The debate over the continuity, or discontinuity, of the late Roman settlement landscape has reigned long over studies of settlement and landscape transition between the Roman and early medieval periods. Traditionally, these studies have been confined to their period of research, typically taking a site-based perspective and neglecting the wider social and physical context. Since the development of ‘landscape archaeology’, the importance of the wider physical and social landscape, both as a source of evidence in its own right and the arena in which the processes of settlement change during the Roman and early medieval periods took place, has come to the forefront of settlement and landscape studies for these periods. Much of the research, however, remains qualitative in nature, rich in contextualisation and historical reflection, but lacking in systematic and spatial analysis. This thesis addresses that gap through a broad-scale, quantitative, study of Roman and early medieval settlement, to determine how far patterns of late Roman settlement appear to continue into the 5th to 11th centuries, and to what extent they influenced settlement processes during that period. The results have been systematically assessed across a range of distinctive and adjacent character regions, or pays, over three regional study areas, Norfolk, Kent and Somerset, to determine whether trends in Roman and early medieval settlement relationships, relative to their physical landscape context, demonstrate regional, or sub-regional, variation. The results reinforce the current understanding of settlement processes for these two periods: that the river valleys were predominantly the favoured areas for Roman settlement, particularly higher status Roman settlement, and that the lighter valley soils potentially saw a greater stability and continuity of settlement during the 5th to 11th centuries. This contrasts with the heavier clay soils and interfluvial areas which more typically saw lower status Roman occupation and were more prone to phases of settlement contraction and expansion during the 5th to 11th centuries. This rather simplistic distinction between areas of potential ‘continuity’ and ‘discontinuity’, however, inevitably embraces more nuanced variation in Roman and early medieval settlement relationships at a regional and sub regional level, as demonstrated in the individual discussion for each study area through the concept of ‘pays’.

Sociological theories relating to collective forms of memory and forgetting have received little attention in Egyptological studies thus far with the work of Jan Assmann providing the primary source. Understanding these two processes, however, can support important insights into the lives and cultures of ancient communities; they should not, therefore, be viewed as peripheral theories but as central in developing understanding of societies below the elite. Consequently, this study looks at collective forms of memory and forgetting in the Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty, focusing on commemoration of deceased kings and queens (‘royal ancestors’). The first three chapters use case studies to highlight different memory stores; written, pictorial and active. The final chapter focuses on forgetting. The evidence is analysed using both Egyptological and sociological theory to facilitate discussion on the subjects of community, identity and legitimation, and to develop understanding of material culture as a site of memory. The study argues that collective forms of remembering, particularly cultural memory, played a key role in the construction of individual and group identity and the legitimation of the ruler. Furthermore, it concludes that existing studies of memory provide good frameworks to understanding Egyptian society, although they should not be used without careful consideration of context.

This thesis explores the embalming ritual of the Egyptian Late Period through Ptolemaic era (664 – 30 BC). Using an interdisciplinary approach, I incorporate primary and secondary texts, Egyptian funerary art and archaeological remains into my study. I utilize these lines of evidence to reconstruct the embalming ritual to the degree possible and analyze the ways in which its various stages were believed to fulfill the ultimate goal of this rite: preservation of the physical body and eternal life for the deceased. I focus particularly on the archaeological material and explore the visibility of religious practice in the archaeological record. I identify key changes and developments in the embalming ritual from the Late Period through the Ptolemaic Period in order to highlight religious significance placed on embalming during this time period. Funerary art, literature, and archaeological material of the Late through Greco-Roman Periods illustrate an increased focus on the integrity of the corpse as well as the manifestation of decay, the liquid \(rDw\). I examine these ancient sources in order to better understand the nature and development of body-centered funerary practices during this period of Egyptian history.

No description available.

