(no abstract available) / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

nÃo hà / daqueles que veem os escÃlios Ãnica e simplesmente como paratexto â para usar um conceito de Genette (2010) â ou coadjuvante do texto junto do qual foram copiados. Objetiva-se, primeiramente, demonstrar que os escÃlios, sejam os de Acarnenses ou outros quaisquer, tÃm uma expressiva importÃncia intrÃnseca, podendo ser tomados como objeto de pesquisa, independentemente da obra que comentam. A pesquisa mostrou quatro aspectos dos escÃlios que nos levam a defender esse ponto de vista: como aporte lexicogrÃfico, como testemunho de fragmentos de obras perdidas, como substrato de uma seÃÃo da Colometria de AristÃfanes e como auxÃlio gramatical para o conhecimento da dialetologia grega antiga. Tem-se como objetivo, em segundo lugar, tentar mostrar que à possÃvel estabelecer critÃrios de confiabilidade para os escÃlios, mesmo diante da existÃncia de erros entre eles. Os resultados evidenciaram que os escÃlios de Acarnenses presentes no cÃdice de Ravena sÃo menos confiÃveis em relaÃÃo à ortografia. Jà os escÃlios de Acarnenses que estÃo no Suda e nos cÃdices ΕΓ sÃo menos confiÃveis no que diz respeito Ãs citaÃÃes. De modo geral, os escÃlios vindos da Aldina sÃo os menos confiÃveis. AlÃm desses objetivos e resultados, a presente Tese tambÃm contÃm uma compilaÃÃo em grego dos escÃlios de Acarnenses e uma traduÃÃo portuguesa inÃdita desses mesmos escÃlios. A compilaÃÃo foi feita a partir das ediÃÃes de Bekker (1829), Dindorf (1838), DÃbner (1855), Martin (1882) e Rutherford (1896). Em relaÃÃo à epistemologia, esta pesquisa pertence ao campo da Filologia, estritamente, ao da Filologia ClÃssica, com fulcro na Filologia Grega. / The scholia on the Acharnians are the object of analysis of this dissertation, which places itself in a position opposite to those who see the scholia only as a paratext â on to use a concept of Genette (2010) â or as an adjunct to the text with which they were copied. The your objective is firstly to demonstrate that the scholia, whether on the Acharnians or on any other, have an expressive intrinsic importance, and can be taken as an object of research, independently of the work they comment on. The research showed four aspects of the scholia that defend this point of view: as a lexicographical contribution, as testimony of fragments of lost works, as substrate of a section of Aristophanesâ Colometry and as a grammatical aid to the knowledge of ancient Greek dialectology. Secondly, we try to show that it is possible to establish reliability criteria for the scholia, even in the presence of errors between them. The results showed that the scholia on the Acharnians present in the codex Ravennas are less reliable in the spelling. Already the scholia on the Acharnians that are in the Suda and in the codices ΕΓ are less reliable with respect to the citations. In general, the scholia from Aldina are the least reliable. In addition to these objectives and results, the present dissertation also contains a Greek compilation of the scholia on the Acharnians and an unpublished Portuguese translation of these same scholia. The compilation was made from the editions of Bekker (1829), Dindorf (1838), DÃbner (1855), Martin (1882) and Rutherford (1896). In relation to epistemology, this research belongs to the field of Philology, strictly, to that of Classical Philology, with a fulcrum in Greek Philology.

