Despite the vast amount of interest in the history of Calcutta as both a colonial metropolis and as the birthplace of the British Empire in India, very little work has looked at the origins of the colony. Previous work has focussed upon the incidents of the 1750s without analysing the foundation and development of Calcutta which was integral to the power and success of the East India Company servants living and trading in Bengal. The history of the Company in India has been hitherto shaped by analysis of political and commercial events. However, the meticulously recorded diaries and consultation books of the Company allows us to look at the colony in a new way. The many thousands of pages of official material and private papers detail the formative sixty years of the colony before the events of the 1750s. This can be analysed by asking different questions about the causes for British actions in India and the growth of British colonial spaces. This analysis has yielded new understanding of how the British understood and controlled the urban colonial environment and population of Calcutta. In particular, the control of the space, behaviour and infrastructure of the colony developed due to a mixture of local contexts and European influences. This research therefore sheds new light upon how the Company survived and grew in Bengal before the Battle of Plassey and also illuminates wider historical themes of authority, space, urban development and cultural interactions in new unexplored setting.

Les recherches sur les compagnies françaises des Indes orientales connaissent depuis trois décennies un nouvel élan. Si aujourd’hui les volets économiques, administratifs et politiques du fonctionnement de cette aventure mercantile et de la présence française dans l’océan Indien sont bien connus, le cadre de vie quotidien de ses acteurs dans les comptoirs l’est beaucoup moins. Cette thèse propose de se concentrer sur la société française de Pondichéry et sur son environnement quotidien en prenant comme point de départ sa culture matérielle. À partir des archives notariales françaises de l’Inde au XVIIIe siècle, il est possible de redessiner cette société ultramarine et de saisir bien plus que le simple environnement matériel. Les modalités de l’implantation et de l’adaptation des Européens en Inde, peuvent ainsi être précisées. Ensuite, la structure proprement matérielle est identifiable : les approvisionnements des possessions françaises de l’océan Indien qui définissent la consommation, les choix et les logiques d’aménagement intérieur, etc. Enfin, l’environnement culturel dans lequel les européens évoluent dans les comptoirs de l’Inde est accessible, notamment grâce à l’étude du degré d’ancrage des individus dans la culture de l’océan Indien. Ont-ils cherché à préserver leur culture européenne, ou se sont-ils « indianisés » ? Des différences sont-elles visibles selon les époques, les catégories sociales et professionnelles étudiées ? Pour répondre à ces questions, les collections des musées européens et asiatiques, ainsi que le patrimoine architectural des comptoirs français de l’Inde du XVIIIe siècle, viendront enrichir et compléter les sources d’archives. / Over the last three decades research on the French East India Company has seen a new impetus. If today the economic, administrative and political functioning components of this mercantile adventure and the French presence in the Indian Ocean are well known, the milieu quotidian of its players in the trading posts are less such. The present thesis focuses on French society in Pondicherry and on its daily environment, material culture being its starting point. Using the French notarial archives of India in the XVIII century, it is possible to redraw this ultramarine society and to understand much more than the simple material environment. The methods of the establishment and of the European adaptation in India can thus be clarified. Afterwards, the strictly material structure is identifiable: the supply of French possessions of the Indian Ocean, which define the consumption, the logic and choices of internal organization, etc. Finally, the cultural environment in which Europeans evolve in the Indian trading posts is accessible, notably as a result of studying individual’s degree of integration into the Indian Ocean culture. Did they seek to preserve their own European culture or were they ‘indianised”? Are there some differences noticeable according to the period, social categories and professionals studied? To answer these questions, the European and Asian museum’s collections, as well as the French trading posts architectural patrimony of India in the XVIII century, will enhance and complete the archive sources.