Os resíduos eletroeletrônicos vêm aumentando no mundo e contribuem com a escassez de recursos naturais e com a ocupação de espaços em aterros que estão esgotando sua capacidade de disposição de resíduos. Uma alternativa é a reciclagem dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos e para viabilizar o processo, é importante conhecer a composição dos materiais para direcionar tecnologias e conseguir sua recuperação. Esses resíduos possuem uma diversidade de plásticos que, ao serem reciclados, garantem o seu reaproveitamento como fonte de matéria prima para a produção de materiais poliméricos. O ABS (copolímero: Acrilonitrila Butadieno Estireno) e o HIPS (Poliestireno de Alto Impacto) são dois tipos de polímeros muito utilizados nas indústrias de eletroeletrônicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a separação do ABS e do HIPS para a reciclagem, utilizando as Técnicas de Tratamento de Minérios como a separação por flotação. Para a separação dos polímeros, os resíduos eletroeletrônicos foram desmantelados manualmente e os componentes plásticos foram separados por tipo e cor. Os plásticos separados, foram cominuídos no moinho de facas e classificados por meio do ensaio granulométrico. Os ensaios de flotação foram conduzidos em uma coluna de vidro, utilizando se de soluções de álcool etílico e de ácido acético em diferentes concentrações. As soluções atuaram como agentes hidrofilizantes de superfície, permitindo a separação desses polímeros. Na flotação com o etanol, os experimentos mostraram os melhores resultados na concentração de 20% em massa, com a pureza de HIPS de 96% e do ABS de 98%. Na flotação com o ácido acético, os ensaios mostraram os melhores resultados na concentração de 40% em massa, com a pureza do ABS de 96% e de HIPS de 86%.A flotação com 20% de concentração de etanol apresentou melhor eficácia na recuperação e na pureza do HIPS e do ABS em relação à flotação com 40% de ácido acético. / The speed in which new technologies are being developed stimulates the rapid obsolescence of electronic equipment. Hence electronic waste grows at high rates all over the world and has become an environmental issue due to its accumulation in landfills. In order to reduce these environmental impacts, a feasible solution is recycling. Recycled allows its reuse as a source of raw material for the production of polymeric materials as well as for energy generation. ABS (copolymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) are the most common polymers used in the electro electronic industry. The aim of this work is to study the separation of ABS and HIPS using the froth flotation technique. Froth flotation is a process of separating the solid particles through differences in their surface characteristics. The reason for using this technique is that gravimetric methods are unlikely to produce good results due to the similar specific weights of both materials. Froth flotation also is difficult as both plastics are water repellent (hydrophobic). The samples were manually dismantled, with plastic components separated by type and color. After that, comminution was performed in a knife mill and grain sizes separated in screen. The flotation tests were conducted in a glass column, using ethyl alcohol and acetic acid solutions with different concentrations. These solutions were used to increase the hydrophilic characteristics in the surface of ABS, and to make possible the separation of these polymers. When floating with ethanol, the experiments showed the best results at a concentration of 20% in weight, with purity levels of 96% of HIPS and 98% of ABS. When floating with acetic acid, the tests showed the best results at the concentration of 40% in weight, with purity levels of 96% of ABS and 86% of HIPS.The flotation with 20% in weight of ethanol concentration showed better results in recovery and purity of HIPS and ABS in comparison to the 40% acetic acid.