Obwohl die lokale Ebene in der Pflegepolitik eine zentrale Rolle spielt, nehmen international vergleichende Studien dieses Feld bisher kaum in den Blick. Das Ziel von "Caring Cities" besteht darin, am Beispiel von Bratislava, Budapest, Prag und Wien, die Rolle zentraleuropäischer Städte im Bereich der Pflege zu untersuchen. In der "pflegenden Stadt" treffen die nationale und die lokale Ebene auf verschiedene Weise aufeinander. Einerseits manifestieren sich nationale Pflegeregime in einem spezifisch-urbanen Kontext. Andererseits sind lokale AkteurInnen selbst in die Regulierung, Organisation und Erbringung von Pflege involviert und verfügen so über einen eigenen gestalterischen Spielraum. Um dies zu analysieren, wurden quantitative Daten erhoben und Interviews mit ExpertInnen in den jeweiligen Städten geführt. Die Untersuchung bestätigt für alle vier Hauptstädte die große Bedeutung regionaler bzw. lokaler Akteure in der Pflegepolitik. Während Wien auf eine lange und relativ kontinuierliche Geschichte lokaler Sozialpolitik aufbaut, wurde in Tschechien, der Slowakei und in Ungarn Pflegepolitik mit der Transformation in den frühen 1990er Jahren verstärkt an die regionale und lokale Ebene übertragen. In diesen Ländern ist der Sektor aber auch durch ein hohes Maß an Fragmentierung und teilweise überlappende Verantwortlichkeiten charakterisiert. Dies wiederum ist Konsequenz einer vielfach fehlenden umfassenden und kohärenten Pflegepolitik. Angespannte öffentliche Budgets, vor allem in den jüngsten Krisenjahren, haben den Ausbau einer adäquaten Dienstleistungsinfrastruktur zusätzlich verschärft. / Series: Forschungsberichte des Forschungsinstituts für Altersökonomie

The first microwave measurement techniques uses an open ended coaxial probe with a purposely built sample holder to measure the dielectric properties of potato products from 500 MHz to 1 GHz. The second system utilises a waveguide cell with a purposely built sample holder to characterise potato products from 2.4 to 3.5 GHz. Common British varieties of raw potatoes such as Estima, King Edward and Maris Piper are used in this study. The two microwave measurement techniques are also used to measure the dielectric properties of potato products at elevated temperatures for these frequency ranges. Both measurement techniques are also used to study the effect of storage temperature on the dielectric properties of Saturna raw potato. For this part of the study, it is concluded that the microwave measurement techniques are unable to discriminate between potatoes that had a storage history of different temperature profiles. On the other hand, waveguide cells and open ended coaxial probes are able to measure the dielectric properties of raw potato, partial cooked fried potato and fried potato at the 500 MHz to 1 GHz and 2.4 GHz to 3.5 GHz frequency range. The measurement results show that both dielectric constant and loss values of fried potatoes decreased with frying time, due to the reduced moisture content during the frying process. Furthermore, the dielectric loss behaviour of raw and fried potatoes is dominated by the effect of the ionic conductivity at frequencies lower than 1 GHz. An apparatus has been designed and built in order to measure the dielectric properties of potato for both frequency ranges as a function of temperature. In the subsequent measurements it is found that the dielectric properties of potato products at elevated temperatures also depend on frequency and moisture content. For high moisture content potato (~> 70 %), at 2.45 GHz both the dielectric constant and loss are found to decrease with temperature, whereas at 915 MHz the dielectric constant decreases but the loss increases for the moisture content above 30%. For the intermediate moisture content (10%<MC<70%), all dielectric properties increase with temperature at the microwave heating frequencies 2.45GHz, whereas at 915 MHz all the dielectric properties increase with temperature for the moisture content range 10% to 30%. The increase in dielectric properties with temperature is small and marginal for fried potatoes with low moisture content (< 10 %). It is therefore apparent that moisture content is the primary factor in detecting the complex permittivity of potato products.

