I obtained densities of nocturnal rodents in the saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) forest of Saguaro National Monument, Arizona with live trapping techniques, in 1984 and 1985. I sampled vegetation density, percent cover, and foliage height diversity. My objective was to determine if humans influenced nocturnal rodents and their habitat. Rodent populations and vegetation were analyzed through 2-way analysis of variance. Few significant differences were determined for rodent numbers between experimental and control plots. My findings show that minimal impact has occurred on rodent populations and on vegetation by humans in Saguaro National Monument.

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Magistro darbe tiriama Antazavės dvaro parko želdinių sanitarinė būklė, parko infrastruktūros būklė bei vandens telkinio pakrančių tinkamumas rekreacijai. Darbo objektas – Antazavės dvaro parkas (Zarasų raj.). Darbo tikslas – Atlikti parko ir jame augančių želdinių taksacinį, rekreacinį bei sanitarinės būklės įvertinimą ir parengti tvarkymo priemonių planą. Darbo metodai – literatūros ir duomenų analizės, aprašomasis. Darbo rezultatai. Šiuo metu parko teritorijoje tarpsta 41 medžių bei 46 krūmų rūšys bei veislės. Iš jų 19 rūšių yra vietinės, o 68 rūšys ir veislės – introdukuotos. Parko teritorijoje inventorizuota 200 sklypų bei 7 medynai. Ne medynuose inventorizuotas 1471 sumedėjęs augalas. Parke vyrauja lapuočiai – jie sudaro 93,4% (1 374 vnt.), tuo tarpu spygliuočiai medžiai bei krūmai sudaro tik 6,6% (97 vnt.). Vidutinis šiuo metu parke augantis medis siekia 17,8 m aukštį ir 34 cm skersmenį. Aukščiausi ir storiausi medžiai parke yra pilkosios tuopos, siekiančios 34 m aukštį ir 134 cm skersmenį. Nustatyta, kad geros sanitarinės būklės augalai parke sudaro didžiausią dalį – 79,4%, vidutiniškai pažeisti – 7,6%, stipriai pažeisti – 10,7%, žuvę – 2,3%. Labiausiai būklės pablogėjimą lemia stiebų medienos puviniai, kamienų žaizdos, defoliacija ir sausos šakos (ypatingai paprastojo uosio želdiniams) bei stelbimas. Žalvės ežero pakrantė yra ribotai tinkama rekreacijai. Dalis pakrantės yra stačiašlaitė, kita dalis – lėkšta, tačiau perteklinio drėgnumo. Pakrantės tinkamumą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master thesis park condition of Antazavė estate is assessed. State of park flora, infrastructure and lake shore suitability for recreation is analysed. Object – Antazavė estate park (Zarasai dist.). Objective – to assess park condition of Antazavė estate. Evaluate the state of health and dimensions of trees also recreational values. Prepare the plan for reconstruction. Methods – analysis of data and literature, descriptive method. Results – for this moment 41 tree and 46 scrub species and breeds can be found in the park. 68 species and breeds are introduced and 19 species are native. Inventory of 200 plots and 7 tree stands was made. 1471 woody plant was found outside the stands. Park is dominated by broadleaves, they amount for 93,4% (1374) of all wooded plans and conifers make the rest 6,6%. Average tree in the park now reaches 17,8 meters in height and 34 cm in diameter. Highest and thickest trees in the park are Grey poplar reaching 34 meters in height and 134 cm in diameter. It was found that 79,4% of all the wooded plants were healthy, 7,6% moderately damaged, 10,7% severely damaged, 2,3% dead. Mane causes of health problems are stem wounds and rots, defoliation, and dieback of branches (especially for common ash) also competition. Shore of Žalvė lake is moderately suitable for recreation. Part of it is very steep and part is quite flat but to wet. Suitability for recreation is also limited by dens vegetation along the shore. Shape of infrastructure in... [to full text]