[pt] O principal método de beneficiamento da rocha fosfática para concentração da apatita é a flotação. A flotação da apatita com baixo teor costuma utilizar surfactantes sintéticos, que apesar de caros apresentam boa seletividade. A fim de reduzir custo sem perder eficiência, surgiram pesquisas com o intuito de substituir estes surfactantes convencionais por biossurfactantes. Esta rota de bioprocessamento mineral revela-se atrativa sob o aspecto comercial, visto que além de apresentar baixo custo é ambientalmente aceitável, pois ao utilizar microrganismos não patogênicos cria-se uma nova classe de reagentes biodegradáveis, modificando o cenário da flotação convencional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o uso da estirpe bacteriana Rhodococcus erythropolis e do biossurfactante extraído desta na bioflotação da apatita. Foram realizados ensaios de bioflotação utilizando tubo de Hallimond, na faixa de pH entre 3 e 11, faixa granulométrica da apatita entre 75 e 106 micrômetros, com solução de 10(-3)M de NaCl, diferentes concentrações dos biorreagentes e tempo de flotação igual a 2, 5 e 7 minutos. O biossurfactante apresentou melhor desempenho, quando comparado com a biomassa. Em todos os casos, observou-se um incremento da flotabilidade em valores de pH menor que 7, no entanto, a maior flotabilidade apresentou-se em pH igual a 4 com a utilização de 140 mg/L de biossurfactante. / [en] The main method of processing phosphate rock, for apatite concentration, is flotation. The flotation of apatite with low content usually uses synthetic surfactants, which are expensive, but present good selectivity. In order to reduce costs without losing efficiency, research has emerged with the purpose of replacing these conventional surfactants by biosurfactants. This mineral bioprocessing route is attractive in the commercial aspect, since low cost and environmentally friendly, when using non-pathogenic microorganisms, creating a new class of biodegradable reagents and modifying the conventional flotation scenario. This work aims to evaluate the use of bacterial strain Rhodococcus erythropolis and the biosurfactant extracted from in apatite bioflotation. Bioflotation tests were performed using a Hallimond tube in the pH range of 3 to 11, apatite granulometric range between 75 and 106 micrometers in a solution of 10(-3)M NaCl, different concentrations of the bioreagents and flotation time equal to 2, 5 and 7 minutes. The biosurfactant presented better performance, recovering more apatite than the biomass. In all cases an increase in flotability was observed at pH bigger than 7, however, the highest flotability was at pH to be 4 with 140 mg/L of biosurfactant.

Os resíduos eletroeletrônicos vêm aumentando no mundo e contribuem com a escassez de recursos naturais e com a ocupação de espaços em aterros que estão esgotando sua capacidade de disposição de resíduos. Uma alternativa é a reciclagem dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos e para viabilizar o processo, é importante conhecer a composição dos materiais para direcionar tecnologias e conseguir sua recuperação. Esses resíduos possuem uma diversidade de plásticos que, ao serem reciclados, garantem o seu reaproveitamento como fonte de matéria prima para a produção de materiais poliméricos. O ABS (copolímero: Acrilonitrila Butadieno Estireno) e o HIPS (Poliestireno de Alto Impacto) são dois tipos de polímeros muito utilizados nas indústrias de eletroeletrônicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a separação do ABS e do HIPS para a reciclagem, utilizando as Técnicas de Tratamento de Minérios como a separação por flotação. Para a separação dos polímeros, os resíduos eletroeletrônicos foram desmantelados manualmente e os componentes plásticos foram separados por tipo e cor. Os plásticos separados, foram cominuídos no moinho de facas e classificados por meio do ensaio granulométrico. Os ensaios de flotação foram conduzidos em uma coluna de vidro, utilizando se de soluções de álcool etílico e de ácido acético em diferentes concentrações. As soluções atuaram como agentes hidrofilizantes de superfície, permitindo a separação desses polímeros. Na flotação com o etanol, os experimentos mostraram os melhores resultados na concentração de 20% em massa, com a pureza de HIPS de 96% e do ABS de 98%. Na flotação com o ácido acético, os ensaios mostraram os melhores resultados na concentração de 40% em massa, com a pureza do ABS de 96% e de HIPS de 86%.A flotação com 20% de concentração de etanol apresentou melhor eficácia na recuperação e na pureza do HIPS e do ABS em relação à flotação com 40% de ácido acético. / The speed in which new technologies are being developed stimulates the rapid obsolescence of electronic equipment. Hence electronic waste grows at high rates all over the world and has become an environmental issue due to its accumulation in landfills. In order to reduce these environmental impacts, a feasible solution is recycling. Recycled allows its reuse as a source of raw material for the production of polymeric materials as well as for energy generation. ABS (copolymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) are the most common polymers used in the electro electronic industry. The aim of this work is to study the separation of ABS and HIPS using the froth flotation technique. Froth flotation is a process of separating the solid particles through differences in their surface characteristics. The reason for using this technique is that gravimetric methods are unlikely to produce good results due to the similar specific weights of both materials. Froth flotation also is difficult as both plastics are water repellent (hydrophobic). The samples were manually dismantled, with plastic components separated by type and color. After that, comminution was performed in a knife mill and grain sizes separated in screen. The flotation tests were conducted in a glass column, using ethyl alcohol and acetic acid solutions with different concentrations. These solutions were used to increase the hydrophilic characteristics in the surface of ABS, and to make possible the separation of these polymers. When floating with ethanol, the experiments showed the best results at a concentration of 20% in weight, with purity levels of 96% of HIPS and 98% of ABS. When floating with acetic acid, the tests showed the best results at the concentration of 40% in weight, with purity levels of 96% of ABS and 86% of HIPS.The flotation with 20% in weight of ethanol concentration showed better results in recovery and purity of HIPS and ABS in comparison to the 40% acetic acid.