The global-local sustainable development and climate change adaptation policy, and the emerging political discourse on the value of local Adaptation, have positioned the local institutions and their governance space within the strategic enclaves of multilevel governance system. Such shifts have transformed the context for sustainable Nature Based Tourism (NBT) development and adaptation in Nepal in general, and its protected areas, in particular. The emerging institutional adaptation discourse suggests on the need to link tourism development, adaptation and governance within the sustainability concept, and also to recognize the justice and inclusive dimensions of local adaptation. However, sociological investigation of institutional adaptation, particularly at the interface between sustainability, justice and inclusive local adaptation is an undertheorized research topic. This exploratory study examined the sociological process of the institutional adaptation, especially the social resilience and adaptive governance capacities of the NBT institutions, in 7 Village Development Committees of the Mustang district, a popular destination in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Using the sphere (a dynamic social space concept) and quality of governance as the analytical framework, the integrative adaptation as the methodological approach and the case study action research method, the study investigated and generated a holistic picture on the state of the social resilience and adaptive governance capacities of the NBT institutions. The findings show institutional social resilience capacities to be contingent on socio-political construction of adaptation knowledge and power. Factors influencing such constructions among NBT institutions include: the site and institutions specific political, economic and environmental dispositions; the associated socio-political processes of knowledge constructions and volition action; and the social relationships and interaction, operating within the spheres and at multiple governance levels. The adaptive governance capacities hinge on the institutional arrangements, the procedural aspects of adaptation governance and the governmentality. These are reflective of the diverse legal frameworks, the interiority perspective of the decision making and governance practices of the NBT institutions. In conclusion, it is argued that effective local adaptation in the Mustang district is contingent on the adaptation and institutional dynamics of the NBT institutions, consisting of the cognitive, subjective, process and procedural aspects of the adaptation knowledge production and its use. / Die Politik im Bereich der nachhaltigen Entwicklung und der Anpassung an den Klimawandel sowie der Diskurs über die diesbezüglichen Adaptionsnotwendigkeiten auf lokaler Maßstabsebene, tangieren die Institutionen vor Ort und deren Position im Rahmen eines multi-skalaren Governance. Durch diese Umgewichtung wurden die Rahmenbedingungen für den Naturtourismus in Nepal verändert, insbesondere in den Schutzgebieten. Der sich daraus ergebende Governance-Diskurs hinsichtlich der institutionellen Anpassung betont die Notwendigkeit, Regionalentwicklung allgemein und speziell die Entwicklung des Naturtourismus im Sinne des Nachhaltigkeitskonzepts ganzheitlich zu betrachten. Sowohl die Dimension der Gerechtigkeit wie auch die Inklusivität lokaler Adaptionsnotwendigkeiten gilt es somit gleichrangig zu würdigen. Die sozialwissenschaftliche Erforschung der institutionellen Anpassung an der Schnittstelle zwischen Nachhaltigkeit, Gerechtigkeit und inklusive der lokalen institutionellen Adaptionsnotwendigkeiten, stellt bisher ein theoretisch unzureichend erfasstes Thema dar. Diese explorative Studie untersucht diesen sozialwissenschaftlichen Prozess der institutionellen Anpassung, insbesondere die soziale Resilienz und die adaptiven Governance-Kapazitäten der Naturtourismus-Institutionen in sieben Dorfentwicklungskomitees des Mustang Distrikts, einer beliebten Destination in der Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Den Analyserahmen stellen der Wirkungsbereich (innerhalb eines dynamischen sozialen Raumes) und die Qualität des multi-skalaren Governance-Regimes dar. Methodologisch auf dem Ansatz der integrativen Anpassung basierend, wird die Forschungsmethode der „case study action research“ gewählt. Die Arbeit analysiert dabei den Status der sozialen Resilienz und adaptiven Goverance-Kapazitäten der örtlichen Naturtourismus-Institutionen, mit dem Ziel, ein ganzheitliches Bild derselben zu präsentieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kapazität im Bereich der sozialen Resilienz bedingt wird durch die sozio-politische Konstruktion von Wissen und Macht. Zu den Faktoren, welche diese Konstruktionen bei den Naturtourismus-Institutionen im Annapurna-Gebiet Nepals beeinflussen, zählen unter Anderem: orts- und institutionenspezifische politische, ökonomische und umweltbezogene Bedingungen; die darauf beruhenden sozio-politischen Prozesse der Wissenskonstruktion, sowie soziale Beziehungen und Interaktionen, die innerhalb des dynamischen sozio-politischen Raumes und des Governance auf verschiedenen Maßstabsebenen wirksam sind. Die adaptiven Governance-Kapazitäten hängen u.a. vom institutionellen Aufbau und den verfahrenstechnischen Aspekten der politischen Steuerung der lokalen Institutionen ab. Sie spiegeln unterschiedliche rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, die Innenperspektive der Entscheidungsfindung und die Governance-Praktiken der Naturtourismus-Institutionen wider. Zusammenfassend wird argumentiert, dass effektive lokale Klimawandel-Adaption im Mustang Distrikt Nepals abhängig ist von den spezifischen institutionellen Dynamiken der Naturtourismus-Institutionen, welche sich aus den kognitiven, subjektiven, prozess- und verfahrensorientierten Aspekten der Generierung von Adaptions-Wissen und seiner konkreten Anwendung zusammensetzt.