Bus-based Park and Ride (P&R) schemes have become increasingly popular over the past 40 years in the UK, as a result of them being considered a positive traffic reduction policy by many, not least local authorities. There have nevertheless been concerns over the true effects of P&R. For instance, surveys of P&R users have long since revealed that up to a third transfer from conventional public transport. This induces car travel for the access portion of the P&R trip, which is generally large compared to the bus portion, owing to the edge-of-town location of P&R sites. Combined with the mileage effects of high-frequency bus services, evidence has suggested that P&R may thus result in an increase, compared to alternative travel behaviour, in the mean vehicle miles travelled (VMT) of its users. This thesis aims to investigate how UK bus-based P&R may be developed to reduce users VMT. As such, it applies to P&R the Characteristics Approach to Consumer Demand and delineates the attributes of interchange from which users derive utility. The research also develops this approach to consider the characteristics that affect the traffic impacts of P&R. The characteristics of P&R are adjusted to provide alternative concepts of interchange that aim to reduce VMT. These concepts are then examined to understand the level of utility that they are likely to provide. Local authorities perceptions of utility are examined initially, through a national survey which also looks at general attitudes towards P&R, its effects and its future. The city of Cambridge (UK) is selected as a case study in which an in-depth document analysis and interview survey of local stakeholders is carried out to understand the role of P&R in local policy and the implications of the implementation of alternative concepts of interchange. In this context, a survey of P&R users is also undertaken which considers the VMT effects of the current and alternative concepts of P&R as well as the change in the level of utility that would be derived from using them. It is concluded that local authorities generally consider P&R to be an effective policy in reducing car use whilst also playing important roles in the local economy and political arena. Yet the evidence on the Cambridge P&R scheme suggests that VMT is increased to a higher degree than previously proven. Alternative concepts of interchange are shown to offer some potentially significant benefits by reducing the VMT of users. Furthermore, some of the alternative concepts are also shown to offer benefits in terms of the utility that they may provide to the user, and the perceptions on this by local authorities. The VMT and utility results are combined to suggest that future implementation of interchange should consider operating feeder bus services into interchange sites (an intermediate solution offering some VMT benefits with relatively small resource requirements) or, operating a series of small interchange sites along main access routes to host cities (likely to require more resources but providing significant VMT benefits).

Before addressing how gentrification affects a community, there must be an explanation of how gentrification looks at a community. Tom Borrup in Protecting Cultural Space or Urban Re-colonization: When Do Cultural Districts Cross the Line? refers to cities as “cultural districts” and defines “progenitors” and “driving forces” (Borrup, 2015). Progenitors are “people who feel a sense of attachment to a neighborhood such as those who live, work, and operate small businesses there…often active in and integral to the formation of cultural districts and to the identity the community adopts” (Borrup, 2015). Based on Borrup’s definition of progenitors, this paper will identify residents, small businesses, property owners, non-profits and artists as progenitors of a community.

