Ο καρκίνος του προστάτη αποτελεί σημαντικό πρόβλημα της δημόσιας υγείας ιδιαίτερα στο δυτικό κόσμο. Είναι ο πιο συχνός σπλαχνικός καρκίνος και ο δεύτερος πιο θανατηφόρος μετά τον καρκίνο του πνεύμονα. Η εισαγωγή και χρήση του PSA από τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του ’80 προσέθεσε ένα ισχυρό διαγνωστικό εργαλείο στα χέρια των κλινικών, το οποίο αναχαίτισε τη μέχρι τότε αυξητική τάση του αριθμού των θανάτων οφειλομένων στον καρκίνο του προστάτη. Το PSA ωστόσο χαρακτηρίζεται από χαμηλή ειδικότητα αλλά και ευαισθησία, χαρακτηριστικά που επιβάλλουν περιορισμούς στη χρήση του. Εξάλλου δεν προβλέπει το βαθμό της επιθετικότητας ενός αδενοκαρκινώματος του προστάτη, συμβάλοντας στο φαινόμενο της υπερδιάγνωσης αλλά κυρίως της υπερθεραπείας του καρκίνου του προστάτη. Κατά συνέπεια είναι απαραίτητη η ανάπτυξη μοριακών εργαλείων (δεικτών) οι οποίοι θα διαγιγνώσκουν τη νόσο με μεγαλύτερη ασφάλεια αλλά κυρίως θα μας δίνουν προγνωστικές πληροφορίες για τη βιολογική συμπεριφορά του όγκου, προλαμβάνοντας μια άσκοπη θεραπευτική παρέμβαση. Ενδιαφέρον πεδίο αναζήτησης τέτοιων δεικτών αποτελεί η χρωμοσωμική περιοχή 8q24. Ο μικροδορυφόρος DG8S737 εδράζεται στην περιοχή 8q24 και έχει δειχθεί, σε διαφορετικούς πληθυσμούς, ότι συγκεκριμένο αλληλόμορφό του σχετίζεται με επιθετικό, κλινικά σημαντικό καρκίνο του προστάτη. Στη συγκεκριμένη μελέτη ανιχνεύονται οι συχνότητας των αλληλομόρφων του μικροδορυφόρου DG8S737 σε μια ομάδα γενικού πληθυσμού (control) και σε μια ομάδα ασθενών οι οποίοι πάσχουν από επιθετικό καρκίνο του προστάτη. Τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν την τάση του αλληλομόρφου -8 να ανιχνεύεται συχνότερα σε ασθενείς παρά σε υγιείς. Εξάλλου παρατηρήθηκε για πρώτη φορά η ίδια τάση και για το αλληλόμορφο -10. Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα ενισχύουν το δυναμικό χρήσης του DG8S737 ως δείκτη για το μέτρο της επιθετικότητας του καρκίνου του προστάτη. / Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue in western world. It is the most frequently diagnosed visceral cancer whereas it is second in mortality. The use of PSA since the late 80s restrained the rising tendency of mortality of prostate cancer. PSA though, lacks in specificity. Besides it contributes to the phenomenon of overdiagnosis which leads to overtreatment of prostate cancer. Consequently it is necessary for novel biomarkers to emerge in order to diagnose more accurately and predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. The 8q24 region of chromosome 8 is a region which could harbor potential biomarkers for prostate cancer. The microsatellite DG8S737 in that region has a number of alleles, one of which has the tendency to be more often detected in patients with aggressive prostate cancer. We have studied the frequencies of alleles of DG8S737 in a group of patients with aggressive prostate cancer as well as in a group of control volunteers. The results confirm the findings of previous studies. The allele -8 of DG8S737 has been detected more often in patients than in healthy volunteers. A new finding is that allele -10 also is more frequently detected in the patients group rather than the control group. The results confirm previous findings and enforce the potential use of DG8S737 as novel biomarker for the aggressive prostate cancer.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos pre- textuais - 1.pdf: 497356 bytes, checksum: 15c602a1a4e51ba799f685f16d7540ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Titanium is one of the most used biomateriais in manufacturing dental implants, especially titanium grade 4. However, titanium is a bioinert material, i.e. the interface between titaiiiun-i and host bone is a simple interlocking bonding, which can iead to the loosening ofthe implant and the eventual failure of the implantation. Bone neoformation and long terrn stability can be achieved by using bioactive materiais. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is one of the best options among bioactive materiais, due to its chernical and crystallographic structure being similar to that of bone mineral. However, one ofits primary restrictions on clinical use as a ioad-bearing implant is its poor mechanical properties. A good combination of the bioactivity of TCP and the mechanical properties of titanium is considered to be a promising approach to fabricating more suitable biornedical materiais for load-bearing àpplications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ~eve1op bioactive composites by powder metallurgy using titanium hydride and tricalciuin phosphate to enhance the biocompatibility and the osseointegratjon of dental irnplants. Titanium based composites were prepared from titanium hydride (TiH2) with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% in volume of β-TCP. The TiH2 was provided by Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA) with a mean particle sige of l5μm. The β-TCP was provided by Cerarnic Group from UDESC with particle size below 180 nm. The mixtures were prepared with alcohol and zirconia baus in a high energy mili for five hours, foilowed by drying in a rotating evaporator. The mixtures were then pressed at 15OMPa and sintered at 1200°C for 2 hours in either vacuum or argon atinosphere. The materiais were characterized by scanning eiectron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The decomposition of β-TCP occuned at approximately 1100°C leading to the formation of Ti, CaTiO3, TiO2 and TixPy phases for the composites sintered in argon. For the composites sintered in vacuum it was found the sarne phases, except rutile. The composites sintered in vacuurn were better sintered exhibiting higher densificatjon than those sintered in argon. A main crystal phase of calcium titanate with a needie-like morphology was observed in the porosity of the composites. This phase was found in higher amount in the composite sintered in argon because this material presented higher porosity. This morphology is related to the presence of pores, which allow the growth of calcium titanate on a free surface. / O titânio é um dos biomateriais mais utilizados na confecção de implantes dentários. Dentre os tipos de titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp), o mais utilizado em implantologia é o da classe quatro. Porém, o titânio é um material bioinerte, ou seja, a fixação óssea sobre a sua superficie acontece por aderência biomecânica. Em materiais bioativos, a fixação ocorre por ligação físico- química. O TCP-13 é um politipo de fosfato de cálcio que desperta muito interesse na utilização em medicina e odontologia por causa da neoformação óssea, porém, as suas propriedades mecânicas são muito baixas, inviabilizando a sua utilização na forma pura. Muitos trabalhos têm sido relatados em que a junção do titânio e fosfatos tem contribuído no desenvolvimento de biomateriais compósitos com características bioativas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver compósitos bioativos ~por metalurgia do pó, utilizando hidreto de titânio / fosfato tricálcico, para melhorar a biocompatibilidade e a osseointegração de implantes dentários. Foram elaborados os compósitos a base de hidreto de titânio (TiH2) com 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10% em volume de TCP-β. O TiH2 foi doado pelo Centro Tecnológico Aeroespacial (CTA), e apresentava granulometria média de 15 μm. O TCP-β foi fornecido pelo grupo de biomateriais cerâmicos da UDESC com tamanho de partícula inferior a 180 nm. As misturas foram elaboradas com álcool e esferas dé zircônia em moinho atritor de alta energia durante cinco horas, seguidas de secagem em evaporador rotativo. Em seguida as misturas foram compactadas uniaxialmente a frio em matriz cilíndrica e retangular sob pressão de 150 MPa. Os compactados foram sinterizados em atmosfera de argônio e a vácuo nas condições de 1200 °C, durante duas horas. Os materiais foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, difração de raios-X, e análise térmica pelos métodos de calorimetria diferencial e dilatometria. A decomposição do TCP-β ocorreu a aproximadamente 1100 °C resultando na formação de titanato de cálcio e fosfetos de titânio. As fases resultantes da sinterização em atmosfera de argônio foram Ti, CaTiO3, TiO2 e TixPy. As fases identificadas nos compósitos sinterizados a vácuo foram as mesmas com exceção do rutilo. O compósito sinterizado a vácuo apresentou urna densificação melhor que o sinterizado em argônio. A porosidade e o aparecimento de titanato de cálcio na forma de agulhas foram maiores nos compósitos sinterizados em atmosfera de argônio por causa da maior porosidade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em estudo anterior, as espécies de enterobactérias apresentando perfis variados de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram detectadas em 20% dos sítios com lesões periodontais de pacientes sadios do ponto de vista sistêmico. Tais cepas microbianas foram submetidas a investigações com o intuito de determinar