Der Bezirk Xilingol wurde als geeignetes Beispiel ausgewählt, weil es zu einem großen Flächenanteil von Grassteppe bedeckt ist und fast alle Phasen der Umweltpolitik Chinas durchlaufen hat. Es wurden zwei deutlich voneinander abgrenzbare Phasen identifiziert, von 1975 bis 2000 und von 2000 bis 2015. Während der ersten Phase, bis 2000, war Landdegradation der dominante Landnutzungswandelprozess, der 11.4 % der Gesamtfläche betraf. In dieser Phase war die menschliche Einflussnahme der Hauptfaktor in acht Landkreisen, die sich ändernden Wasserverhältnisse war es in sechs Landkreisen. Während der zweiten Phase, ab 2000, setzte ein spürbare Erholung des Zustandes auf 12 % des Gesamtgebietes ein, während die Degradation jedoch weiter voranschritt und zusätzliche 9,5 % des Landes veränderte. Während dieser Phase wurde die Städtebildung zum dominanten Treiber für die Landdegradierung in sieben Landkreisen, während der Einfluss menschlicher Störungen und der Wasserverfügbarkeit wieder zurückging. Nach der Identifizierung der Haupttreiber für die Landdegradation, wurde die komplexe Beziehung zwischen verschiedenen Treibern und der Grassteppen-Degradation untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Beziehung zwischen dicht bedeckter, moderat bedeckter, und spärlich bedeckter Grassteppe und die Dichte des Schafbesatzes für die Degradationsdynamik in der Grassteppe verantwortlich waren. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Methoden der Clusteranalyse, der Partial-Order-Theorie, und der Hasse Diagramme eingesetzt, um die Haupttreiber der Landdegradation auf Landkreisebene zu identifizieren. Dann wurde ein Ansatz aus dem maschinellen Lernen, XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) verwendet, um die Dynamik der Grassteppen-Degradation vorauszusagen. Darüber hinaus wurde SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) eingesetzt, um das von XGBoost erstellte Black-Box-Modell zu in seine Bestanteile zu zerlegen und für jedes Degradations-Pixel in der Karte den Haupttreiber zu extrahieren. / The aims of this thesis are to gain an integrated and systematic understanding of the processes and determinants of land degradation on the Mongolian Plateau. Xilingol was chosen as a suitable example, mainly since it is covered by vast grassland, and has experienced almost all ecological policies that have been implemented in China. Two distinct phases were identified in this region: 1975-2000 and 2000-2015. During the first phase (up to 2000), land degradation was the dominant land use change process, accounting for 11.4% of the total area. During this phase, human disturbance was the major driver in eight counties, whereas the water condition was the dominant driver in six counties. During the second phase (post-2000), land restoration increased (12.0% of the total area), whereas degradation continued, resulting in a further 9.5% of degraded land. During this phase, urbanisation became the dominant driver of land degradation in seven counties, while effects resulting from human disturbance and water availability decreased after 2000. After identifying the major drivers of degradation, the complex relationships between drivers and grassland degradation were captured. The results indicated that the distance to dense, moderately dense grass and sparse grass and sheep density were responsible for the grassland degradation dynamics. In this thesis, a clustering method, partial order theory and Hasse diagram techniques were first used to identify the major drivers of land degradation at the county level. Subsequently, an approach from machine learning, XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting), was used to predict the dynamics of grassland degradation. Moreover, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values were used to open up the black box model, and the primary driver was extracted for each pixel showing degradation.

Contract furniture which is manufactured depending on the client&amp / #8217 / s design or specification requirements on a contract basis is executed in small and medium sized furniture companies in Turkey. This one-of-a-kind production organization provides component manufacturing opportunity to furniture SMEs via subcontracting. In this study, the use of design consultancy is investigated to understand how it should be used in the current organization, in order to implement this production system efficiently. This study also examines contract furniture production to have foresight for the development of furniture SMEs in Turkey. In a literature review, the generic context of contracting activities in relation to design activity is investigated. Methods of design consultancy use in product development processes are searched. Design consultancy in construction industry is examined Data about design and production capabilities of Turkish furniture SMEs is collected. Production planning processes of a contract furniture company was investigated and discussed in a case study. These two groups of data were compared in order to drive conclusions.