The flotation process has been used and extensively researched over the past 100 years; however some aspects still remain a great mystery. While most research in the past has focussed on the pulp phase of the process, recently there has been a significant trend towards investigating the froth phase. This study focuses on the froth phase and investigates the processes that occur within this zone in a well defined and controllable system under particular operating conditions, namely changes in frother type and concentration, as well as particle type and concentration.

The aim of this project is to investigate the feasibility of the use of a novel process of high liquid carryover (HLC) mode flotation to treat wastewater from a cardboard printing and coating plant. This is conducted by characterising the process conditions with the purpose of achieving a set condition that have a low susceptibility to variability in the wastewater composition. Information pertaining to the surface and physical characteristics of the solid contained in the wastewater sample were used to explain the flotation outcomes. Fe(II) was found to be more suited for industrial use as coagulant over the more commonly known coagulants, Al(III) and Fe(III), as it has the advantages of having a constant optimum flotation pH (6.5) regardless of wastewater characteristics, as well as having a much lower detrimental effect on the flotation outcome when present in excess of the minimum requirement for flocculation of wastewater solids. This allows the setting of a coagulant dose (5 mM) that will treat both high and low solids content wastewater samples. The use of cationic surfactant (CTAB) was found to require lower coagulant dosages compared to those required for anionic (SDS) or non-ionic (TericG12A8) surfactants in order to achieve good flotation outcomes. A CTAB concentration of 300 ppm was required to achieve a stable foam that can sustain for a prolonged period to allow solid (in foam)/liquid separation. The optimum batch mode conditions for HLC flotation were found to be pH 6.5, 5 mM Fe(II) and 300 ppm CTAB. This was found to correspond to a small and negative electrophoretic mobility at the wastewater solid surface and large floc size. Batch mode flotation of individual ink components under the optimum conditions for industrial wastewater treatment revealed that the presence of large quantities of either blue or yellow inks in the wastewater can lead to poor removal. Their combined presence, however, did not have detrimental effects. Continuous mode flotation at 5 mM Fe(II), 300 ppm CTAB and pH 6.5 was found to remove above 96% of contaminants at cell residence times of 6 minutes and 88% of contaminants at cell residence times of 1.5 minute. Greater than 87% of the initial wastewater volumes were recovered as treated effluent (i.e. < 13% disposed as waste foam sludge), yielding a waste foam sludge containing between 12 and 17% solids. The best flotation outcomes were achieved when all the wastewater volume entering the flotation cell leaves the cell with the foam.

Flotation process is mineral processing technique used for separating valuable minerals from the gangue. The research presented in this thesis deals with assessing features that can help in measuring the performance (observing) bitumen flotation process and modeling damage in flotation units. A timely measure of oilsands and process stream contents can be used to observe and control the separation performance. To this end, flotation experiments were conducted and hyperspectral images of the ore and the process stream were taken to determine whether spectral information can predict the bitumen and fines content of ore samples and establish relationship a between these variables and the froth colour. Several features that appear to correspond to clay and quartz were present. Flotation cells are prone to wear damage by particles entrained in the slurry. A wear damage model was developed to predict the damage accumulated over a period of time. Particle image velocimetry experiments were conducted on physical flotation model to understand the flow behavior of the solid particles near the wall of the flotation unit. A preliminary wear test was conducted for qualitative assessment of wear. Recommendations were made for validating the damage model. / Engineering Management

