The thesis attempts to describe resistance in terms of history, space, and identity in Michael Ondaatje¡¦s The English Patient. The first chapter of the thesis sets out to elaborate the historical context of the novel, and its influence on the subaltern personas. The chapter aims to demonstrate how postcolonial literature rejects Western official history, providing an alternative voice for the subaltern subjects in the novel. In the second chapter I focus on the spatial politics of the novel, bringing geographical and bodily space into discussion by means of adopting the concepts of de- and re-territorialization. It designates how the broken geography and the wounded body characterize the marginalized characters and their dwelling space. Chapter Three is dedicated to the study of the personas¡¦ identity and their relationships, which are formed and developed under emotions of lack and desire. In this chapter I also discuss the intertextuality of the novel, exemplifying how the novel mirrors other literary works and art works, borrowing yet subverting the classics of Western civilization. In The English Patient, Ondaatje voices for the subaltern, adopting Western classics as the objects of revision. He maps the resistance of the subaltern on the ruins of the Western classics by rewriting the Empire¡¦s histories, space and subaltern identities. The mergence of alternative histories and spaces interweaves a fictional world that is divergent from the official Western world.

Second Constitutional Era (1908-1918) was a period within which great changes occurred in the Ottoman Empire. On the one hand, it was a part of the modernization process that began in late eighteenth century / on the other hand, it was the last period of the Empire that had its own dynamics. This study is to examine changes and continuities in a locality, the Sivas Province, during the Second Constitutional Regime. The Sivas Province was one of the largest and most populated Anatolian provinces. It located in the middle of Anatolia therefore it had a geopolitical importance. Moreover, it was one of the six Eastern Provinces with a considerable Armenian population. Sivas had the biggest Armenian and Greek population among these provinces. Thus, both geopolitical importance and population characteristics make the province an appropriate place to examine change and continuity during the Second Constitutional Regime. In this study, transformation of the province is examined over some topics such as demographic characteristics, political life, administrative, educational and economic structures. The research about these topics indicates that three main dynamics of the Second Constitutional Regime were influential on developments in the Sivas case. These dynamics are war, population movements especially the Armenian Deportation and nationalism. These dynamics also determined implementation of the modernization policies in the Sivas Province during the Constitutional Regime. Therefore, transformation/change of the province is examined over these dynamics.

In this thesis the main focus is the varied body of entertainment structures in Pergamon in the Roman era. Pergamon was a well known city in the Hellenistic period with close ties to Athens and continued its standing as a major cultural center through the Roman period. Especially notable is the fact that one of the only three known amphitheatres of Asia Minor was in Pergamon. Since the amphitheatre is a well-known Roman building type with no Greek precedent, its presence in Pergamon is particularly worth investigating. Besides the amphitheatre Pergamon also boasted a well known Greek theatre, a Roman theatre, a stadium and several odea which make the city a highly promising case study for multiple structures of entertainment. Hence the aim is to explore the architectural, social and political implications for the combined presence of these structures all within the same city.

<p>Critics of Jane Austen’s <em>Pride and Prejudice </em>often tend to focus on the central characters but focus in this essay will be on the middle sister Mary Bennet. Author Alex Woloch claims in his book <em>The One vs. the Many </em>that Mary’s main function in the novel is to be a contrast to Elizabeth in order to fulfill her as a character. The purpose of this essay is then to show that Mary is an important character and what it is that makes Mary’s character different from her sisters’. A close reading of the novel has been applied in order to analyze Mary’s character and her function in the novel.<em> </em>The essay will show that Mary could be read as a representation of the women of her time who had more faith in themselves than to rely on men in order to have a secure future.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad på studentens prestation i ett läsförståelsetest (TISUS), beroende på vilket tonläge (dur eller moll) på klassisk musik de fick lyssna på. Undersökningen genomfördes som ett laboratorieexperiment i en studierum på Karlstads Universitet, utifrån en oberoende mellan-grupps-design. Urvalet var ett tillfällighetsurval av studenter (N= 26), i åldrarna 19 – 33, inom Karlstads Universitet. Oberoende variabeln var klassiskt musik komponerad av Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, vilket var uppdelat i de två olika betingelserna dur och moll. Beroende variabeln var studentens prestationsförmåga i läsförståelse. Deltagarna fick genomföra ett läsförståelsetest, bestående av tre texter med dess samtliga frågor att besvara på, samt bakgrundsfrågor och en utvärdering av experimentet. Resultatet visade att studenter som lyssnade på klassiskt musik, i tonläge dur, presterade bättre i läsförståelsetestet. Slutsatsen är att inverkan av tonlägena dur och moll skiljer sig på studentens prestationsförmåga i läsförståelse. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference on the students’ performance in a reading comprehension test ( TISUS ), depending on the tone (major or minor) of the classical music they were listening to.The survey was conducted as a laboratory experiment in a study-room at the University of Karlstad, based on an independent between-group design. The selection was an opportunity sample of students (N = 26), between the ages 19-33, within the University of Karlstad. The independent variable was the classical music composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, which was divided into the two different tones, major and minor. The dependent variable was the student's performance in reading comprehension. The participants performed a reading comprehension test, consisting of three texts with all its questions to answer on, and background questions and an evaluation of the experiment. The results showed that students who listened to classical music, with the tone of major, performed better in the reading comprehension test. The conclusion is that the impact of the tones major and minor differs on the students’ performance in reading comprehension.