<p>Uppsatsen tar upp tretton bilder som<em> Hilma af Klint </em>målade under tidsperioden 1906-1915. Bilderna ingår i en svit som kallas för <em>Bilderna till Templet</em><strong> </strong>som omfattar nästan 190 målningar. Under hennes livstid var hennes livsverk okänt för hennes samtid. Hon målade abstrakta, geometriska former och använde klara färger flera år före sina samtida konstnärskollegor. Inom ett hermeneutiskt arbetssätt ingår det olika moment som tolkning, beskrivning och analys av bilder. Uppsatsen vill belysa och ta upp hennes formspråk ur symbolisk synvinkel med hjälp av den hermeneutiska arbetsmodellen. Dels genom att göra hennes bildspråk mer begripligt och dels för att hitta gemensamma nämnare som ökar förståelsen för hennes målningar. Enligt författarens mening hade hon svårt för att förstå innehållet i bilderna, men hade en klar tanke om att bilderna speglade evolutionstanken i Skapelsen.</p> / <p>The essay includes thirteen pictures by <em>Hilma af Klint,</em> who painted these between 1906-1915. The pictures is a part ofa suite namned <em>The Paintings</em> <em>to The Temple</em> which extent almost 190 paintings. During her lifetime her life's work was unknown to her own period. She painted abstractical, geometrical forms and used bright colours many years before her contemporary artistcolleagues. Within a hermeneutical method includes different moments like, interpretation, description and analysis of pictures. The essay wants to illuminate and to lind her idiom out of a symbolic visual angle with help from the hermeneutical workrnodell. Partly making her pictorial language more clear and partly to find common factors which increase the understanding for her paintings. The author of this essay means that Hilma af Klint had some difficulties to understand the contents of her own paintings, but she had a clear thought that the pictures reflected the evolution thought in the Creation.</p>

Uppsatsen tar upp tretton bilder som Hilma af Klint målade under tidsperioden 1906-1915. Bilderna ingår i en svit som kallas för Bilderna till Templet som omfattar nästan 190 målningar. Under hennes livstid var hennes livsverk okänt för hennes samtid. Hon målade abstrakta, geometriska former och använde klara färger flera år före sina samtida konstnärskollegor. Inom ett hermeneutiskt arbetssätt ingår det olika moment som tolkning, beskrivning och analys av bilder. Uppsatsen vill belysa och ta upp hennes formspråk ur symbolisk synvinkel med hjälp av den hermeneutiska arbetsmodellen. Dels genom att göra hennes bildspråk mer begripligt och dels för att hitta gemensamma nämnare som ökar förståelsen för hennes målningar. Enligt författarens mening hade hon svårt för att förstå innehållet i bilderna, men hade en klar tanke om att bilderna speglade evolutionstanken i Skapelsen. / The essay includes thirteen pictures by Hilma af Klint, who painted these between 1906-1915. The pictures is a part ofa suite namned The Paintings to The Temple which extent almost 190 paintings. During her lifetime her life's work was unknown to her own period. She painted abstractical, geometrical forms and used bright colours many years before her contemporary artistcolleagues. Within a hermeneutical method includes different moments like, interpretation, description and analysis of pictures. The essay wants to illuminate and to lind her idiom out of a symbolic visual angle with help from the hermeneutical workrnodell. Partly making her pictorial language more clear and partly to find common factors which increase the understanding for her paintings. The author of this essay means that Hilma af Klint had some difficulties to understand the contents of her own paintings, but she had a clear thought that the pictures reflected the evolution thought in the Creation.

Increasing competition and technological improvements have created new challenges for the firms. In Turkey, low-tech small and medium scale furniture industry does not seem to be well equipped to compete in this respect due to their weak economic and cultural capital. Necessity of innovative and distinguishing design-led policies has already arisen for improving the position of the low-tech small and medium scale furniture producers. However, to generate effective policies for them, it is essential to understand the design process and production domain related to cultural factors which affect the position of design and the designer. Within this perspective, this thesis examines the position of design and the designer within the product development process in eight cases of small and medium scale furniture companies based on the data gathered from, firstly, in-depth interviews with the owners, and secondly, product development stories narrated by the owner, the designers and head of the production departments of the companies.