Typescript (Photocopy) / Includes copies of 5 published papers co-authored by the author in back / Bibliography: leaves 214-230 / xi, 230, [86] leaves : ill., maps (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1990

Aux époques ptolémaïque et impériale, les représentations de cavaliers se multiplient et de nouveaux motifs apparaissent en Égypte. Des divinités du panthéonpharaonique peuvent être dotées d’un cheval et d’attributs militaires. Des dieux étrangers font leur apparition ainsi que des personnages cuirassés et armés dont lanature divine n’est pas avérée. Le présent travail constitue une première monographie sur l’ensemble de ces représentations. Le catalogue comporte cent quarante‐huit objets et présente une hétérogénéité importante, tant du point de vue des supports que des sites d’où proviennent les sources. Axée sur l’interdisciplinarité, la thèse repose sur deux approches, technique et iconographique. L’étude du mode de fabrication des figurines en terre cuite et les réflexions sur la question de la mise en série des objets constituent le premier champ de recherches. L’axe iconographique repose sur la comparaison systématique des motifs iconographiques avec les emblèmes visibles dans le reste du pourtour du bassin méditerranéen et traite de la signification des représentations. La confrontation des données a permis d’établir des hypothèses sur l’origine et la fonction des terres cuites et sur les raisons qui ont mené à la production des objets du corpus.Des critères de datation nouveaux ont été définis pour tenter de pallier les lacunes dues à l’absence de contexte de la majorité des sources du catalogue. Les travaux effectués dans les musées ont permis de publier des reproductions de qualité pour des objets qui pour certains n’avaient plus été observés depuis 1915. Ils ont également donné lieu à la découverte d’inédits. / During the Ptolemaic and Imperial times in Egypt we find increasing representations of horsemen, and new emblems start to appear. Divinities of the Pharaonic pantheon are sometimes endowed with a horse and military attributes. Foreign gods also begin to appear, as do cuirassed and armed characters, whose divinity is unproven. This study is a first attempt to produce a monograph encompassing all of these representations. The catalogue contains 148 objects and has a significant degree of heterogeneity, both with regard to the items themselves and to the sites from which they come from. With a strongly interdisciplinary approach, the thesis is based on two methods of investigation: the technical and the iconographic. The first area of researches comprises an examination of the method of manufacture of the terracotta figurines and some thoughts regarding the series production of the objects. The iconographic approach is based on a systematic comparison of the iconographic attributes with the emblems that can be seen around the rest of the Mediterranean, and considers the significance of these representations. By comparing data, it has been possible to make assumptions regarding the origin and purpose of the terracotta figurines, and the reasons which led to the production of the objects comprising the study. New dating criteria have been defined in an effort to bridge the gaps caused by the lack of context for the majority of sources listed in the catalogue. Work done in the museums has allowed the creation of high‐quality reproductions of the objects, some of which were last examined in 1915; it has also resulted in the discovery of previously unpublished material.

La victoire en 30 avant J.-C. d'Octave sur Cléopâtre fit passer l'Égypte sous domination romaine et bouleversa la situation du clergé indigène, qui représentait l'élite sociale des villes et villages. Ses membres légitimaient le pouvoir en place en exécutant les rituels divins au nom du roi pour empêcher le monde de sombrer dans le chaos. Les chercheurs ont souvent présenté le pouvoir romain comme opprimant le clergé soupçonné de pouvoir contester son autorité. C'est le point de départ de la thèse, qui compte trois chapitres. Le premier traite du contrôle de l'administration sur l' accès au clergé. L'étude des règles à respecter par chaque membre constitue le deuxième chapitre. Enfin, l'attitude des Romains vis-à-vis de la religion égyptienne est étudiée. En conclusion, les autorités avaient besoin d'un clergé loyal, et celui-ci d'un souverain qui soit l'intermédiaire entre les hommes et les dieux. Comme les deux entités se soutenaient l'une l'autre, elles ont cohabité pacifiquement. / The consequences of the victory of Augustus 30 BC over Cleopatra, was that Egypt became a roman province and that the clergy's situation changed. It was a part of the social elite of the towns and villages. Its members legitimated their power because they performed divine rituals in the name of the king in order to prevent the world from going down in the chaos. Researchers have often presented a roman power which oppresses the clergy, suspected to contest its authority. That was the starting point of the PHD, which has three chapters. The first one deals with the administration's control on the access to the clergy. The rules every member of the group has to respect is treated in the second one. The attitude of the Romans to the Egyptian religion is the subject of the last chapter. The authorities needed a loyal clergy, whereas this one needed a sovereign as an intermediary between men and gods. Since the two groups needed each other, they co-existed peacefully.

