeiro momento, situa a obra do escritor no panorama da literatura americana contemporânea, e o papel de The Road dentro da bibliografia de McCarthy, culminando com a análise do foco narrativo, e o que ele representa. A partir disso, o eixo do trabalho se torna a produção literária do 11 de setembro, e novamente como o romance se destaca dentro desta contrapondo-o a outra obra contemporânea a ele: Falling Man, de Don DeLillo. Por fim, a análise formal da narrativa irá discutir o apocalipse e dialética estabelecida entre ele e a distopia, que são duas forças em duelo no livro. Assim, articulando esse movimento investigamos o papel dos personagens, cenário e tempo. Conforme teoriza Fredric Jameson, vivemos na era do Capitalismo Tardio, também chamada de Pós-Modernidade, e esta se concretiza ao longo do romance, conforme demonstramos nessa análise. A principal base teórica, novamente, é dada por Jameson em seu The Political Unconscious, além de conceitos formulados por Tom Moylan sobre utopia/distopia, e Frank Kermode sobre apocalipse, entre outros. / The novel The Road (2006) represents a detour in the writings of American novelist Cormac McCarthy. Its concise prose and apocalyptic setting signalize a departure both from his early novels (which are closer to the Southern Gothic) than his latest ones (Westerns). By following a Father and Sons journey through a devastated country, the author makes a commentary on contemporary United States of the post-9/11, and the rise of the neocons and the strengthening of neoliberalism. In order to investigate how the book figures the present, this master thesis highlights elements of our time that materialize in the narrative. Thereunto, it starts locating McCarthys work in the contemporary American literature, and The Roads role in his bibliography, culminating in the analysis of the focalization in this novel, and what it represents. Afterwards, the axis of the this work turns to the 9/11 literary production, and once again how the novel stands out in this group opposing The Road to another contemporary book: Don DeLillos Falling Man. Lastly, the formal analysis of the narrative will investigate the apocalypse and the dialectic established between it and dystopia, which are the two forces dueling in the book. Thus, by articulating this movement we investigate the role of the characters, setting and time. As Fredric Jameson theorizes, we live in the age of Late Capitalism, also known as Post-Modernity, and this appears throughout the novel, as we will demonstrate in the present work. The main theoretical foundation of this thesis is, again, given by Jameson in his The Political Unconscious, in addition to concepts formulated by Tom Moylan on utopia/dystopia, and Frank Kermonde on apocalypse, among others.

O romance The Road (2006) representa um desvio na carreira do escritor norte-americano Cormac McCarthy. Sua prosa concisa e seu cenário apocalíptico marcam um distanciamento tanto de seus primeiros romances (mais próximos do gótico sulista) quanto dos mais recentes (westerns). Acompanhando a jornada de um Pai e um Filho por um país devastado, o autor faz um comentário sobre os Estados Unidos contemporâneo do pós-11 de setembro e da ascensão neoconservadora e fortalecimento do neoliberalismo. Com o intuito de investigar como o livro figura o presente, essa dissertação evidencia elementos de nosso tempo que se materializam na narrativa. Para isso, num primeiro momento, situa a obra do escritor no panorama da literatura americana contemporânea, e o papel de The Road dentro da bibliografia de McCarthy, culminando com a análise do foco narrativo, e o que ele representa. A partir disso, o eixo do trabalho se torna a produção literária do 11 de setembro, e novamente como o romance se destaca dentro desta contrapondo-o a outra obra contemporânea a ele: Falling Man, de Don DeLillo. Por fim, a análise formal da narrativa irá discutir o apocalipse e dialética estabelecida entre ele e a distopia, que são duas forças em duelo no livro. Assim, articulando esse movimento investigamos o papel dos personagens, cenário e tempo. Conforme teoriza Fredric Jameson, vivemos na era do Capitalismo Tardio, também chamada de Pós-Modernidade, e esta se concretiza ao longo do romance, conforme demonstramos nessa análise. A principal base teórica, novamente, é dada por Jameson em seu The Political Unconscious, além de conceitos formulados por Tom Moylan sobre utopia/distopia, e Frank Kermode sobre apocalipse, entre outros. / The novel The Road (2006) represents a detour in the writings of American novelist Cormac McCarthy. Its concise prose and apocalyptic setting signalize a departure both from his early novels (which are closer to the Southern Gothic) than his latest ones (Westerns). By following a Father and Sons journey through a devastated country, the author makes a commentary on contemporary United States of the post-9/11, and the rise of the neocons and the strengthening of neoliberalism. In order to investigate how the book figures the present, this master thesis highlights elements of our time that materialize in the narrative. Thereunto, it starts locating McCarthys work in the contemporary American literature, and The Roads role in his bibliography, culminating in the analysis of the focalization in this novel, and what it represents. Afterwards, the axis of the this work turns to the 9/11 literary production, and once again how the novel stands out in this group opposing The Road to another contemporary book: Don DeLillos Falling Man. Lastly, the formal analysis of the narrative will investigate the apocalypse and the dialectic established between it and dystopia, which are the two forces dueling in the book. Thus, by articulating this movement we investigate the role of the characters, setting and time. As Fredric Jameson theorizes, we live in the age of Late Capitalism, also known as Post-Modernity, and this appears throughout the novel, as we will demonstrate in the present work. The main theoretical foundation of this thesis is, again, given by Jameson in his The Political Unconscious, in addition to concepts formulated by Tom Moylan on utopia/dystopia, and Frank Kermonde on apocalypse, among others.