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abstract: Determining guilty parties in homicide cases is not always straight forward. The more tools investigators have to assist them, the better. 911 calls are often the least influenced form of linguistic evidence, in the sense that the caller has not yet been influenced by lawyers, law enforcement, etc.. This paper analyzes the reliability of using the Considering Offender Probability in Statements (COPS) scale and concordance program to evaluate veracity in 911 homicide calls. To do this, six 911 homicide calls from Mesa, Arizona were transcribed, evaluated based on the COPS scale, and put through a concordance program. The results showed high reliability with the COPS scale and varying reliability with the concordance program, with benefits and drawbacks to each. This study unveils the need for more research to be done on 911 calls. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2020

abstract: Prior research looking at procedural justice has largely focused on legal authorities, such as the police. There is a gap in the research regarding the influence of procedurally-just treatment of other criminal justice professionals, including 911 operators. These individuals are often the first contact citizens have when initiating police services, and it is likely that 911 operators set the stage for how police encounters with the public unfold. Using a factorial vignette design, this study tests the causal links between procedural injustice and several outcome measures, including cooperation, satisfaction, callback likelihood, and willingness to testify in court. Data from a university-based sample (n=488) were used to estimate a series of ordinal regression models. The results show that participants who received the injustice stimuli were generally less likely to report they would call 911 in the future, cooperate with the 911 operator if asked additional questions, cooperate with the police once they arrived on the scene, and had lower levels of satisfaction with the how the operator handled the call. These results were significant across two different scenarios (i.e., breaking and entering and traffic accident). Seriousness of the encounter also varied across these outcomes, but the magnitude of the effect was more modest. The results demonstrate the effect non-sworn personnel, such as 911 operators, can have on the outcome of police-citizen encounters. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2018

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This research examines the manifold forms of support that shape and influence Post-9/11 Native American Student Veterans to enter, persist, and graduate from a mainstream institution of higher education. Moreover, it is a qualitative assessment that explores how Post-9/11 Native American Student Veterans navigate the collegiate environment and balance their military and indigenous identities within the context of higher education. Through the individual voices of five Post-9/11 Native American Student Veterans, the results of this study illustrate their decision-making processes, weighing of options, and reasons for sacrifice. Each individual had unique experiences, situations, and circumstances to consider before committing and transitioning into higher education. The confluences of situations and circumstances often determine the ability of Native American Student Veterans to engage, persist, and complete their academic endeavors; therefore, support systems are vital in helping them navigate and overcome obstacles. Respectfully, the experiences of Post-9/11 Native American Student Veterans have the power to influence future generations and to clarify their options when transitioning from a military environment to a university environment. Moreover, the findings from these experiences can inform mainstream universities and Student Veteran Centers to strategically respond and develop support systems specifically designed to recruit, retain, and graduate Post-9/11 Native American Student Veterans.

中亞地區國家，在前蘇聯解體後紛紛獨立，積極對原有的政治體制及經濟體制進行改革，以圖融入國際體系，確保其國家安全和國家利益。中亞位於歐亞大陸腹地，戰略位置重要，是連接歐亞大陸的走廊，被喻為「第二個中東」和「本世紀的能源基地」。 獨立後的中亞國家變為國與國間的關係，互相簽訂了友好條約及經濟文化等各方面的合作協定。五國亦分別與歐美西方大國建立良好的外交關係，因為唯有如此才能給它們帶來巨大的政治和經濟利益。中亞五國都奉行全方位的外交政策，雖然各國的外交重點並不完全一樣，但保持與世界各國友好關係的基本方向是他們的共同目標。 對中共而言，此地區更形重要，就地緣戰略、國家安全戰略、能源戰略與經濟戰略的角度看，都具有正面的意義。然而隨著911事件，美國以反恐怖戰爭為名，將軍事力量進入中亞地區，無異是在中共的後院部署了軍事力量，甚至對「上海合作組織」形成挑戰。不僅如此，世界各強權國家亦因中亞地區豐富的石油資源，爭相介入中亞地區事務及經濟援助，期能獲得利益，因而對中共的中亞政策形成衝擊。 本論文旨在探討中共在911後，因美國軍事力量進入中亞國家，另外世界和主要大國將勢力也伸入中亞地區，對中共形成一定程度的挑戰，在此一挑戰下，中共採取對中亞國家的外交政策為何？ / The countries in Central Asia region became independent one by one after Soviet Union crumbled. They tried hard to reform their original political and economic structures, seeking to integrate into international systems to ensure their national security and interests. Central Asia region is an area of strategic importance for connecting Euro-Asian continents, which has been so called as " the second Middle East: and Energy Base of the Century". As independent states, the five Central Asian nations signed treaty of friendship and economic and culture cooperation agreements with each other. They also established friendly foreign relationship with Western leading powers, bidding to bring about tremendous political and economic interests for their own countries. In addition, they all pursued comprehensive foreign policy. Although the keynotes of their foregin policy are not exactly the same, maintaining amicable relationship with global nations is their common goal. This region is vital for China's national interest in view of its geographical, energy and economic strategies. Nevertheless, in the aftermath of 911, the U.S. stepped in Central Asia region with its military force via initiating war against terrorism. China regarded America's act as deploying troops in its backyard, which even caused a threat to "Shanghai Cooperation organization". Moreover, the other big powers all over the world strived to intervene in Central Asian region affairs and offer their economic aids to gain profits from abundant petroleum resources in this area. Therefore these situations affected China's policy toward Central Asian. This thesis aims at discussing China's foreign policy toward Central Asian nations after 911 in the face of challenges made by Americans military force and other big power's intervention

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Lack of engagement in public service awareness education programs, coupled with reduced funding to implement a diversion system such as 311 systems or 10-digit phone numbers, contribute to 911 misuse. Many local governments have invested in alternative systems, but research regarding community members' use of 911 or alternatives relative to civic engagement is lacking. Guided by Gordon's conceptualization of civic engagement, this phenomenological study bridged the gap in knowledge by exploring community members' civic involvement and their use of 911 between 2012 and 2015 in a county in the state of Georgia. A snowball sampling strategy was used to select 5 community members who had used 911 to call for service. Data were collected through semistructured interviews. These data were inductively coded and then subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicated that participants were not aware of the problems associated with 911 misuse, and they had limited knowledge of 911 call system practices and procedures from an operational standpoint. Participants believed that more awareness and education is necessary to educate and make community members aware of problems associated to 911 misuse and to inform community members of the nonemergency number. Positive social change may be achieved through local governments implementing public awareness campaigns about appropriate 911 use. These efforts may result in improvements to public safety through better response to critical emergency events.

The news has become a central part of daily culture in the United States and provides up to date information regarding a vast array of topics from weather to war. A specific aspect of the news, emergency 911 tapes, and their influence on viewers' physiological and psychological health was investigated. Research regarding the relationship between physiological arousal and exposure to brief traumatic stimuli, as well as research addressing the development of pathological psychiatric symptoms are discussed in the literature review. This study examined the relationship between exposure to 911 emergency tapes, physiological arousal, and symptoms of psychopathology while considering the influence of trait personality characteristics and state mood. Results identified significant differences in physiological response to the 911 emergency condition compared to news reports. No significant differences were identified between mood state and arousal except in the instance of respiration rate and negative mood; those with higher scores on negative mood displayed higher levels of respiration. Personality factors and empathy were examined for their predictive value on level of arousal, and yielded insignificant results. Finally, baseline level of PTSD was not significantly correlated with arousal in the 911 condition, except in terms of respiration rate. Future research is required to better understand the arousal as a result of exposure to such media, and the associated psychological and physiological health implications.