This study was sponsored by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) as a Minor Field Study. Background: The treatment of leprosy patients in endemic countries is free of charge. Despite that, leprosy is still a disease that is spreading and can lead to severe consequences such as disability. With leprosy comes also social stigma, discrimination and poverty which often affect the decision of seeking treatment at an early stage, or even treatment at all until the resulting disability forces the patient to seek help. With this study I wish to increase the knowledge of the importance of compliance and education in health care system with patients with leprosy, and to enlightening how nurses can promote this in their daily work. Problem rationale: Even though the importance of seeking early treatment is known, people tend not to seek treatment because of reasons such as stigma. As a nurse, one has responsibilities to care for the whole patient and to give the right information to handle the situation, but because of factors, such as stigma, it constitutes a challenge for nurses within the care of leprosy. Aim: To investigate nurses’ experiences of educating patients with leprosy, with emphasis on aspects of how to handle compliance problems in the treatment and how to support a patient with leprosy. Method: A qualitative study based on interviews held according to an interview guide with semi-structured questions. Result: The findings in this study emphasize the significance of education in order to gain and maintain compliance of treatment with the patients with leprosy even though nurses had many different ways of supporting by education. The findings were divided in to four main categories with in total eleven subcategories to present the techniques and methods of supporting the patients. Discussion: The importance of supporting the patients with leprosy in different ways by education has showed very clearly in the study. Though, at the same time nurses educate with medical knowledge, the patients are the experts in this case of the lived knowledge and this could be a problem to satisfy both aspects unless they complement each other. To do so, a dialog and a relationship of trust must be present between thepatient and the nurse, and this could be done through giving the patients time to express themselves and ask their questions of concern. When the questions and thoughts have been heard, the nurse can satisfy the patient’s need in a more accurate way and continue to support the patient with education and encouragement.

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The focus of the present research is to examine Johann Sebastian Bach's (1685-1750) use of augmented sixth chords in the Symbolum Nicenum portion of his Mass in B Minor, BWV 232, as structural and theological unifying factors. Previous scholarly research has focused on other composers' settings of the Crucifixus text and detailed the conventions of chromatic harmony that many have incorporated in their works. Analysis of Bach's works dealing with Christ's crucifixion indicates that Bach was aware of both the augmented sixth chord and the conventions such a chord provided in service of Affekt. Further investigation of Bach's placement of these augmented sixth chords in the Symbolum Nicenum suggests that he intended to emphasize specific theological arguments presented in Martin Luther's (1483-1546) Ein Sermon von der Betrachtung des heiligen Leidens Christi ("A Sermon of Meditation on Christ's Holy Passion") written in 1519. In analyzing J.S. Bach's usage of augmented sixth chords in the Symbolum Nicenum, one recognizes his use of this sonority in service of Affekt for Christ's crucifixion related to Lutheran Passion theology.

The relationship between politics and ontology has long been a troubled one for geography. More recently, the emergence of affect theory has complicated things even further by introducing a new set of frequently vague concepts into the already cluttered theoretical field of critical geography. This dissertation collects six articles that endeavor to develop the groundwork for establishing a continuum between affect, politics, and ontology. Specifically, it argues that not only is affect a politically rich area for approaching ontology, but, further, it is particularly well suited for addressing difference and radical politics. It proceeds by developing a series of concepts that animate a politically driven ontology of difference, namely: A) becoming and bordering in the context of border studies; B) a flat ontology as a fix for the debilitating transcendence of scale theory; C) an animation of a Nollywood as a 'site' based upon the flat ontological critique of scale; D) a politics of confusion that isolates the workings of affect in relation to the State and in direct action; E) a psycho-pragmatism that checks studies of affect and nonrepresentational theory against the analytic determinism that attends their developing methodologies; and F) the notions of fidelity and affinity as they get articulated through to the State and political subjectivity.

Arnold Schoenberg's Second String Quartet, Op.10, completed in 1908, is the last of his works in which a key signature is used, and is generally regarded as a transitional work leading towards his 'atonal' period. Each of the first three movements has a key signature, whereas the last movement has no key signature--a characteristic of his later atonal works. / This study traces how the harmonic language evolves over the four movements of the quartet. The present analysis of each movement shows the structural procedures, the nature of the polyphony and the compositional techniques employed, including those which result in the dissolution of tonality. These changes contribute to the significance of the quartet as a critical work within the transition from the tonal to atonal medium.