à expressão de enzimas hidrolíticas para substratos diversos, a multirresistência aos agentes antimicrobianos e os mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos da classe dos β lactâmicos. A maioria das amostras expressou atividade de gelatinase (65%), caseinase (30%) e elastase (10%). Lipase, lecitinase e DNase foram observadas apenas para Serratia marcescens. A multirresistência (considerado como a resistência a pelo menos dois agentes antimicrobianos de famílias diferentes) foi observada em 56% das amostras isoladas. A maioria das cepas foi resistentes à ampicilina (93,75%) e amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (81,25%). Investigações sobre a resistência aos antibióticos β-lactâmicos mostraram que três amostras resistentes à cefalosporinas de 2 geração, apresentaram perfis plasmidiais de diferentes pesos moleculares. A expressão fenotípica de β-lacatamases, foi detectada nas cepas de Enterobacter cloacae (PcOM46 e PcOM5) e S. marcescens (PcOM63). No entanto, na análise molecular, não foi possível confirmar a expressão fenotípica de diferentes β-lactamases, com exceção do E. cloacae PcOM46, que apresentou amplificação para AmpC e blaTEM. Embora sensível à maioria dos antibióticos β-lactâmicos (exceção feita à ampicilina e amoxicilina / ácido clavulânico), amostra de S. marcescens PcOM68 apresentou amplificação para o gene blaSHV. Os experimentos de conjugação não detectaram a transferência de plasmídios para uma cepa de Escherichia coli K12 sensívei aos β-lactâmicos, o mesmo ocorreu nos procedimentos de transformação por eletroporação e por CaCl2, sugerindo uma resistência dependente de genes cromossomiais. A expressão de diferentes atividades enzimáticas, juntamente com a resistência aos antimicrobianos, aponta estes grupos de bactérias como agentes patogênicos potenciais capazes de contribuir para a patogênese e resposta à quimioterapia antimicrobiana nas doenças periodontais, além da disseminação sistêmica para outros locais do corpo, especialmente em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. A colonização prévia de lesões periodontais por espécies resistentes aos β-lactâmicos, pode contribuir para a disseminação destes genes relacionados à resistência aos antimicrobianos em ambientes hospitalares. / In a previous study, the enterobacterial species were detected in 20% of systemically healthy patients presenting periodontal lesions, with different profiles of antimicrobial resistance. These microbial strains were investigated in view to determine the expression of hydrolytic enzymes for diverse substrates, multiresistance to antimicrobial agents, and the mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The enzymes related to bacterial virulence were detected phenotypically in 90% isolates. The proteolytic activity displayed by the isolates against gelatin, casein and elastin was detected in 65%, 30% and 10%, respectively. Lipase, lecithinase, and DNase were observed only for Serratia marcescens strains. Multi-resistant phenotypes (considered as the resistance to at least two antimicrobial agents from different families) were observed for 56% enterobacterial isolates. Most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin (93.75%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (81.25%). Investigations concerned to the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics demonstrated that three bacterial strains resistant to penicilins and 2nd generation cephalosporins, had detectable plasmids. The extended resistance to β-lactams was detected phenotypically for E. cloacae PcOM46 and PcOM5) and S. marcescens (PcOM63) strains. However, the molecular detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase failed to confirm the phenotypic expression of different β-lactamases, with exception to the E. cloacae PcOM46 isolate, which presented amplification for both ampC and blaTEM. Although sensitive to most of the β-lactam antibiotics (exception made to ampicilin and ampicilin/clavulanate), the strain S. marcescens PcOM68 was shown to amplify the blaSHV gene. Plasmid transference by both conjugation and transformation procedures failed to detect the resistance by a β-lactam-sensitive strain (E. coli K12), suggesting a chromosomal dependent resistance. The expression of varied enzymatic activities along with the resistance to antimicrobial agents point these group of bacteria as potential pathogens that may contribute to both pathogenesis and antimicrobial management of periodontal diseases, and systemic dissemination to other body sites, specially in immunocompromised host. The previous colonization of periodontal lesions by β-lactam resistant species may represent a threat for dissemination of genes related to antimicrobial resistance inside hospital environments.