La gestion des aires protégées en Guinée pose le problème de la cohabitation des politiques publiques et des systèmes traditionnels. Censée améliorer la gestion des aires protégées, cette cohabitation s’avère difficile et ne produit pas les résultats escomptés. Pour contribuer à la compréhension de cette difficile cohabitation, cette thèse propose une analyse de l’évolution de la politique de gestion des aires protégées en Guinée, de l’époque précoloniale à nos jours. La démarche utilisée fait appel à plusieurs approches méthodologiques : recueil et analyse de documents historiques et juridiques, recueil et analyses des traditions orales ancestrales relatives à la protection de la nature, observations de terrain, inventaires floristiques, estimations et analyses qualitatives, enquêtes par entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de retracer et de caractériser les différentes phases de la gestion des aires protégées en Guinée. La gestion des aires protégées précoloniales a connu diverses formes, allant de la sacralisation à la gestion clanique ; elle a varié en fonction des coutumes des populations autochtones de chacune des régions naturelles du pays. Pendant l’époque coloniale, 167 aires protégées ont été mises en place dont 157 forêts classées, 4 parcs de refuge de faune et une réserve naturelle intégrale. A son accession à l’indépendance en 1958, la Guinée a hérité des aires protégées coloniales et a appliqué, jusqu’en 1984, une politique fondée sur la législation forestière de l’administration coloniale. L’Etat s’est approprié les aires protégées dans leur contexte contemporain seulement à partir des années 1984, et a progressivement mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs (législatif et institutionnel) de gestion. Avec l’appui des bailleurs de fonds, il a mis en place plusieurs catégories d’aires protégées (parcs nationaux, réserves de biosphère, aires protégées transfrontalières, zone de conservation) dont la gestion qui se veut participative en associant les populations locales, soufre aujourd’hui essentiellement du manque de financements associé à l’insuffisance de la logistique nécessaire à une gestion opérationnelle et efficace. L’étude du cas du Parc National du Haut Niger révèle que, malgré la reconnaissance et la prise en compte du rôle des communautés traditionnelles (Waton), les populations locales adhèrent à la gestion participative sans grande conviction. Les structures publiques associées à cette gestion ne disposent pas de moyens suffisants pour intervenir de manière efficiente. L’exemple du PHNN illustre l’écart entre le discours dominant qui prône la gestion intégrée des aires protégées et les difficultés de l’Etat à mettre en œuvre une gestion participative. Ces difficultés ne devraient pas pour autant conduire à une remise en cause de la gestion participative, car nos observations et nos enquêtes suggèrent que la stratégie peut fonctionner et faire la preuve de son efficacité si des efforts sont entrepris dans l’appui au développement communautaire et dans la création d’activités génératrices de revenus pour les populations traditionnelles qui mettent leurs savoirs au service de la gestion des aires protégées. / Management of protected areas in Guinea is the problem of the coexistence of public policy and traditional systems. To contribute to the understanding of this difficult cohabitation, this thesis proposes an analysis of the evolution of policy management of protected areas in Guinea, from precolonial times to the present. The approach involves several methodological approaches. The results were used to trace and characterize the different phases of the management of protected areas in Guinea. The state has appropriated the protected areas in their contemporary context only from year 1984. The example of PHNN illustrates the difference between the dominant discourse advocating the integrated management of protected areas and the difficulties of the state to implement a participatory management. Our observations and surveys suggest that the strategy of management override implementation can work if efforts are in supporting community development.

This dissertation argues the foundation of Spain's first national park, the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga, was the culmination of a four-century-long historical development in which Spaniards redefined the manner in which they conceived of and interacted with nature. The establishment of the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga resulted from two different historical processes, the formation of empirical science in Spain and the pursuit of noble hunting, which converged in the late nineteenth-century in the form of species protection and the environmental conscience it reflected. This environmental conscience permeated discourses on Spanish reinvigoration including those of nobleman, sportsman, and politician Pedro José Pidal y Bernaldo de Quirós whose own articulation of this environmental consciousness materialized in the form of the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga which legislatively meshed species and landscape protection for the first time in Spain in 1916.

This dissertation argues the foundation of Spain's first national park, the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga, was the culmination of a four-century-long historical development in which Spaniards redefined the manner in which they conceived of and interacted with nature. The establishment of the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga resulted from two different historical processes, the formation of empirical science in Spain and the pursuit of noble hunting, which converged in the late nineteenth-century in the form of species protection and the environmental conscience it reflected. This environmental conscience permeated discourses on Spanish reinvigoration including those of nobleman, sportsman, and politician Pedro José Pidal y Bernaldo de Quirós whose own articulation of this environmental consciousness materialized in the form of the Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga which legislatively meshed species and landscape protection for the first time in Spain in 1916.

A park is a place of many uses. A place to: walk, sit, reflect, eat, play, gather, people-watch, work, re-energize. A park can be quiet, loud, busy, or slow, sometimes all at once. Parks bring together friends, family, and people who may not otherwise ever interact with each other. Everyone has their own place in a park. This park intertwines open, public space with intimate, private space throughout. The question of how to attain privacy within a potentially very bustling public space is examined in depth and carefully considered throughout this design process.

This thesis is an exploration of the way design facilitates people’s understanding of a place. Hermeneutic theorist Hans Georg Gadamer wrote that we belong to history in the “splendid magic of immediately mirroring the present in the past and the past in the present”. Hermeneutics is the study of how we interpret non-verbal communication. Researching the history of the site on multiple scales guided design decisions that will intuitively shape visitor’s comprehension of Pump House Park’s past, present and future relationship with the city.