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The aim of this thesis is to approach Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture in Egypt dating between 300 BC and AD 220 (the reigns of Ptolemy I and Caracalla) from a contextual point of view. To collect together the statuary items (recognised as statues, statue heads and fragments, and inscribed bases and plinths) that are identifiably royal and have a secure archaeological context, that is a secure find spot or a recoverable provenance, within Egypt. I then used this material, alongside other types of evidence such as textual sources and numismatic material, to consider the distribution, style, placement, and functions of the royal statues, and to answer the primary questions of where were these statues located? what was the relationship between statue, especially statue style, and placement? And what changes can be identified between Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture? From analysis of the sculptural evidence, this thesis was able to create a catalogue of 103 entries composed of 157 statuary items, and use this to identify the different styles of royal statues that existed in Ptolemaic and Imperial Egypt and the primary spaces for the placement of such imagery, namely religious and urban space. The results of this thesis, based on the available evidence, was the identification of a division between sculptural style and context regarding the royal statues, with Egyptian-style material being placed in Egyptian contexts, Greek-style material in Greek, and Imperial-style statues associated with classical contexts. The functions of the statues appear to have also typically been closely related to statue style and placement. Many of the statues were often directly associated with their location, meaning they were an intrinsic part of the function and appearance of the context they occupied, as well as acting as representations of the monarchs. Primarily, the royal statues acted as a way to establish and maintain communication between different groups in Egypt.

My work is a socio-historical study of the institution of the gymnasium in Egypt, of its evolution and role in the assertion of certain aspects of ‘Greek identity’ in Ptolemaic and early Roman times. It is divided into four sections. (1) Attention is devoted to the study of the gymnasium itself, as institution, analysing its diffusion, foundation, internal organisation and the role played by associations which were hosted therein. The constitution and the characteristics of the governing body (with special attention to the role of the gymnasiarchs) and the financial matters relevant to the gymnasium allow one to draw conclusions on its legal status and social role: it is shown how the gymnasium of Egypt operated in a completely different way from the traditional one which is normally assumed for the Greek poleis, especially of mainland Greece and above all Athens. A possible model of influence is suggested. (2) Starting from the rules of admission into the gymnasium and from the treatment of the outsiders, the social status and social composition of the members of the gymnasium are object of enquiry, focusing on the links with the army and the public administration. It is argued that the gymnasial community should be considered as a complex reality, formed by different components belonging to various levels of the social strata. (3) Educational, religious and recreational activities carried out in the premises of the gymnasium or strictly connected to it are taken into account to give an idea of the ‘daily life’ of the institution and of the ‘behaviour’ of its people, which was likely to be the result of a feeling of ‘shared identity’. (4) The concluding section draws the attention to the issue of identity of the people of the gymnasium more clearly: relation with the ‘others’ and idea of Greekness the people of the gymnasium had about themselves (influenced by the rulers’ policies), access to gymnasia, onomastics, elite classes, mixed marriages, reception of Egyptian burial methods and cults, advantage of ‘going Greek’. It is argued that, although having in the gymnasium the key-element for the assertion of their identity and status of Hellenes, the ‘Greeks’ of Egypt displayed complex patterns of mixed identities and were thoroughly embedded in the social, cultural, religious, and administrative environment of Egypt.