This study examines the different characteristics of adopting private debt, corporate bonds, and bank debt in the Taiwanese listed companies that obtained new debt financing from 2002 to 2004. The Logistic Regression Model is performed to find out the main determinants to affect the choice of debt instruments, and Two-Stage Least Squares is used to examine the effects of different debt instrument on equity risk. The results are as followed: 1. The higher the flotation cost the higher the possibility of the firm to choose issuing public bonds. On the other hand, the lower the flotation cost the higher the possibility of the firm to choose issuing private debt. 2. Firms with the highest information asymmetry tend to borrow from banks, and those with the lowest information asymmetry are likely to issue public bonds. 3. Firms with the highest credit quality exhibit a strong preference for public bonds, firms with middle credit quality prefer to borrow from banks, and the lowest credit quality prefer to borrow from private debt sources. 4. Firms with the lowest managerial ownership tend to borrow from private debt. 5. As to the equity risk from the debt sources, it increases with the size of the corporate bonds or private debt, and decreases with the size of the bank debt.

Phosphate is one of the essential minerals for all living organisms. It has to be supplied to the soil in order for plant growth. In Turkey, most of the soils lack phosphate mineral. Although this can be overcome by the use of phosphate fertilizers, in Turkey there are no phosphate mines being utilized / and this brings about the need to import phosphate rock and phosphate fertilizers. The estimated phosphate rock reserve of Turkey is around 300 million tons, but it cannot be utilized since no economical method of upgrading has been proved to work yet. The aim of this study has been two-fold / to determine the effects of several parameters on the cell flotation of Mardin-Mazidagi phosphate rock and to increase the grade of the product above 30% P2O5 content with a reasonable recovery rate, so that it could be used commercially. Phosphate rock upgrading was made by using flotation in a cell. There are many factors affecting the recovery and grade of the product such as, particle size, pulp pH, collector volume, acid and collector conditioning times and temperature. Phosphate rock samples used contained 14% P2O5, 43% CaCO3 and 1% SiO2 with a CaO/P2O5 ratio of 3.1. Due to the low silica content, one-stage flotation was made. In the experiments, effects of the important parameters were tested at constant pulp density (10% solids by weight). Particle sizes were between 53 m and 150 m, while the pH values were kept between 5,0 - 6,5 using amounts of acid within the range of 6 - 19 kg H3PO4/ton of rock. The collector (mixture of kerosene and oleic acid in 1:3 volumetric ratio) was used in the range of 0,6 ml (0,96 kg collector/ton rock) and 5,4 ml (8,64 kg collector/ton rock). Acid and collector conditioning times were changed between 10-110 s and 10-80 s, respectively. The temperature range was between 15-35 &deg / C. At the end of the parametric studies a grade of 36% P2O5 with a recovery of 93% could be obtained.

Firing an underwater spark discharge generates an expanding plasma which causes a spherical shockwave to propagate through the surrounding water. The shockwave can have many effects, including resonance effects on bubbles, mechanical destructive effects on solid surfaces and living organisms, and sonochemical oxidative effects on particles and chemical species present in the water. This phenomenon has been shown to improve the efficiency of ink removal in a laboratory flotation deinking cell, while simultaneously decreasing fiber loss. These process improvements are attributed to the sonochemical oxidation of ink particle surfaces, caused by shockwave-induced cavitation. This finding is supported by zeta potential measurements. Sparking was found to reduce the zeta potential of ink particles by up to 20 mV. When sparking was performed during deinking, no effect was found on either ink removal or solids loss. However, when the pulp was pretreated with sparking before flotation, a significant improvement was seen in the brightness gain. Further, fiber loss was decreased by up to 25% in a single flotation stage. The economics of this process are attractive; payback is on the order of three months based on fiber savings alone. Also, at about 1.5 kJ per spark, the power requirements are minimal with respect to the benefit derived.

In this study, evaluation of Kosovo-Artana Concentrator tailings with flotation and leaching method is aimed. The minerological analysis of sample showed that sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and their oxidised forms are the main ore minerals in the sample, while pyrite, illite, quartz, calcite and gypsum are the gangue minerals. The metal contents of the sample are 1.2% Zn, 0.75% Pb, and 0.06% Cu. Flotation tests to produce bulk concentrate of copper-lead and lead-zinc were unsatisfactory. The recovery of the zinc with H2SO4 leaching were conducted both at room temperature and at elevated temperature. The effects of various parameters such as leaching duration, concentration of H2SO4, pulp density and temperature on the zinc metal recovery were examined. The maximum extraction of zinc was 80% and 89% at room temperature and at 80 &deg / C respectively for 120 minutes leaching period.