Ce travail porte sur le phénomène de l’immigration en Espagne et son impact dans la société espagnole contemporaine. L’étude de l’arrivée de nombreux migrants en Espagne permet en effet de rendre compte de l’évolution de la société espagnole: D’une part en analysant comment et pourquoi un pays traditionnellement exportateur de main d’œuvre a pu attirer des immigrants; d’autre part en observant ce que l’Espagne a fait pour intégrer ces flux migratoires. L’analyse de ce phénomène se fait à travers un prisme particulier, celui des femmes roumaines. Les Roumains sont depuis quelques années la première nationalité étrangère en Espagne. Je présente ici les différentes étapes de l’immigration roumaine et ses caractéristiques, et enquête auprès de migrantes roumaines. Je veux en effet, à travers leur expérience, mettre en lumière certains aspects importants de la société espagnole contemporaine (dans la mesure où ils sont révélateurs de l’attitude de cette société face à des problèmes nouveaux). Je m’intéresse également à quelques cas particuliers, afin de présenter l’immigration roumaine dans toute sa diversité: j’analyse l’immigration des Roumaines roms et reviens également sur la situation de femmes roumaines en situation de marginalisation: les Roumaines victimes de réseaux de proxénétisme, et les Roumaines détenues en Espagne. Par ailleurs, il m’a semblé tout aussi essentiel de déterminer la vision que la société espagnole a des immigrés, et en particulier des Roumains à travers l’analyse d’un corpus journalistique qui reflète la période comprise entre la fin des années 90 et 2013, et complète cette analyse de l’immigration roumaine. Dans les années 50, des flux migratoires d’un tout autre ordre se sont dirigés vers l’Espagne franquiste: J’évoque l’exil en Espagne, sujet encore très inédit et très rarement objet de recherches. Ce travail, qui porte essentiellement sur l’immigration en Espagne, présente, en outre une comparaison ponctuelle avec la situation en France Cette brève analyse permet de comparer et de nuancer ce qui, dans l’expérience migratoire des Roumaines en Espagne et en France est semblable ou foncièrement différent. / This survey focuses on the immigration phenomenon in Spain and its impact on contemporary Spanish society. Studying how numerous immigrants have been settling in Spain is a way to account for the evolution of Spanish society: on the one hand by analysing how and why a country that traditionally used to export its labour-force could attract immigrants; and on the other hand by examining how Spain has been managing these influxes. This phenomenon shall be approached thanks to the case of Romanian women. For the last couple of years, Romanians have been the largest group of foreign nationals in Spain. I shall herein set to describe the various stages and characteristics of Romanian immigration in Spain, as well as report on a survey conducted with Romanian women. Through their experience, I thus wish to highlight some important aspects of contemporary Spanish society, insofar as they are relevant to this society's attitude towards new issues, and the solutions it brings out. So as to display the full diversity of Romanian immigration, I shall focus on some specific cases such as: the immigration of Roma women, but also the situation of women at risk, like victims of prostitution rings, or Romanian women being detained in Spanish prisons. Moreover, it seems to me just as important to find out what image Spanish society has been forming about immigrants, and especially about Romanians, thanks to the analysis of a body of media material dealing with the period going from the end of the 1990s to 2013, and thus completing this study of Romanian immigration. In the 1950s, a very different type of migration was reaching Franco's Spain, in other words: exile into Spain, a subject which I turn to, still rarely touched upon or being researched into. This study which centres primarily on immigration into Spain, also briefly draws a comparison with the situation in France, in order to examine what may or may not be similar in Romanian women's experience of migration in Spain or France.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.